Stem Cells: The Revolution of Blood Transfusion. By Srinand Sundaram. Grade awarded: Pass with Merit
|
|
- Aubrey Robertson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Stem Cells: The Revolution of Blood Transfusion By Srinand Sundaram Grade awarded: Pass with Merit Research Paper Based on Pathology Lectures At Medlink, December 2014
2 Abstract For people around the world who rely on donated blood for survival, the current process of collection and transfusion of erythrocytes is suboptimal. This paper examines the potential of stem cells to reduce our reliance on blood donation by creating cultures of erythrocytes that can be grown in the laboratory. These cultures could be produced either from adult or from embryonic stem cells, each producing slightly different results, and with different associated ethical and practical issues. This paper addresses the issues that researchers would come up against in trying to establish a practice of mass-producing erythrocytes, in vitro, for transfusion. I believe that, while these issues are serious and will be difficult to overcome, it will be possible to achieve such a practice in the near future. Introduction Hospitals around the world rely heavily on donated blood in order to keep patients alive. Patients may require blood transfusions for many reasons, including large blood loss due to trauma or surgery, a severe form of anaemia, or an inherited blood disorder such as thalassaemia 1. Any one of these conditions would be fatal but for the possibility of blood transfusion. However, there are many issues associated with the use of the collected blood. Donated blood is in short supply In the USA alone, more than 41,000 units of blood are required every day 2 - this equates to close to 15 million per year. Although an average of 15.7 million blood donations are collected each year 2, there are many times during the year in which demand can outweigh the supply. In addition, the requirement for blood type matching means that many people may not have the type of blood they need easily available to them (see below). For example, despite the large numbers of units of American blood collected each year, New York City currently relies on Europe for 25% of its blood donations. 3 The problem of shortage of donated blood looks set only to increase in the USA- with an ageing population, and increase in the number of surgical procedures requiring blood transfusions, demand for donated blood is increasing by 6-8%, compared to a 2-3% increase in blood donations made annually. 3 2
3 Patients can only receive carefully matched blood transfusions The four blood types- A, B, AB and O- refer to the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of a person s erythrocytes. Everyone can be said to have one of these blood groups, as shown in Figure 1. Antigens present Blood Type Antibodies present Extra notes A A Anti-B B B Anti-A A and B AB None Universal acceptor None O Anti-A and Anti-B Universal donor Figure 1 As shown in the table above, people with a certain blood type develop certain antibodies, which target the antigens not present on their own red blood cells. This poses a problem for patients who require a blood donation, as there is a possibility that they will reject the donated blood. In addition to these A and B antigens, the rhesus (Rh) antigen also contributes to a person s blood type. Red blood cells either have this antigen (and so are Rh+) or do not (Rh-). As one might expect, Rhpeople produce the anti-rh antibody, whereas those who are Rh+ do not. It is for this reason that donated blood must be carefully categorised according to the antigens present, and then matched to a patient of a compatible blood type. While this may not seem difficult, it is often not possible to determine the blood type of a patient before they are given a transfusion- especially if they have suffered major trauma, and so urgently need to be given blood. In situations such as this, the only option available to doctors is to transfuse Type O- red blood cells. As shown in Figure 1, erythrocytes of this type have no ABO or Rh antigens on their surface, and so can be transfused to any patient (hence the term universal donor ). The complexity involved in blood typing means that while a seemingly adequate amount of blood may be collected each year, hospitals may still not have access to the particular type of blood required for a patient. Blood transfusions can spread diseases The potential of transfused blood to become infected makes it a less than ideal treatment for disease, particularly in poorer countries with higher infection risks, and less stringent health and safety procedures than ours. For example, Choudhury and Phadke (2001) 4 estimated that 119, 700 new cases of post transplant hepatitis occur in India each year, where 7 million units of blood are transfused annually. Although blood transfusion in the UK is more strictly regulated, spread of infection is still a concern. For example, in 2002 the British government spent $50 million to buy a private American firm to supply blood plasma to the NHS, amid fears that British plasma donations may be contaminated with the BSE virus. 5 Among the many measures taken in the UK and USA to prevent the spread of infection by blood transfusion is the keeping of donated blood for only a certain amount of time- in the case of red cells, 3
