STATUS OF FOOD SECURITY IN BANTEN PROVINCE, INDONESIA. Austria * ) Correspondence

Transcription

1 Proceeding ICFSI 2017 ISBN Page : STATUS OF FOOD SECURITY IN BANTEN PROVINCE, INDONESIA 1, 2 * ) Weksi Budiaji, 1) Ratna Mega Sari, 1) Suherna 1) Agribusiness Department, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Indonesia 2) Institute of Applied Statistics and Computing, University of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Austria * ) Correspondence budiaji@untirta.ac.id Abstract This paper discusses the status of food security in Banten Province, Indonesia based on regional and city characteristics. Secondary data is used and is analyzed descriptively covering population dynamics, the population living in poverty, cereal production, disaster risk and soil types. Tangerang Region is found to have the largest population with the greatest number of people living in poverty among the regions and cities in Banten Province. Cereal production is dominated by the regions rather than the cities due to their vast area. Regarding arable land, flooding is the most threatening disaster in the major rice producing areas. In order to identify the distributions of regions and cities regarding food security, three indicator variables of food security dimensions are plotted, namely, cereal normative consumption, proportion of the population living in poverty, and proportion of malnourished babies. The three regions of Pandeglang Region, Lebak Region and Serang Region are grouped together in a less secure group. Keywords : population, poverty, normative consumption, malnutrition, soil type INTRODUCTION Food (in) security has been extended from the secure, sufficient, and suitable supply of food for all persons to become a broader concept involving availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability concepts. The latter concept can be found in studies by Van Dijk and Meijerink (2014), and Coates (2013), which also discuss the food acceptability across many different cultures. The dimensions of food security have been prominent in the last two decades and become standard indicators for measuring food security status. Using these dimensions, FAO (2015) report that a total of 72 developing countries have achieved the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1c hunger target. As one of the developing countries, moreover, Indonesia has shown a positive performance with regard to food security progress. Indonesia is able to improve the status of food security due to its continuous inspections. The Government of Indonesia via its FSC (Food Security Council) with WFP (World Food Program) cooperation has published a food security map as one of its food security monitoring tools at least three times in the years 2005, 2009, and 2015 (FSC and WFP, 2015). These FSC maps illustrate the food security status in all regions in Indonesia and the latest map shows that there are 58 regions categorized as being the most vulnerable. One of the provinces that is able to change the status of food security into more secure status is Banten Province (FSC and WFP, 2015). It was one of regions of West Java Province and was committed to being independent by declaring its autonomy in the year of However, the FSC map only covers the regions in Banten Province and not the four cities located there. This implies that only 50% of the area is covered in the FSC map. In this paper, food security status is analyzed not only in the regions, but also in the cities in Banten Province. The analysis which incorporates food security dimensions is based on Banten s Province population dynamics, population living in poverty, cereal production, baby malnutirion, risk of Emerging Global Food Innovation for Future Quality of Life 11

2 disaster, and soil types. Banten s regions and cities are also grouped together in the three-dimensional plot of food security. RESEARCH METHOD This study involves descriptive quantitative research. Secondary data are employed from the Statistical Bureau and Planning and Regional Development Planning Bureau of Banten Province. Population dynamics, the population living in poverty, cereal production, and baby malnutrition data are taken from the Statistical Bureau. Meanwhile, disaster risk and soil type data are sourced from the Regional Development Planning Bureau. The six collected data sets consider three dimensions of food security and will be further discussed in the following paragraphs. The first dimension is food availability, which indicates food supply (Rutten et al., 2011). It represents the production dimension (Patel et al., 2015) that usually refers to the calorie availability estimated by using normative consumption (FSC and WFP, 2015). The next dimension is food accessibility, which exhibits the individual ability to gain/ buy (Pannerselvam et al., 2010) or produce food. In other words, there is a close relation between poverty and food accessibility. The last dimension is food utilization, which shows balanced food nutrients to support an individual s health. Food stability is also added to represent sustainable food access. The sustainable access period is essential as the status of food security can change within a short period of time. Changes may be caused by natural disasters (drought or floods), shifting supply and demand of food. The data is analyzed descriptively. In the final analysis, three dimensions of food security (Table 1) are plotted to group the regions and cities in Banten Province. Table 1. Food Security Dimensions Food security dimension Available variables Availability Cereal normative consumption Accessibility Population living in poverty Utilization Baby malnutrition RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Banten Province is administratively divided into eight parts, which are classified into four regions (Lebak, Pandeglang, Serang, and Tangerang) and four cities (Cilegon, Serang, Tangerang, and Tangerang Selatan). The scope of our paper for these eight areas are: population dynamics, population living in poverty, cereal production, risk of disaster, and soil types. Population Dynamic The total population of Banten Province in 2015 was million people (BPS, 2016). The average annual population growth rate from 2010 to 2015 is 2.37%. Assuming this population growth rate of 2.37% to be constant, the total population in 2020 is estimated by using geometric series formula to be million people. This is equal to 1.49 million additional people over five years. To investigate the contribution of each region/ city to the total population, the population of each region/ city is plotted. Figure 1 shows that Tangerang Region and Tangerang City are the two areas which contribute the most to the total population. Along with Tangerang Selatan City, these three areas have steeper slopes than the others, indicating that they have a higher population growth rate. As an additional note, these areas are neighbors suggesting that they are the most vulnerable in terms of food security based on the food availability dimension due to the population giving a negative effect in the food availability (FSC and WFP, 2015). 12 Budiaji et al.

