SOIL, WATER AND PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 1 SOIL, WATER AND PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT For Rainfed Crops Editors AK Sarkar RP Singh P Mahapatra Agrotech Publishing Academy Udaipur

2 2 Published by : Mrs. Geeta Somani Agrotech Publishing Academy 11A, Vinayak Complex-B Durga Nursery Road, Udaipur Mob. : , Website : agrotechbooks@rediffmail.com DISCLAIMER Information contained in this book has been published by Agrotech Publishing Academy and has been obtained by its authors believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this information and specially disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes if any, are subjected to Udaipur jurisdiction only. REPRINTED 2014 First Edition : 2011 All Rights Reserved ISBN : (13) ISBN : (10) Typeset by : Image Print Media, Udaipur imageprintmedia@rediffmail.com Mob. : Printed at : S.S.S. Printers New Delhi

3 3 ABOUT THE BOOK The book entitled Soil, Water and Plant Nutrient Management is a compilation of lectures delivered by eminent scientists during seminars, symposia and winter school held during the past three years. In fact, there is widespread unrest & distress among the farmers of rainfed areas due to erratic and uneven distribution of rains, risk prone agriculture and poor crop yields due to improper management of natural resources. Soil conservation, rainwater management, agronomic measures such as crop diversification can transfer eastern India from a low productive to a high productive region. Agricultural production in rainfed areas must address small farmers with small holdings & make it profitable and sustainable through interventions in soil, water and plant nutrient management for crops grown in those areas. We are grateful to the authors for contributing towards this scientific publication. The book could be useful for students in agriculture & allied sciences, research & extension personnel s involved in soil, water and plant nutrient management.

4 4 ABOUT THE EDITORS Dr. Ashim Kumar Sarkar an alumni of IARI, New Delhi, is an eminent soil scientist of the country. He has contributed immensely towards developing farmer friendly technologies on acid soil management, micro- and secondary nutrient management and farmer participatory research in rainfed areas under National Agricultural Technology Project. He is a fellow of Indian Society of Soil Science & Indian Society of Agricultural Chemists. He has served Birsa Agricultural University as Professor & Chairman (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry) from 1987 to At present he is the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture. He has won several National awards. Dr. Rajendra Pratap Singh is presently Professor in the Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi. He obtained his B. Sc. (Ag) & M. Sc. (Ag) from Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar and Ph. D. in Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry from Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi. He has thirty years of teaching/ research/ extension experience and has been teaching basic & advanced courses in soil science to the undergraduate and postgraduate students of agriculture. His special field of interest is Soil Fertility on which he has published research papers in reputed journals. Successfully guided a number of M. Sc. and Ph.D students. Dr. Prabhakar Mahapatra is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi. He obtained B. Sc. Ag (Hons) from OUA&T, Bhubaneshwar and M. Sc. & Ph. D. in Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry from IARI, New Delhi. He has been awarded Dr. K. S. Krishnan Research Associateship ( ) by the BRNS, Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India, Mumbai to conduct researches on Fertilizer Use Efficiency. He has got over ten years of research experience in the field of soil fertility and several publications in various National Journals of repute, together with valuable contributions in preparing scientific reports, technical bulletins etc.

5 5 CONTRIBUTORS Dr. A. K. Sarkar Dean (Faculty of Agriculture), BAU, Ranchi Dr. M. K. Singh & Dr. S. K. Pal Professors, Dept. of Agronomy, BAU, Ranchi Dr. Shivendra Kumar Principal Scientist & Head, ARP(ICAR), Ranchi Dr. Bangali Baboo Director, IINRG (ICAR), Namkum, Ranchi Dr. KK Sharma Scientist, IINRG (ICAR), Namkum, Ranchi Dr. S. K. Sanyal Vice-Chancellor, BCKV, West Bengal Dr. P. Dey Principal Scientist, CSSRI (ICAR), Karnal, Haryana Dr. D. K. Kundu & R. C. Srivastava Principal Scientists, WTCER (ICAR) Bhubaneshwar Dr. A. K. Sahoo Principal Scientist, NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Kolkata Dr. Kaushik Majumdar Director, IPNI-India Programme, Gurgaon Dr. S. C. Kotur Principal Scientist, IIHR(ICAR), Bangalore Dr. D. K. Das & Dr. Biswapati Mandal Professors, Dept. of Soil Science, BCKV, Kalyani, West Bengal.

