Scientific status on nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural systems. Johan Six
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1 Scientific status on nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural systems Johan Six
2 Management changes (regional) Tillage Fertilizer Cover crop GWP ΔSOC N 2 O (Mg CO 2 -eq ha -1 yr -1 ) (kg C ha -1 yr -1 ) (kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) Sacramento Valley convent. mineral, 75% no -.89 ±.76-2 ± ± 1.59 conserv. mineral no -.68 ± ± ±.56 convent. mineral yes ± ± ±.94 conserv. mineral yes ± ± ±.94 convent. Organic no ± ± ± 1.51 conserv. Organic no ± ± ± 1.86 convent. Organic yes -2.6 ± ± ± 2.81 conserv. Organic yes ± ± ± 2.98 San Joaquin Valley convent. mineral, 75% no -.61 ±.58-4 ± ± 1.24 conserv. mineral no -.57 ± ± ±.55 convent. mineral yes ± ± ± 1.36 conserv. mineral yes ± ± ± 1.39 convent. Organic no -.49 ± ± ± 1.96 conserv. Organic no ± ± ± 1.82 convent. Organic yes ± ± ± 2.41 conserv. Organic yes ± ± ± 2.41 De Gryze et al 211 AGEE
3 Status of N 2 O budgets (29) cropping system nr observations in literature alfalfa 4 nut orchards vineyards cotton 5 rice 78 intensely cropped vegetables 29 wheat 77 fruit orchards tomato 6 corn in progress 3 published 3 in progress
4 N2O emission (g N2O-N ha -1 day -1 ) rainfall (mm day -1 ) N 2 O: variability! winter tomato growing season fall post spring tillage dry post-harvest N applications 12 spring tillage fall tillages Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec time
5 N2O emission (g N2O-N ha -1 day -1 ) rainfall (mm day -1 ) N 2 O: targeted measures winter tomato growing season fall post spring tillage dry post-harvest N applications 12 spring tillage fall tillages Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec time
6
7 Almond orchard Tree Row
8 Cumulative seasonal N 2 O emissions.6.5 kg N 2 O-N ha -1 season Tree Row Garland et al In prep
9 Cumulative & weighted N 2 O emissions.5.4 kg N 2 O-N ha -1 yr Garland et al In prep
10 Fertigation event N 2 O emissions.12.1 Surface Drip Microsprinkler Sub-surface Drip kg N 2 O-N ha Treatments Suddick et al 211
11 Cumulative annual N 2 O emissions (Tomato) Kennedy et al in prep
12 Management Fertilizer Type Tomato Cultivar kg N ha -1 applied Yield (ton acre -1 ) Conventional Integrated CAN17 UN32 AB2 AB Kennedy et al in prep
13 Biochar
14 Cumulative N 2 O emissions (Walnut).25 Walnut Orchard Tree Row Cumulative N 2 O (Kg N 2 O-N ha -1 season -1 ) control compost biochar biochar + compost Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Sampling Date (21).8 Walnut Orchard Tractor Row Cumulative N 2 O (Kg N 2 O-N ha -1 season -1 ) Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Sampling Date (21) Suddick et al In prep
15 Cumulative N 2 O emissions (Lettuce) Cumulative N2O (kg N2O-N ha -1 ) Control Compost Biochar + Compost Biochar Julian Day Suddick et al In prep
16 Vineyard Vine Row
17 Cumulative annual N 2 O emissions kg N 2 O-N ha -1 yr Year 1 Year 2 Garland et al In prep
18 Conclusions N 2 O emissions are significant in agriculture BUT, there are options to reduce it AND not only through reducing fertilizer use and impacting yields SO, simple emission factors do not work!
19 Eddy covariance (TDL / QCL) N 2 O flux footprint
20 N2O emission (g N2O-N ha -1 day -1 ) rainfall (mm day -1 ) Modeling! winter tomato growing season fall post spring tillage dry post-harvest N applications 12 spring tillage fall tillages Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec time
21 Acknowledgements Emma Suddick Gina Garland Taryn Kennedy Bob Rousseau Steven De Gryze California Energy Commission Packard Foundation Thank you!
22
23 Cumulative seasonal N 2 O emissions kg N 2 O-N ha -1 season Vine Row Garland et al In prep
24 N 2 O emissions Steenwerth & Belina 21 AGEE
25 Tree N 2 O g N 2 O-N ha -1 day fertilization precipitation WFPS % WFPS NO 3 ug NO 3 -N g -1 soil NH 4 ug NH 4 -N g -1 soil Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Date Garland et al In prep
26 N 2 O g N 2 O-N ha -1 day Row fertilization fertilization precipitation 8 7 WFPS % WFPS NO 3 ug NO 3 -N g -1 soil NH 4 ug NH 4 -N g -1 soil Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Date Garland et al In prep
27 CT Vine CT Row.14.2 kg N 2 O-N ha -1 hr fertilization kg N 2 O-N ha -1 hr Cover crop incorporation precipitation Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Date -.5 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Date NT Vine NT Row.7.6 fertilization.6.5 Cover crop mow kg N 2 O-N ha -1 hr kg N 2 O-N ha -1 hr precipitation Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Date -.1 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Date Garland et al 211 AGEE
28 Lettuce biochar experiment Head Lettuce : Environmentally sensitive 1m by 1m plots 4 treatments with 5 replicates Fertilizer added to all plots : 12 kg N/ha Treatments Control (only fertilizer added) Biochar (5 t/ha) Compost (5 t/ha) Biochar + Compost ( t/ha)
29 Lettuce Yield g fresh weight Control Compost Biochar + Compost Biochar All treatments statistically the same yield = bio-char did NOT kill the lettuce! 2 Treatments
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