Improvement of phosphorus availability by agricultural practices: crop residues management & recycling OM waste first results
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1 Improvement of phosphorus availability by agricultural practices: crop residues management & recycling OM waste first results Barbieux Sophie & Gilles Colinet Water Soil - Plant Exchanges AgricultureIsLife Biosystems Engineering
2 Introduction & context
3 Death Soil P dynamics in agro-ecosystems Organic P Microbial biomass Assimilation Stabilized Po (inositol phosphates, phosphonates) Active Po (orthophosphate diester,... ) Dissolved P (in soil solution) Dissolution Precipitation Sorption Desorption P export to humans and animals Inorganic P Erosion Runoff Sorbed P (clays, metal oxides) Precipitate P (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) Insoluble P (apatites)
4 Soil P dynamics in agroecosystems Stock (forms & quantity), kinetics of mineralization/ immobilization Organic P Mineralization Immobilization Dissolved P (in soil solution) Dissolution Precipitation Sorption Desorption P export to humans and animals ph, reserves & ionic balance Inorganic P Erosion Runoff Sorbed P (clays, metal oxides) Precipitate P (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) Insoluble P (apatites)
5 Issue concerning P Phosphorus, a non-renewable resource (Cordell et al., 2009)
6 Increasing the P availability volume actually exploited by the roots (modification of root architecture or crop associations) Dissolved P Adding compounds that promote the P solubilization (from fertilizer or root secretions) Changing the composition of the rhizosphere microorganisms
7 Increasing the P availability volume actually exploited by the roots (modification of root architecture or crop associations) Dissolved P Adding compounds that promote the P solubilization (from fertilizer or root secretions) Changing the composition of the rhizosphere microorganisms
8 Research hypothesis & questions
9 Research hypothesis Inorganic P P fertility in agricultural soils Organic P recycling of exogenous OM
10 Research questions 1. Is the increase of organic stocks a future to promote? In which conditions? Organic P Mineralization Immobilization Soil solution P Dissolution Precipitation Sorption Desorption Inorganic P Sorbed P (clays, metal oxides) Precipitate P (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) Insoluble P (apatites)
11 Research questions 2. Does inserting grassland in the cropping system increase mobilization of the soil P in soils with high mineral reserve? Organic P Mineralization Immobilization Soil solution P Dissolution Precipitation Sorption Desorption Inorganic P Sorbed P (clays, metal oxides) Precipitate P (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) Insoluble P (apatites)
12 Research questions 3. How does the crop residue management affect soil P availability? Crop residues Organic P Mineralization Immobilization Soil solution P Dissolution Precipitation Sorption Desorption Inorganic P Sorbed P (clays, metal oxides) Precipitate P (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) Insoluble P (apatites)
13 Research questions 4. Is the recycling of waste MO desirable? (ex. struvite) Organic P Mineralization Immobilization Soil solution P Dissolution Precipitation Sorption Desorption Struvite Inorganic P Sorbed P (clays, metal oxides) Precipitate P (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) Insoluble P (apatites)
14 Q 3: Management of crop residues
15 Source: MP Hiel 224 m 8 m 40 m 16 m 40 m 16 m 40 m 16 m 40 m 8 m Experimental field Since 2009 No P input : winter wheat 2013 : faba bean 2014 : winter wheat 2015 : corn 75m 3m 15m 3m 15m 3m 15m 3m 15m No Till No Till Till Till Residues out Residues in Residues out Residues in R13 R14 R15 R16 Till Till No Till No Till Residues out Residues in Residues out Residues in R9 R10 R11 R12 SOLRESIDUS No Till No Till Till Till Residues in Residues out Residues in Residues out R5 R6 R7 R8 Till Till No Till No Till Residues in Residues out Residues in Residues out R1 R2 R3 R4
16 Sampling & Analyses Hypothesis: ploughing influences the vertical distribution of P and crop residues increase P availability in soil Methods Composite sampling at 3 depths (0-10, 10-20, cm) twice a year (April & October) Chemical analyses ph KCl, ph water TOC, HWC Soluble elements (in the soil solution): Ca w, Mg w, P w, K w Available elements (easily available for crops) (AA-EDTA) : Ca NH4, Mg NH4, P NH4, K NH4
17 Pw [mg/kg] Temporal evolutions Temporal evolution of soluble P content with (Residues IN) or without (Residues OUT) restitution of crop residues 5,50 5,00 4,50 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 Winter wheat Mustard Faba bean Winter wheat Residues IN Residues OUT
18 Depth [cm] Vertical distribution & seasonal variability Spring 2013 Autumn 2013 Soluble P [mg/kg] Soluble P [mg/kg] PT In PT Out -20 RT In RT Out
19 Preliminary conclusions Hypothesis: ploughing influences the vertical distribution of P and crop residues increase P availability in soil Conclusions YES, tillage practices have an impact on vertical distribution of P w redistribution of P within topsoil under ploughing >< Higher at soil surface in RT YES, crop residues increase P w in soil
20 Q 4: fertilization with recycled waste (struvite)
21 Material & Methods Objective: study the effect of alternative amendments (struvite & manure) on P availability for plants (ryegrass) Micro-culture experiment based on the Stanford & DeMent (1957) procedure Ryegrass grown without added P in sand until development of roots at the bottom of the container 15 days Plants (roots) are then placed in contact with a soil-fertilizer mixture (low P soil): 3 fertilizers: TSP, manure, struvite 3 rates: 50, 100 or 200 kg P/ha 1 control 15 days Shoot : Total P Total N Soil : Soluble P Phosphatase activity Available P ph TOC Nitrate
22 Pw [mg/kg] Soluble phosphorus Soluble P according to fertilizer type & rate c c bc bc ab ab ab ab a a Manure Struvite TSP Control 50 kg P/ha 100 kg P/ha 200 kg P/ha
23 Pav [mg/kg] Available phosphorus Available P according to fertilizer type & rate a a ab abc abc abc bc bc c c Manure Struvite TSP Control 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 200 kg/ha
24 TOC Total Organic Carbon 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 TOC according to fertilizer type & rate a ab ab ab ab ab ab ab b b Manure Struvite TSP Control 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 200 kg/ha
25 ph Other results No significative differences : ph Phosphatase activity (acid & alkaline) Nitrate P uptake by plants ph according to fertilizer type & rate 7,00 6,90 6,80 6,70 6,60 50 kg/ha 6, kg/ha 6, kg/ha 6,30 6,20 6,10 6,00 Manure Struvite TSP Control
26 Preliminary conclusions Effect of the type of fertilizer on soluble and available P content in soil: Mineral sources: higher solubilization Struvite is as efficient as TSP
27 General conclusions & perspectives Q3 : crop residues management Vertical distribution of Pw mapping pits (change in scale decimetric) Q4 : use of alternative fertilizers No convincing results adapt the protocol
28
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