3 Source: BPS (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016) Figure 1: Population dynamic of the regions/ cities of Banten Province Population Living in Poverty The measurement of poverty in this study is based on income per capita released by the Statistical Bureau of Indonesia. The poverty baseline was specific to particular area and semester. In 2014, the total population living in poverty in Banten Province was thousand people (5.5% of the total population in 2014). The trend in poverty growth from 2010 to 2014 was negative, followed by a decrease in the number of people living in poverty. The average poverty growth is -3.4%. The largest population living in poverty can be found in Tangerang Region (Figure 2), contributing one third of the total population living in poverty. This is followed by Lebak Region, Pandeglang Region, and Tangerang City. While overall, the areas show a decreasing trend regarding the population living in poverty, Lebak Region, Pandeglang Region, and Tangerang Selatan City show the opposite trend. Thus, these areas are the most vulnerable in relation to the food access dimension. Cereal Production To measure the food availability dimension of food security, a normative consumption index as an indicator representing calorie availability is required. The normative consumption index consists of two parts: population and cereal production. The previous section discussed population dynamics, while cereal production incorporates four important commodities, namely rice, maize, cassava, and sweet potato. The details are discussed in the following section. Status of food security in Banten Province.. 13

4 Source: BPS (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015) Figure 2: Population living in poverty In total, Banten Province produced 2.19 million tons of rice in The average annual growth rate for this commodity is 5.22%. Although it has a positive growth rate, the major area which contributes the most is Pangdeglang Region (Figure 3a). Figure 3a shows that Pandeglang Region, Lebak Region, Serang Region, and Tangerang Region dominate rice production. The cities, on the other hand, produce small amounts of rice compared to the regions. Serang Region and Lebak Region are the only areas that show an increasing trend in rice production. The total maize production of Banten Province in 2015 was 11.9 thousand tons. In terms of individual areas, most production comes from Pandeglang Region, which contributed over 70% to the total production in 2015 (Figure 3b). While the other areas show declining trends, the trend in Pandeglang Region is fluctuating. However, its production is always above 4 thousand tons. Banten Province produced 74 thousand tons of cassava in Compared to rice and maize, cassava shows the opposite growth rate of -2.56%. Pandeglang Region, Lebak Region, and Serang Region are the major areas involved in cassava production (Figure 3c). All regions/ cities showed a decrease in cassava production, except for Lebak Region. The last commodity to be discussed is sweet potato. In the context of cereal production in Banten Province in 2015, sweet potato accounted for the smallest share at 20 thousand tons. The overall production trend was the worst one compared to the other comodities, where there was a decline in production by as much as 14.06% on average. Serang Region suffered the highest fall, with its production reduced by more than a half over the four-year period (Figure 3d). Figure 3d shows that although the three regions of Pandeglang, Lebak, and Serang show a decreasing trend in sweet potato production, they still produced more than the other areas. 14 Budiaji et al.

