Conservation Agriculture vis-à-vis Climate Smart Agriculture: Some examples from wheat systems in India

Transcription

1 Conservation Agriculture vis-à-vis Climate Smart Agriculture: Some examples from wheat systems in India ML Jat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)

2 The food grain production trends in India: What is unusual?

3 Production at what cost: Example of Wheat? Production (mha) % Irrigated area 25 mha mha Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, MoA, GOI (2012)

4 Trends in yield of wheat and consumption of fertilizers in India Source : Jat et al (2014), Advances in Agronomy

5 Water and Climate Change: Challenges ahead Freshwater Withdrawals Climate vulnerability Highest (761 km3/yr) in India Source: rwithdrawal.html Accessed on 3 rd October 2014 Labour, energy, cost, soil health,

6 Permanent beds in Maize-Wheat System

7 Water management in maize Supported by CSISA

8 Water management in spring maize Water mgt options Grain yield (kg/ha) Irrigation water (m3/ha) -R +R -R +R Saving over FP (m3/ha) Saving with residue (m3/ha) FP F-45 kpa AF-45 kpa D-45 kpa Supported by CSISA

9 The basic questions for micro-irrigation?? Why farmers are not adopting/low adoption? Are we really saving water in micro-irrigation, particularly sprinklers? Whatever water we saved, is that optimal under all the situations? Irrigation volume v/s soil type Irrigation time v/s soil type Cropping system v/s irrigation vol/time Tillage/CE v/s irrigation vol/time Mechanization vis-à-vis drip irrigation Micro-irrigation and nutrient management Integrating micro-irrigation with NRM practices????

10 Permanent Raised Beds: Furrow and Micro irrigation

11 Micro-irrigation and CA in wheat Grain yield (kg/ha) Irrigation water use (m3/ha) PB: yield gain 561 kg/ha with 8 cm less water over conventional PB with sub-surface drip: yield gains 695 kg/ha with 12 cm less water over PB-furrow irrigation PB with sub-surface drip: yield gains1256 kg/ha with 20 cm less water over conventional With less 25 % less N

12 Micro-Irrigation and CA in Maize Treatments (Yield t/ha) Irrigation water 120 kg N/ha 90 kg N/ha use (cm) Sub-surface drip Surface drip Flood 8.72* 23.2 * In flood irrigation 150 kg N/ha 13 cm water saving 0.60 t/ha yield gain 60 kg/ha N saving CIMMYT-BISA-CCAFS (2014)

13 Newly designed tractor operated lateral laying machine

14 Direct Dry Seeding of Rice (DSR)

15 No-till wheat after DSR

16 Micro-irrigation in rice: DSR and subsurface drip Irrigation was applied at kpa SMP (15 cm depth) Fert-N in DSR- 8 equal splits PuTPR- 4 split

17 Crop and water productivity under sub-surface drip in rice Crop establishment & Irrigation methods Grain yield (Kg/ha) Irrigation water use (M3/ha) Irrigation WP (kg/m3) TPR-Flood DSR-Flood DSR-sub surface drip Sub-surface drip had same rice yields with less than half the irrigation water use (saved 68 cm water compared to puddled transplanted rice)

18 Performance of wheat: Sub-surface drip with 50% Fertilizer N

19 Micro-Irrigation Plus: Automation

20 Automation in micro-irrigation: Crop should guide tube well Receiver Sensor Timer & Relay Pump Starter Wireless Transmitter

21 Smallholder Precision: N calculator App for GreenSeeker

22 Nutrient application rate, method and time effects on yield and NUE in maize TCE Nutrient rate Method Time Maize yield (t/ha) CT (FP) FFP FFP FFP 3.45 PB Ad-hoc state rec Broadcast Ad-hoc 3.89 PB Ad-hoc state rec (NPK) Drilling 3 splits 4.41 *measurement of GHGs PB Ad-hoc state rec (NPK)-80% N in 2 splits, 3 rd N split based on GreenSeeker (GS) Drilling 3 splits 4.73 PB Nutrient Expert (NE) based NPK rates Broadcast 3 splits 3.96 PB NE based NPK rates Drilling 3 splits 4.77 PB NE based NPK rates- 80% N in 2 splits, 3 rd N split based on (GS) CIMMYT-BISA, Pusa-CCAFS) Drilling 3 splits 4.95