4 this is only 42 days 2. So clearly, preventing the infection of blood for transfusion presents its own problems, by putting added pressure on stocks of blood available for transfusion. How can stem cells help? Stem cell research has the potential to revolutionise future medical care. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide infinitely by mitosis, giving rise to more, identical cells. These cells can then go on to differentiate, forming more specialised cells. In fact, all of the specialised cells in our body, from neurones to epithelial cells to erythrocytes, originated from one stem cell- the zygote. A zygote and its daughter cells are all embryonic pluripotent stem cells- in other words, they can differentiate to form any type of specialised cell. These cells were first discovered in mice blastocysts (early embryos) by Evans and Kaufman, who published their findings in Nature in They subsequently used these findings to produce genetically modified mouse embryos, that were then implanted in surrogate mothers uteruses. This practice is still commonly used today to produce specifically genetically modified mice that can be used as models for diseases in humans, thus providing scientists with an ethically acceptable organism on which to test potential drugs and other therapies. As the embryo develops further, however, the cells produced begin to differentiate, in order to form the specialised cells needed to give rise to organs with specific functions. The more differentiated a cell becomes, the fewer options it has to differentiate further. By the time we are born, none of the original pluripotent stem cells that formed the early embryo remain- all our cells are more specialised. However, some multipotent stem cells can be found even in adult tissue- for example, haematopoietic stem cells (which give rise to the many different types of cells in the blood) exist in bone marrow. These are adult stem cells. 4 Figure 2
5 Figure 2 shows the stages of differentiation of a haematopoietic stem cell 13. As indicated, a haematopoietic stem cell can differentiate not only to form an erythrocyte, but also all types of white blood cell. This discovery in the 1960s has led to the development of bone marrow transplants as a treatment for leukaemia. This allows doctors to completely destroy patients bone marrow, in which the cancerous leukaemia cells are proliferating, and replace it with stem cells from a donor or the patient himself that will divide to produce healthy bone marrow. The next breakthrough in stem cell research was the work of James Thomson, who cultured the first human embryonic stem cell line in vitro in Since then, researchers have concentrated their efforts on using stem cells to replace damaged or dysfunctional tissues in humans, in an attempt to cure many diseases. For example, in 2010, a patient with spinal injuries was treated by the injection of oligodendrocyte (neurone) progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory 7. The idea of the treatment was that these injected cells would divide to produce new nerve fibres, replacing those that had been lost. I believe that we should now be investigating more thoroughly how the properties of stem cells could be used in the production of red blood cells in vitro, to at least reduce our reliance on human donors. Discussion Blood is a complex tissue, containing a variety of cells with different functions. At present, artificially producing (on a large scale) blood containing all the various red and white blood cells, platelets, and other molecules would be too complicated. However, the purpose of most transfusions is to replace lost erythrocytes (red blood cells). It is these cells that contain haemoglobin, the compound that attaches to oxygen molecules. Thus, they are responsible for oxygen transportation around the body, and so are vital for survival. During episodes of extreme blood loss, it is the loss of these cells that is most damaging. It is possible to mass-produce red blood cells for transfusion from both embryonic and adult stem cells. Both processes have their own advantages and drawbacks. Using adult stem cells As mentioned in the introduction, doctors can already extract haematopoietic stem cells (blood cell precursors) and infuse them into patients to produce new granulocytes. This constitutes in important form of treatment for leukaemia. The process for obtaining the haematopoietic stem cells works as follows: The patient is injected with a chemical known as granulocyte- colony stimulating factor (G- CSF). This stimulates the production of both white blood cells and haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, to such an extent that some of these cells spill over into the blood. They can then be removed simply via a catheter. The sample is processed to remove blood cells and bone fragments, before the haematopoietic stem cells are refrigerated for preservation. By using a similar process to obtain haematopoietic cells from a sample of volunteers, red blood cells could be synthesised in vitro: 5