6 6 Dr. Sabyasachi Rath Professor (Hort), OUAT, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa Dr. B. Mishra, Dr. R. P. Singh, Dr. D. K. Shahi (Professors) Dr. Arvind Kumar & Dr. P. Mahapatra (Asst. Professors) Dept. of SS&AC, BAU, Ranchi Prof. Surendra Singh Professor, Institute of Agril Sciences, BHU, Varanasi Dr. R. P. Singh Ratan Director Extension Education, BAU, Ranchi. Dr. P. B. Saha Senior Scientist, ZRS, Dumka, BAU, Ranchi

7 7 CONTENTS About the Book 3 About the Editors 4 Contributors 5 1. Soil, Water and Plant Nutrient Management-Issues & Strategies 9 A. K. Sarkar 2. Problem And Prospects Of Rainfed Cropping Systems 13 M. K. Singh 3. Horticulture and Agro-forestry Based Farming System Approach 24 Shivendra Kumar 4. Lac in Rainfed Farming System 28 Bangali Baboo, and K. K. Sharma 5. Contaminants in Soil-Crop System 37 S. K. Sanyal 6. Advances in Nutrient Use Efficiency of Horticultural 43 Crops in the Indian Context S. C. Kotur 7. Root activity distribution studies in fruit crops using 49 tracer techniques S.C. Kotur 8. A brief report on Arsenic poisoning in Jharkhand 54 A.K. Sarkar, R. P. Singh, P. B. Saha & Arvind Kumar 9. Soil Degradation and its Management 58 P. Dey 10. Rainwater Management for Increased Crop Productivity 69 D.K. Kundu & R. C. Srivastava 11. Soil and Water Quality Issues for Eastern India 79 D.K. Kundu & A. K. Sarkar 12. Wastewater and its use in agriculture 90 P. Dey 13. Watershed-Its concept and management 99 A. K. Sahoo 14. Watershed Management Results from farmer s field 104 S. K. Pal

8 8 15. Managing nutritional disorders in soils-issues & Strategies 112 A. K. Sarkar 16. Balanced Nutrient Use & Crop Production : 119 Changing Perspective of Nutrient Management in India Kaushik Majumdar 17. Managing acid soils for higher crop productivity 134 A. K. Sarkar 18. Issues on nutrient use in vegetables, floriculture and ornamentals 145 D. K. Das 19. Integrated Nutrient and Water Management for cash crops raised 161 under rainfed upland situations of Eastern Plateau and Hill Region, Sabyasachi Rath 20. Soil fertility and Crop production-a long term perspective 172 P. Mahapatra & R. P. Singh 21. Micronutrient and secondary nutrient management in rainfed crops 181 R. P. Singh 22. Trends in Soil Research on Nutrient Dynamics 194 S. K. Sanyal 23. Maintaining Soil Quality for Sustaining Crop Production 202 Biswapati Mandal 24. Residue management in crop/cropping system 207 B. Mishra 25. Production and inoculation technique of bio-fertilizers 223 D. K. Shahi 26. Integrated Nutrient Management for Crops in Rainfed Areas 229 Surendra Singh 27. Soil plant and water analysis 238 A. K. Sarkar & P. Mahapatra 28. Farmer s participatory research in rice based rainfed 247 production system A. K. Sarkar 29. Research-Extension-Farmer-Market linkages-options & 254 Future outlook R. P. Singh Ratan Selected Bibliography 259 Subject Index 266

