Agronomic Management Considerations for Fields Flooded in Ronnie Helms Stuttgart, Arkansas

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1 Agronomic Management Considerations for Fields Flooded in 2011 Ronnie Helms Stuttgart, Arkansas

2 Ronnie Helms Farm 1000 acres rice, 600 acres soybeans, 200 acres wheat Consult with farmers rice, soybeans, wheat, corn Agricultural research G & H Associates

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8 Flood of 2011 Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee Louisiana Missouri - Birds Point Illinois, Kentucky, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, Indiana, Pennsylvania Estimated 13 million acres

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13 Management Considerations for Post Flooding Soils 2011 Flooding Effects Long Term Damage to Soil Need to consider for 2012 crop Biological health of the soil soil microbes Post flood syndrome of soils microbes, redox changes similar to fallow field Cover crops weeds, benefits such as nutrient cycling Land leveling gullies, incorporation of sand and sediment Soil testing may need to be done in Spring after leveling fields Soybeans may need to be inoculated Mahdi Al-Kaisi, ISU

14 Management Considerations for Post Flooding Soils Observations in fields that were planted in 2011 Corn P deficiencies were evident early, but disappeared in a week Fields with weeds or without tillage had less P deficiency symptoms in corn Fields with history of manure applications no adverse affects of crop growth due to flood Corn P deficiency slowed early growth and had purple coloration High soil test levels of P low soil microbe levels Banded P rate may need to be 2X or more of recommended P rate Mahdi Al-Kaisi, ISU

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20 Rice Production Contour levee field natural contour of field Straight levee field precision level to uniform slope precision leveling required Zero grade rice field zero slope, field completely flat precision leveling required

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24 Rice Production / Waterfowl Plant mid March early May Flood mid May early June Drain for harvest late August early September Flood duration months Waterfowl flood mid October early February flood duration months Rice & waterfowl flood duration months

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27 Fertilizer Phosphorus When applied to soil the P fertilizer precipitates or it is fixed. Fixation occurs at the point of application and phosphate P moves very little, usually just a fraction of an inch % of applied fertilizer will be used by the crop during the first season. Some fertilizer P is used in subsequent years but in lesser amounts. Soil ph impacts availability acid ph, Al and Fe impacts fixation. High ph, Ca, and Mg impacts fixation. Banding impacts P fixation, concentrates P for increased uptake. Broadcasting P without incorporation may leave fertilizer positionally unavailable to plant roots for uptake. PPI Fall 1998, No. 2

28 Soil Test P Recommendations Predicting crop response to applied nutrients is a challenge even after many decades of research. Soil test levels explained only 17% of the variability in the optimum rate of P for corn. Low levels of P - high probability of P fertilizer response High levels of P - lower probability of response. However, corn growers may apply P to high P soil test fields because may see a 15-25% yield response to P fertilizer (lower P rates, starter fertilizer P). Soil texture, hybrid yield potential, environmental conditions during the growing season, and other factors impact why soil test fail to predict crop response to applied nutrients. Better Crops / Volume 88 (2004, No. 3)

29 Figure 8. Change in median Bray P equivalent soil test levels from 2005 to IPNI, Soil Test Levels in North America, 2010, 4.4 million soil samples

30 Figure 7. Percent of samples testing below critical levels for P for major crops in IPNI, Soil Test Levels in North America, 2010, 4.4 million soil samples

31 Phosphorus in Flooded Soils Before flooded available P, ferric P During flood, more available P, ferrous P After flood removed, P less available than before flooding for a period of time

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34 Phosphorus Uptake in Soybeans Soybean Yield bu/a Lbs P 2 O 5 Grain Lbs P 2 O 5 Stover Lbs P 2 O 5 Total Lbs Equivalent Harvest Index = 0.5, 1 bushel = 60 lbs Soybean grain = 0.8 lbs P 2 O 5 / bushel Soybean stover = 2.8 lbs P 2 O 5 / ton

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38 Phosphorus Content of Corn* (Grain) Source P 2 O 5 lbs / bushel PPI 0.44 NCSU 0.35 Penn State 0.40 USDA NRCS 0.34 Better Crops Iowa State 0.38 * Better Crops Volume 85, (2001, No. 1)

39 Phosphorus Uptake in Corn Corn Yield bu/a Lbs P 2 O 5 Grain Lbs P 2 O 5 Stover Lbs P 2 O 5 Total Lbs Equivalent (87) (112) 178 (243) (116) (149) 237 (324) (145) (186) 296 (404) (174) (224) 357 (487) Harvest Index = 0.5, bushel = 56 lbs Corn grain = 0.38 (0.58) lbs P 2 O 5 / bushel Corn stover = 5.9 lbs P 2 O 5 / ton

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41 Phosphate Fertilizer Enhancer

42 AVAIL is a polymer based coating applied on granular phosphates or mixed into fluid Phosphate fertilizers to enhance Phosphate availability to the crop

43 Pioneer Jimmy Sanders Wheat Phosphorus Avail Demo Variety 100 lbs/a DAP Bu/A 100 lbs/a DAP + Avail Bu/A Pioneer 26R Pioneer 26R Pioneer 26R Pioneer 26R Pioneer XW09H Beretta Oaks Mean 78 80

44 CL 151 Rice Response to P Fertilizer, Treatments applied PPI

45 CLXL 729 Rice Response to P Fertilizer, Treatments applied PPI

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49 Weed Seed will move in Flood Water New weed species, RR resistant weeds Management for fields where weed seed may have been deposited Start clean, stay clean Different MOA herbicides Two residual herbicides LL technology

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52 Palmer pigweed

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57 Agronomic Management after Phosphorus Avail 2011 Floods Chicken litter, hog or cow manure Sulfur Zinc Soil test? Inoculate soybeans Weed seed, herbicides, RR or LL technology, residual herbicides Soft herbicides on dramatic flood impacted fields