The Development of the Indicator of Risk of Water Contamination by Nitrate in Canadian Agricultural Soils
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1 The Development of the Indicator of Risk of Water Contamination by Nitrate in Canadian Agricultural Soils C.F. Drury, J.Y. Yang, R. De Jong, X.M. Yang, and K. Reid Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Harrow, Ontario
2 Factors Affecting Nitrate Loss from Agricultural Soils Soil water content, precipitation intensity, frequency & quantity Soil nitrate levels (fertilizers, manures & legumes) Crop utilization Soil type Tile drainage Landscape
3 Inlet from field Autosampler
4 Surface Runoff and Tile Drainage Nitrate Loss 80 Surface Tile Cumulative Nitrate Loss (kg N ha -1 ) DR-N1 DR-N2 CD-N1 CD-N2 CDS-N1 CDS-N2 0 M J S D M J S D M J S D M J S D M M J S D M J S D M J S D M J S D M
5 Annual Surface Runoff and Tile Drainage Nitrate Loss Annual N Loss (kg N ha -1 ) Surface Tile N1 N2 2 0 DR CD CDS DR CD CDS Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
6 20 18 Nitrate Concentration in Tile Drainage Water Fertilized Not-Fertilized Nitrate Concentration (mg N L -1 ) Cont. Corn Rot. Corn Rot Oats Rot Alf1 Rot Alf2 Cont. Grass
7 Annual Nitrate Loss in Tile Drainage Water Fertilized Not Fertilized Nitrate Loss (kg N ha -1 ) Cont. Corn Rot. Corn Rot Oats Rot Alf1 Rot Alf2 Cont. Grass
8 Objectives Evaluate N leaching in 5 dominant soil types in Ontario which represent hydrologic soil groups A, B, C (2 soils) and D. Evaluate the impact of tile drainage on nitrate and chloride loss from the Brookston clay loam (HSG-D) and Perth clay loam (HSG-C) soils.
9 Field study (cont d) Treatments (4) 0 kg N/ha kg KCl/ha 100 kg N/ha kg KCl/ha 200 kg N/ha kg KCl/ha 200 kg N/ha + 0 kg KCl/ha Replicates (4)
10 Brookston Clay Loam (2 weeks after application) No Tile Tile Depth (cm) kg N/ha, Cl 100 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, no Cl NO 3 - (mg N kg -1 )
11 Brookston Clay Loam (8 weeks after application) No Tile Tile Depth (cm) kg N/ha, Cl 100 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, no Cl NO 3 - (mg N kg -1 )
12 Perth Clay Loam (2 weeks after application) No Tile Tile Depth (cm) kg N/ha, Cl 100 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, no Cl NO 3 - (mg N kg -1 )
13 Perth Clay Loam (8 weeks after application) No Tile Tile Depth (cm) kg N/ha, Cl 100 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, Cl 200 kg N/ha, no Cl NO 3 - (mg N kg -1 )
14 RSN and IROWC-N Indicators Residual Soil Nitrogen (RSN): Residual Soil Nitrogen amount of N which remains in the soil at the end of the growing season. Indicator of Water Contamination by N (IROWC-N): Indicator of Risk of Water Contamination by Nitrogen - Nitrate concentration in water & loss from the effective rooting depth of the soil.
15 Atmospheric deposition N 2 legumes fertilizer manure Denitrification NH 3 N 2 N 2 O NO Harvested Residues returned Soil organic matter Immobilization (NH + 4 Mineralization NO - 2 NO 3- ) Nitrification RSN Nitrate Leaching NO 3 - (IROWCN)
16 RSN budget (kg N ha -1 ) RSN = N inputs N outputs N inputs: Fertilizer Manure (Yr 1 inorganic N, yrs 2-4 org. N mineralization) N-fixation by legumes (soybean, alfalfa, red clover) Atmospheric deposition N Outputs: Crop uptake and removal from field Ammonium volatilization Denitrification (N 2 O + N 2 )
17 Farmland in the Very High Risk Category - RSN % 5% 7% 3% 15% 25 % of farmland Drury et al Very Low Risk Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk Very High Risk Not Assessed
18 RSN Verification Project Sampling Strategy Fall 2005 & Spring 2006 Hypothetical Farm with 3 Fields (crops) Sampling Protocol: 3 Locations were sampled per field (ex A, B, C) 3 Depths were sampled per location 0 to 15 cm (8 composite samples) 15 to 30 cm (8 composite samples) 30 to 60 cm (4 composite samples A B C Field 1: A Winter wheat C A C B Field 3 corn B
19 RSN Verification Project - Fall 2005 Ottawa region 138 Fields Southern Ontario Corn (60 fields) Soybean (46 fields) W.Wheat (24 fields) Alfalfa/hay (8 fields) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
20 RSN Measured vs Predicted RSN Fall 2005 (138 farms) Predicted Fall 2005 (138 farms) = 38.0 kg N/ha = 40.6 kg N/ha
21 Measured vs Simulated RSN (Ontario, 2005) 70 RSN (kg N/ha) Field sampled RSN Simulated RSN Alfalfa (3) Corn (60) Soybean (46) Wheat (24)
22 Measured vs Simulated RSN
23 Canada Residual Soil N N Input N Output RSN 50 Nitrogen Year
24 Ontario Residual Soil N Nitrogen N Input N Output RSN Year
25 Indicator of the Risk of Water Contamination by Nitrogen (IROWC-N) IROWC-N is a simple nitrogen balance which estimates the amount of nitrogen that remains in the soil at the end of the growing season (RSN): RSN = (Ninput - Noutput) / FARMLAND RSN = Residual Soil Nitrogen Ninput = Nfertilizer + Nmanure + Nfixation + Ndeposition Noutput = Ncrop + Ndenitrification + Nvolatilization FARMLAND = Area of crop + Area of pasture
26 Indicator of the Risk of Water Contamination by Nitrogen (IROWC-N) and then estimates the likelihood of N being moved into surface and groundwater by calculating the amount of excess water available to move it: N lost = RSN x (P PE) / (AWHC + (P PE)) RSN = Residual Soil Nitrogen P = Precipitation PE = Potential Evapotranspiration AWHC = Available Water Holding Capacity Nconc = Nlost x 100 / (P PE)
27 Indicator of the Risk of Water Contamination by Nitrogen (IROWC-N) De Jong et al. 2007
28 Summary Nitrate loss is affected by: Climate N Inputs (Fertilizer, manure, legume crops) N Outputs (Crop removal, denitrification, NH 3 volatilization) Tile Drainage (hydraulic conductivity) Soil type Soil quality water storage, hydraulic properties, structure, SOC Modeling: Budget and process models are being developed and validated at the regional, provincial and national scales
29 Appreciation is expressed to the NAHARP Program for providing funding and for the expert technical assistance provided by Wayne Calder, Dr. Tom Oloya and Vic Bernyk
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