6 The harvested stem cells would need to be cultured in a laboratory, in a medium that would cause them to multiply on a large scale. Some of these daughter haematopoietic cells would then need to be cultured in an environment that encourages erythropoiesis (differentiation to produce red blood cells). After trialling the process in a few laboratories, it could be rolled out to institutions worldwide, so that every hospital could culture their own haematopoietic stem cell lines. However, this form therapy would not be without its difficulties. First of all, it would be vital to ensure that all the cells that differentiate give rise to red blood cells. This is because, as shown in Figure 2, haematopoietic stem cells can also differentiate to form a number of different white blood cells, each with antigens on their membranes that would prompt an immune response if transfused into a patient. Research is already underway on this issue, and in 2005, Giarratana et al. published an article describing their large-scale production of erythrocytes through the differentiation of adult haematopoietic stem cells. 8 In their report, they explain that their process relied on mimicking the marrow environment in which erythropoiesis is stimulated. This shows that it is important to understand the mechanism of erythropoiesis in order to suggest a method to stimulate this event in the laboratory. Erythropoiesis The most important molecule for the differentiation of erythroid progenitors (cells that differentiate to form red blood cells) is the cytokine (a small glycoprotein) erythropoietin. This cytokine attaches to erythropoietin receptors on haematopoietic stem cells, which then triggers a cascade of processes on a molecular level within the cell, causing differentiation. 10 In vivo, the release of erythropoietin by the kidneys is regulated in a feedback loop, as shown below in Figure
7 Figure 3 In the body, it is obviously important to regulate erythropoietin production in this manner- a lack of erythrocytes would result in inadequate carriage of oxygen to the body's tissues, while too many erythrocytes produced at one time would cause the blood to become too viscous, thereby reducing the efficiency of transport as well as increasing risk of thrombosis. In this proposed in vitro erythropoiesis, scientists would want to be able to control the rate of differentiation of these red blood cells. They would therefore need to find a way of regulating the binding of erythropoietin to the erythroid progenitors receptors. One way of doing this would be simply to culture the donated haematopoietic stem cells in a medium with a high concentration of erythropoietin (already, this glycoprotein can be manufactured by genetically-modified bacteria 14 ). They would then need to monitor the rates of differentiation and proliferation of the stem cells- a simple mechanical system could be installed that diluted or concentrated the erythropoietin medium depending on the ratio of pluripotent stem cells to terminally differentiated erythrocytes. In order to mimic the marrow microenvironment, Giarratana et al. cultured the haematopoietic stem cells on marrow stromal cells- cells that make up the connective tissue in the marrow. They hypothesise that this provided some of the many other chemicals- mainly cytokines and growth factors- that are important in the differentiation pathway that gives rise to erythrocytes. While this is a certainly a step in the right direction to ex vivo large-scale erythropoiesis, even this is a simplified view of a complex process. In reality, erythropoiesis relies on a number of different chemicals and mechanisms that remain unknown. A lot of research is currently underway into understanding this process on a molecular level, and this knowledge will clearly be vital in the development of this procedure. Other considerations Practical considerations also need to be taken into account for this solution. The main such consideration is the sheer number of red blood cells that would need to be produced. One unit of transfused blood (450ml on average) contains approximately 3 trillion erythrocytes. 3 Given that 41,000 units of blood are needed every day in the USA alone 2, ex vivo erythropoiesis would have to occur on a massive scale if it were to replace blood donation. Unfortunately, very little is currently known about how adult stem cells could be encouraged to differentiate on a large scale in the laboratory. Giarratana et al. reported proliferation of the original cells by as much as 1.95 million times in their study. 