Recovery of Nutrients
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- Gerard McCoy
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1 2012 NWRI Clarke Prize Conference Research and Innovations in Urban Water Sustainability Recovery of Nutrients Friday, November 2, 2012 James L Barnard, Ph.D., D.Ing. h.c. BCEE, WEF Fellow
2 DRIVERS The Looming Food Crises Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize 2011
3 World Population Growth 10,000 BC 5 million Year million billion billion billion billion billion billion Today Today 6.9 Billion Billion
4 Age Distribution of the World s Population Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005 Millions Less Developed Regions Age More Developed Regions Male Female Male Female Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision,
5 Urbanization in the world 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Within % of the global population will live in cities World Watch Institute 2007: > 50 % is already living in urban areas
6 Foreign Policy May/June 2011 As the new year begins, the price of wheat is setting an all-time high in the United Kingdom. Food riots are spreading across Algeria. Russia is importing grain to sustain its cattle herds until spring grazing begins. India is wrestling with an 18-percent annual food inflation rate, sparking protests. China is looking abroad for potentially massive quantities of wheat and corn. The Mexican government is buying corn futures to avoid unmanageable tortilla price rises. the U.N. Food and Agricultural organization announced that its food price index for December hit an all-time high.
7 Other salient information 219,000 more mouths to feed every night US & Canada supply 2/3 of surplus food US now use 40% of grains for bio-fuel The world food safety net has evaporated Food production in some countries rely on water bubbles Once bubbles are depleted these would become grain importers Increased affluence requires more water and nutrients Increasing cost of fertilizers
8 Possible Resource Recovery Cooling Towers Urine Separation Potable Water Used Water BNR Protein Recovery Gas Power Irrigation Heat Recovery Composting Fertilizer
9 Abundance of Chemicals on Earth
10 The Nitrogen Cycle Precipitation Nitrogen in atmosphere (N 2 ) Plants Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Nitrogen fixing soil bacteria Assimilation Denitrifying bacteria Decomposers Nitrates (NO 3 ) (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi) Nitrifying bacteria Ammonification Nitrification Ammonium (NH 4+ ) Nitrites (NO 2 ) Nitrifying bacteria
11 Recovery of Nitrogen Pre-industrial revolution, many animals fewer people manure used as fertilizer Post industrial revolution, fewer animals more people Malthus wrote thesis Essay on principle of population predicting mass starvation - Rwanda Discovery of Haber-Bosch process to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for munitions saved the world - BUT IT CONSUMES MORE THAN 1% OF ALL ENERGY AND OF NATURAL GAS Every kg produced needs 12 kwh or energy as natural gas and power.
12 Opportunities at wastewater treatment plants Ion exchange was proposed in the late 60ties for removing and capturing of ammonia not successful Nitrification/denitrification returns nitrogen to atmosphere but remains most cost effective Ammonia in return streams can be captured by Stripping and capture Struvite formation Composting Removed with phosphorus
13 Clinoptilite Ion Exchange for Ammonia Recovery
14 Ammonia Stripping and capture from return streams - Oslo Norway From Evans 2009 HNO 3 used for absorption
15 Lower portion of adsorption column Final Product 54% NH 4 NO 3 90% nitrogen removal
16 COST EFFECTIVE TOTAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
17 Nitrogen recovery Only viable if less energy is used than fixing Nitrogen from the atmosphere Haber-Bosch process uses about 12 kwh/kg nitrogen fertilizer `
18 Phosphorus recovery
19 The Local Phosphorus Cycle Animal Manures and Biosolids Plant Residues Crop Harvest Atmospheric Deposition Mineral Fertilizers Component Input to Soil Loss from Soil Plant Uptake Runoff and erosion Primary Minerals (Apatite) Organic Phosphorus Microbial Plant residue Humus Leaching (usually minor) Immobilization Mineralization Soil Solution Phosphorus HPO 4 2 H 2 PO 4 1 Weathering Adsorption Desorption Dissolution Precipitation Mineral Surfaces (Clays, Fe and AI oxides, carbonates) Organic Phosphorus (CaP, FeP, MnP, AIP)
20 Historical Sources of Phosphorus Fertilizer A brief history of phosphorus: From the philosopher s stone to nutrient recovery and reuse K. Ashley,D. Cordell, D.Mavinic Chemosphere 84 (2011)
21 Future Scenarios Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse options D. Cordell, A. Rosemarin, J.J. Schröder, A.L. Smit - Chemosphere 84 (2011)
22 Phosphorus is a limited resource 23,000,000
23 Asimov on Chemistry We may be able to substitute nuclear power for coal power, and plastics for wood, and yeast for meat, and friendliness for isolation, but for phosphorus there is neither substitute nor replacement. Isaac Asimov
24 Concept of Complete Phosphorus Recovery Adapted from Petzet & Cornel, 2010
25 Incinerator Ash Deposit in dedicated site for future recovery
26 Japan
27 North America Struvite Mg.NH 4.PO 4. 6 H 2 O Also recovers up to 20% of nitrogen
28 Ostara Plant at Rock Creek OR
29 Treatment of Industrial Waste at Olburgen
30 Using corn for bio-fuel production With 40% of the grain crop going to bio-fuels for no gain in energy and enormous subsidies
31 The Ultimate Nutrient Recycle Urine Recovery
32 Urine recovery Urine contains 70% to 80% of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus in domestic wastewater When urine is separated and stored ammonia is hydrolyzed and the ph goes up Within a few weeks the urine is totally free or pathogens Research underway to recover struvite Excess ammonia recovered with stripping and production of ammonia sulphate
33 Dual flush toilet
34 Backyard garden Kampala Uganda
35 MOTTO OF THE DAY What doesn t kill you makes you stronger!!!!!!!!
36
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