5 (3a) Rice (3b) Maize (3c) Cassava (3d) Sweet potato Source: BPS (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016) Figure 3: Cereal production For all commodities, the regions dominate cereal production compared to the cities. It appears that production is highly correlated with area size. Lebak Region, Pandeglang Region, Serang Region, and Tangerang Region, for instance, cover 35%, 28%, 18%, and 10% of the total area of Banten Province, respectively. The other four cities occupy the rest of the area, only accounting for 9%. Thus, to make proper comparison between the areas, cereal production was weighted by population size which yielded the normative consumption. Risk of Disaster The major disaster risk in Banten Province is erosion / landslide (Bapeda, 2010). The two regions suffering from erosion risk are Lebak Region and Pandelgang Region (Table 2). The second threat is flooding, which covers to almost all of the regions/ cities. As Serang Region, Tangerang Region, and Serang City are major rice producers, flooding is a great concern. These three areas produce less maize compared to Pandeglang Region (Figure 3b) as well. Irawan (2003) has explained that among cereal commodities, maize production is the most vulnerable and least able to cope with climatic anomalies, including flooding. Status of food security in Banten Province.. 15

6 Table 2. Disaster risk summary Region/ City Accident risk Lebak Region Erosion/ landslide (major), flood (minor) Pandeglang Region Erosion/ landslide (major), flood and tsunami (minor) Serang Region Mountain eruption, flood, and tsunami (minor) Tangerang Region Flood (major), tsunami (minor) Serang City Flood and tsunami (minor) Cilegon City Mountain eruption (major), flood (minor) Tangerang City Flood (minor) Tangerang Selatan City - Source: Adapted from Bapeda (2010) Soil types The most common types of soil in Indonesia are inceptisols and ultisols (Shofiyati et al., 2010). Similarly, latosol (inceptisols) and podsolik (ultisols) are also the major soil types in Banten Province. They are distributed over all areas (Table 3). Thus, the major soil constraint is the high aluminum content in the latosol soil type. It results in smaller amounts of phosphorus in the soil so that plants cannot grow well. Applying fertilizer helps plants absorb phosphorus. Meanwhile, podsolik soil suffers greatly from erosion risk. A tillage strategy is important to reduce soil erosion in arable land. Table 3. Soil type summary Region/ City Soil type Lebak Region Latosol and podsolik (major), rensina (minor) Pandeglang Region Latosol, podsolik, alluvial (major) Serang Region Latosol, podsolik, alluvial, glei (major) Tangerang Region Latosol, podsolik, alluvial, glei (major) Serang City Podsolik, alluvial, glei (major), regosol (minor) Cilegon City Latosol (major), regosol and alluvial (minor) Tangerang City Latosol (major) Tangerang Selatan City Latosol (major) Source: Adapted from Bapeda (2010) Three Dimensions of Food Security After presenting the population dynamics, the population living in poverty, cereal production, disaster risk, and soil types, three dimensions of food security is required to locate the distribution of the areas in Banten Province based on food security dimensions. The dimensions used are food availability, access, and utilization. Normative consumption is one of food availability indicators, with the baseline for food security being 0.11 ton/ year. It is estimated by the sum of cereal productions divided by the number of total population. For cassava and sweet potato productions, they are weighted by factor 3 (FSC and WFP, 2015). Table 4 shows that Serang City, Cilegon City, and Tangerang Selatan City are all below the baseline. With very low normative consumption scores, they all have insecure food availability status. The second dimension is food accessibility, which usually relates to poverty. A ratio between the number of prosperous people and the total number of people is calculated to obtain the food access indicator. This indicator shows that Tangerang Selatan City has the greatest access to food (Table 4). The third dimension is food utilization, which indicates the proportion of normal babies, i.e babies without any undernourished case. This indicator portrays the health aspect. Table 4 shows that Tangerang Selatan City has the highest nutritition food balance (99.9%). 16 Budiaji et al.