9 1 SOIL, WATER AND PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT- ISSUES & STRATEGIES A. K. Sarkar FAO in their National Medium Term Priority work ( ) has indicated that most parts of India are overexploiting their water resources and possibilities for further expansion of irrigation are limited. Similarly, land degradation is widespread and fertile farm lands are being diverted towards non-agricultural uses. Because of increasing pressure on water and land from other sectors the overall challenge before the country is to produce more output from less water and less land. Biodiversity and forests are also under severe anthropogenic pressure.thus, the focus is on promoting judicious and interactive use of soil, water, terrestrial biodiversity, other natural resources and man-made agro-inputs to maintain quality and resilience of soil for sustainable agricultural development. Eastern India, for example classified as low productivity high potential region covers 181 districts, has abundant water availability and good soil quality. It includes eastern MP, Chattisgarh, central and eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Assam and West Bengal. Crop yields of this region are less than 40% of high productivity areas like Punjab and Haryana. Nearly 60% of the low rice productivity area of the country is in the eastern states. We have to integrate our efforts through enabling institutional mechanism and policies for the success of a planned agricultural development for the region What are the major policy issues? The issues are: About 85% of the farmers are small & marginal with land holdings ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 ha. Poverty alleviation is a gigantic task, but bringing additional areas under irrigation with increased cropping intensity and enhanced productivity will be a major step forward. There is a lack of understanding among scientists, farming community and extension personnels on the close relationship that exists among different components viz., crops, fodder, livestock, horticulture visà-vis soil, water and societal needs & preferences. This suggests the need to develop and promote site specific & economically advantageous farming systems through a close network among policy makers, implementing agencies, social organizations & farming communities. Land degradation needs to be

10 Soil, Water and Plant Nutrient Management arrested as far as possible to keep the available natural resources in tact over years for development of agriculture & the allied sectors. Soil erosion, soil acidity, sodicity, coastal soil salinity are major issues which need to be addressed in an integrated & phased manner, Indigenous technological knowledge available with farmers, local people, landless labourer, women, rural artisans and cattle rearers is based on traditions & age-old experiences. These need to be assessed, validated and updated and promoted using modern scientific tools. Irrigation water management, rainwater harvesting, micro watershed management, ground water recharge should be given more emphasis to enhance agricultural productivity of rainfed areas. This should be linked to conservation agriculture which is based on practices such as zero tillage, residue management, crop rotations and permanent soil cover through use of cover crops. Action plan to rejuvenate old neglected and abandoned traditional rain water harvesting systems e.g. ponds, tank, ahars due to siltation, choking of inlets, feeder channels, encroachments etc. is an important issue to augment water availability for agriculture. Local bodies can help in this activity with support from on-going schemes such as MNREGA, rural development & watershed projects. The problem of soil acidity needs immediate attention in eastern India as around 20 M ha is under an advanced stage of land degradation. These soils can be made productive with low cost 10 locally available liming materials. Doubling crop yields with such a practice is possible, which can increase food grain output by about 20 M tones in the country. There is urgent need to revamp the input supply system & ensure quality input supply at Block or Panchayat level. Basic slag from steel factories of eastern India, Paper mill sludge, dolomite, limestone is available in the region, which can serve as amendments in acidic soils. Biofertilizers can substitute part of the nutrient requirement of crops. Quality parameters of such organic and bio-sources of plant nutrients need to be clearly defined. Availability of such alternate sources also needs to be ensured at local levels for the benefit of farmers. NASS (1998) has already emphasized the need of conventional treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater and their recycling for improving productivity of vegetables & other crops so save precious water resources to meet irrigational needs. Looking into the issues discussed above, it is evident that many of the technologies recommended on soil and water resources management are not reaching the farmers resulting into lower productivity and consequently low crop yields. In many cases an alarming adoption gap exists which is due probably to lack of appropriateness of technologies. Awareness among farmers, site specific recommendations, involvement of farmers groups and organizations in technology development & dissemination is

11 Soil, Water and Plant Nutrient Management Publisher : Agrotech Publications Author : Sarkar AK et al Type the URL : Get this ebook