23 Intensification- Cotton-Wheat System

24 Intensification- Rice-wheat system

25 Intensification- Rice-wheat system

26 Adaptive Capacity Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Food Security Climate Smart Agriculture Mitigation

27 Example of impact of Laser Assisted Precision Land Leveling at Scale in rice-wheat system of Haryana Estimated amount of irrigation water saving- 933 mn m 3 yr -1 Yield gains in rice is t, wheat t, RW system-0.33 mt yr -1 GHG mitigation 163,600 MT of CO 2 e/yr Source: Jat et al (2014), Advances in Soil Science

28 Climate Smart Villages (CSVs)-An integrated approach for resource use efficiency and resilience Weather Smart Weather forecast, Index based insurance, seeds for needs, crop diversification, Agroforestry Water Smart Direct seeded rice, maize based system, raised beds, precision land levelling, AWD Carbon Smart No-tillage, Residue Management Legumes Nutrient Smart SSNM, Nutrient Expert Decision Support tool Green Seeker, Legume integration Energy Smart No-tillage, Residue Management, DSR Precision water management Knowledge Smart ICTs, Gender Empowerme nt Capacity development Women and youth focus Approaches: Multi-stakeholder participatory and local adaptation Focus on youth, women and socially disadvantaged groups Innovation systems: farmer cooperatives & service windows

29 CCAFS Flagship Projects (FPs) on Climate Smart Agriculture: Practices Portfolios, Institutions & Policies Led by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) Together with ICAR, NARC, BARC, IRRI, ICRISAT, ILRI, BISA, WUR, CCAFS-SA, IPNI

30 CCAFS Flagship Project 1.1 Developing, adapting and targeting portfolios of climate smart agricultural practices for sustainable intensification of smallholder and vulnerable farming systems in South Asia Activities 1. Science-based, scalable evidences for CSAPs identified and implemented through CSVs 2. Framework for targeting large-scale adoption of CSAP portfolios by a diverse range of farm household types within CSVs of different agro-ecologies 3. Mechanism for verification/certification of CSVs as indicators of improved income, food security, livelihoods over non-csvs across diverse agro-ecosystems

31 CCAFS Flagship Project 1.2 Recommendation domains, incentives and institutions for equitable local adaptation planning at sub national level and scaling up climate smart agricultural practices in wheat and maize systems 1. Guidelines, capacity, governance, recommendation domains and synergies for Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) and CSVs for scaling Climate Smart Agriculture Practices (CSAPs) 2. Developing and defining innovative business models and open innovation platforms for scaling Climate Smart Agriculture Practices (CSAPs)-Ir. Anemarie Groot, WUR 3. Develop incentive based policy instruments that influence the trajectories of farmer households towards better adaptation to climate change

32 Research sites Irrigated intensive systems Rainfed mixed systems Rainfed unfavorabl e systems Flood prone ecologies Map: Paresh Bhaskar

33 Convergence among practices portfolios, institutions and policies for scaling CSAPs in CSV model Developing, adapting & targeting CSAPs 1.1.1: CSAPs and CSVs Governance, LAPA, incentive, institutions, business cases and policies for scaling CSAPs 1.2.1: LAPA 1.1.2: Framework/ FHH typology 1.2.2: Business Model 1.1.3: Certification of CSVs 1.2.3: Sub- National/ Local Policy FP3: CC mitigation in Ag FP 4.1 Policy and institutions

34 Linkages among NAPCC, SAPCC, LAPA and climate smart villages (CSVs)

35 Future Farmers at a Climate Smart Village