7 Table 4. Food security dimension score Region/ City Availability Access Utilization Lebak Region Pandeglang Region Serang Region Tangerang Region Serang City a Cilegon City a Tangerang City Tangerang Selatan City a b c a below availability base line, b widest food access, c highest nutririon balance Source: Adapted from BPS (2014) Finally, the three dimensions of food security are plotted. Figure 4 shows that there are two groups of regions/ cities. The first group consists of Lebak Region, Pandeglang Region, and Serang Region, while the other regions/ cities belong to the second group. With respect to FSC and WFP (2015), the results indicate that Lebak Region, Pandeglang Region, and Serang Region were more food insecure than Tangerang Region. Figure 4 indicates that Tangerang Selatan City, Tangerang City, Tangerang Region, Cilegon City, and Serang City are all food secure regions/ cities. Figure 4 excludes the stability dimension, i.e. natural disasters. The food insecure areas share flooding as the common natural disaster threat. To monitor food security from all dimensions, the local government usually expects extension agents who are working within districts to report their findings continuously. Thus, we can analyze the food security into more detail areas such as districts instead of regions/ cities in future research. Budiaji (2014) has discussed the food security analysis of Serang City in district level, yet all districts in Banten Province were still absent. When entire districts in Banten Province are included, food security area monitoring should not only cover three indicators for three dimensions but also other indicators related to food security dimensions. This extension might encounter a mixed class of indicator variables, i.e. numerical, binary, and categorical variables. An appropriate grouping (partitioning) analysis for this type of mixed variable should be taken into consideration as well. CONCLUSION In this paper, we extended food security analysis to not only involve the regions but also the cities in Banten Province. Tangerang Region had both the highest population and highest population living in poverty. Along with Tangerang Selatan City, it had a rapid growth population. With regard to cereal production, on the other hand, the regions dominated cereal production compared to the cities for all commodities and the cereal production were highly correlated to the size of the areas. For major rice producing areas such as Serang Region, Tangerang Region, and Serang City, flooding endangers their arable land. Finally, the food availability, access, and utilization indicator scores were plotted in order to discover the areas distribution in three-dimensional food security. The results show that three regions namely Lebak Region, Pandeglang Region, and Serang Region were located in a food insecure group. To monitor food security more practical and detail, it is advised to group districts and to apply suitable partitioning analysis due to encountering possible mixed variable indicators. Status of food security in Banten Province.. 17

8 Figure 4: Regions/ cities of Banten Province three-dimensional distribution ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia, Kemenristekdikti, and Österreichischer Austausch-dienst, OeAD, under Indonesia-Austria Scholarship Program. REFERENCES Anderson, K. and Strutt A. (2014). Food security policy options for China: Lessons from other countries. Food Policy 49(1), Bapeda. (2010). RTRW Provinsi Banten Regional Development Planning Bureau of Banten Province. BPS. (2011). Banten dalam Angka Statistical Bureau of Banten Province. BPS. (2012). Banten dalam Angka Statistical Bureau of Banten Province. BPS. (2013). Banten dalam Angka Statistical Bureau of Banten Province. BPS. (2014). Banten dalam Angka Statistical Bureau of Banten Province. BPS. (2015). Banten dalam Angka Statistical Bureau of Banten Province. BPS. (2016). Banten dalam Angka Statistical Bureau of Banten Province. Budiaji, W. (2014). Penerapan consensus clustering pada pemetaan ketahanan pangan Kota Serang. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian dan Perikanan 4 (1), Budiaji et al.

9 Coates, J. (2013). Build it back better: Deconstructing food security for improved measurement and action. Global Food Security 2(3), FAO. (2015). The State of Food Insecurity in the World Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. Rome, Italy: FAO, IFAD, and WFP. FSC and WFP. (2015). Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: FSC and WFP. Irawan, B. (2003). Multilevel impact assessment and coping strategies against El Nino: Case of food crops in Indonesia. CGPRT Center Working Paper 75, CGPRT. Pannerselvam, P., Hermansen, J. E. and Halberg N. (2010). Food security of small holding farmers: Comparing organic and conventional systems in India. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 35(1), Patel, K., Gartaula, H., Johnson, D. and Karthikeyan M. (2015). The interplay between household food security and wellbeing among small-scale farmers in the context of rapid agrarian change in India. Agriculture and Food Security 4(16), Rutten, L. F., Yaroch, A. L. and Story M. (2011). Food systems and food security: A conceptual model for identifying food system deficiencies. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 6(3), Shofiyati, R., Las, I. and Agus F. (2010). Indonesian soil database and predicted stock of soil carbon. In Proceeding of International Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries. Van Dijk, M. and Meijerink G. (2014). A review of global food security scenario and assessment studies: Results, gaps and research priorities. Global Food Security 3(3-4), Status of food security in Banten Province.. 19