Conservation Agriculture:
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- Miles Cameron
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1 Conservation Agriculture: The sustainable response for soil conservation and other challenges facing European Agriculture Gottlieb Basch Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
2 What is CAP looking for? Protection of soil, water, air, biodiversity, etc. Reasonable farm income Landscape management Globalization of agricultural markets Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
3 What is CAP looking for? Competitiveness of European agriculture Reduction of subsidies High quality products at acceptable prices Bio-energy crops Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
4 Maybe something like this? Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
5 Soil threats: Erosion Decline in organic matter Soil contamination Soil sealing Soil compaction Decline in soil biodiversity Salinisation Floods and landslides Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
6 Why are our soils threatened? Agricultural land use? Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
7 Soil threats: Erosion Decline in organic matter Soil contamination Soil sealing Soil compaction Decline in soil biodiversity Salinisation Floods and landslides Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
8 Erosion Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
9 Rilling Compaction/ capping => Soil erosion Runoff Sheet erosion
10 Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
11 Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008 Former soil surface
12 Can you imagine this to happen on fields managed and crops established like this?
13 The same field, the same slope, the same crop! Traditional Tillage No-till into residues Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
14 Decline in organic matter Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
15 What you see is dust, what you don t see is the CO 2 released by any type of soil tillage
16 Long Term Effects of Crop Rotations on Soil Organic Carbon Soil Organic Carbon (%) Estimated to 4 % in 1888 Wagner (1989) Sanborn Field: Missouri Wheat, 6 Tons Manure/year Corn, 6 Tons Manure/year Continuous Wheat Continuous Corn Morrow Plots: Illinois Corn-Oats-Hay Rotation Corn-Oats ( , Corn-Soybeans (1954-Present) Continuous Corn Year Reicosky et al. (1995)
17 Organic matter content of agricultural topsoils: United Kingdom, and 1995 Data cover England and Wales. Source : MAFF (2000) Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
18 Soil management and carbon emission 5 hours after tillage 24 hours after tillage Cum. CO 2 Loss (g CO 2 m -2 ) MP SS MK YK RM NT MP SS MK YK RM NT Tillage Type Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May Reicosky et al. (1995)
19 Soil Organic Matter under Trad. Tillage (TT) and No-till on a Vertisol after 6 years of NT 3 NT TT Organic Matter (%) 2,5 2 1, Soil depth (cm)
20 Soil compaction Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
21 Over-loosening?
22 Repacking
23 But underneath? 10cm 25cm 30cm
24 But underneath?
25 Heavy load of harvest machines can lead to soil compaction and in consequence to reduced water infiltration. But the fundamental cause is the insufficient bearing capacity of the soil
26 Decline in soil biodiversity Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
27 Good agricultural and environmental practise What about biodiversity?
28 What about biodiversity and CO 2 emissions? Soil sterilization in organic farming Width: 4m Speed: 26-40m/h Fuel consumption: 1000 l 8h -1
29 Biodiversity aboveground: No-till field
30 Biodiversity aboveground: No-till field
31 Biodiversity aboveground: No-till field
32 Biodiversity belowground: Earthworms as indicator Effect of cultivation intensity on earthworm population (per m2) Plough No-till Conservation Tillage
33 Earthworm tubes of conventional and no-tillage 40 cm MP NT
34 Floods and landslides Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
35 Inevitable???
36 Inevitable???
37 Inevitable???
38 Evitable, doing like this! Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
39 Evitable, doing like this!
40 Evitable, doing like this!
41 Soil Soil conservation &Sustainability management Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
42 Conservation Agriculture Soil Protection Soil Organic Carbon minimum / no soil disturbance plant diversity/ crop rotations continuous cover residues/cover crop Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
43 Minimum soil disturbance Cover crops Residues Cover crops and residues
44 Diversified crop rotations to minimize dependence on inputs
45
46 Crop Yields, Profitability & Competitiveness Biodiversity & Beautiful landscape Conservation Agriculture Soil Fertility & Carbon sequestration Less surface runoff & Floods Less soil erosion & Soil Compaction
47 How to implement CA (SoCo) effectively? Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
48 Council Regulation 1782/2003: Cross Compliance [Good Agricultural and Environmental condition (Annex 4)] Water Framework Directive Air Framework Directive Soil Framework Directive? Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
49
50 Situation of CA in Europe Country Cover crops in Total Minimum tillage No-till perennial % NT/arable % CA/arable surface CA (1000 ha) (1000 ha) woody crops land land (1000 ha) (1000 ha) Belgium 140 n.d. n.d Denmark 230 n.d. n.d Finland n.d France n.d Germany n.d Greece n.d Ireland 10 n.d. n.d Italy n.d Hungary n.d Portugal Russia n.d Slovak Republic Spain Switzerland United Kingdom n.d Total (data ECAF 2005/06) Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
51 The extent of CA/No-tillage adoption worldwide Country Area under No-tillage (ha) 2004/2005 USA Brazil Arg entina (*) Canada Australia Parag uay Indo-Gang etic-plains (**) Bolivia South Africa S p ain Venezuela Urug uay France Chile Colombia China Others (Estimate) Total (Derpsch 2006) Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
52 What is necessary? Recognize that SoCo depends on appropriate soil management Be more precise in the definition of standards Oblige member states to mitigate soil threats Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
53 What is necessary? Recognize the benefits of the concept Conservation Agriculture Incentivate farmers to uptake SoCo (CA) measures Compensate farmers for the risk of uptake (transition period) Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
54 Mariann Fischer Boel: Looking further ahead, in the 'Health Check', I want to take a good look at whether set-aside is still an appropriate tool. But I also want to ensure that we retain the environmental benefits it has brought." Which benefits is the Commissioner referring to? The absence of inputs, or also the absence of Soil tillage and the continuous soil cover on set-aside land? Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
55 Effective Soil Conservation and Sustainable Farming require the implementation of the concept of Conservation Agriculture Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May 2008
56 Soil Conservation Workshop Brussels, 22 May
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