8 While this is significant, it still means that several million haematopoietic stem cells would need to be cultured just to produce enough erythrocytes for one unit of blood. The small concentration at which haematopoietic stem cells are found in adult bone marrow would thus make finding enough donors extremely time-consuming and costly. Furthermore, as scientists have not yet been able to make adult stem cells differentiate indefinitely in vitro, more and more donor cells will be needed continuously. So although the process would considerably reduce the need for blood donors (as extracted cells could be multiplied millions of times), they do not give a potentially limitless supply of erythrocytes. With these problems in mind, it is certainly worth considering the use of embryonic stem cells instead of adult haematopoietic cells for erythropoiesis. 7
8 Using embryonic stem cells Current research is focusing primarily on the use of human embryonic stem cells (hescs) for the task. The main reason for this is that, unlike adult stem cells, their embryonic counterparts retain the ability to divide indefinitely, giving rise to new pluripotent stem cells, in vitro. So embryonic stem cells give a much greater hope of producing an unlimited supply of erythrocytes, without the need for donors. The most promising study on the subject to date was published by Lu et al. (2008) 11. It outlined a process in which embryonic stem cells could be encouraged to divide and differentiate, with 100% erythrocyte terminal differentiation. The medium which the scientists used to culture the hescs contained a combination of cytokines, growth factors and other substances known to be important for erythropoiesis, the most significant of which were erythropoietin, stem cell factor, and methylcellulose (the main source of energy for the dividing cells). In most other respects, the process used to culture the cells was identical to that used by the Giarratana et al. in the study mentioned earlier in this paper. Unlike the other study, however, the rate of proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells was much greater, with erythrocytes produced per six wells (small colony of haematopoietic cells). Furthermore, simply scaling up the quantities of chemicals used in this method should, theoretically, scale up the numbers of erythrocytes produced. In addition, this process does not rely on donors cells to start a culture, so would cause no problems in this respect. A further advantage to this procedure is that it would be possible to genetically modify the embryonic stem cells to ensure that they give rise to O- (universal donor) erythrocytes. It would be much more difficult to carry out this modification on every donated adult haematopoietic stem cell, and so for the method described previously, donors of all blood types would have been required to ensure that all patients would have blood of their required type available. Having said this, considerable research needs to be undertaken to carry out this genetic modification even in embryonic stem cells. Ethical issues also add to the difficulty of accepting this procedure (see below). Ethical issues Practically, embryonic stem cells may seem like the obvious solution to this problem of a shortage of blood donations. However, the scientific community has an obligation to consider the ethical implications of its actions. This is currently the main barrier to embryonic stem cell research. To be of use, these embryonic stem cells must be pluripotent. As shown in the introduction, this would require removing them from an embryo at a very early stage in development- the blastocyst stage. Unfortunately, removing a cell from a blastocyst would prevent the embryo from developing. Thus, many people would regard the use of these cells as a violation of the sanctity of life, rendering it unacceptable. Those who argue this say that life begins at conception, as any zygote has the potential to become a human being, and therefore preventing it from doing so can be described as killing it. On the other hand, some would say that an embryo is simply a collection of cells until it becomes autonomous, and so we should have no qualms with carrying out these experiments. Of course, these contrasting viewpoints are ends of a wide spectrum of opinions on the real question that underpins this body of research- at what point in development is an embryo really a human being? Recent scientific research has tried to answer this question, and many now agree that life begins at approximately fourteen days after conception. For until this stage, it is possible that an embryo could 8
9 split to form twins. 12 Furthermore, after this two-week period, a recognisable form of a nervous system begins to develop as the embryonic stem cells become increasingly specialised, leading developmental biologists to believe that this is the point at which the foetus begins to experience sensations, and to develop a sense of awareness. 12 As the blastocyst usually implants at about 8 days after fertilisation, those who agree with this view would ethically approve of the use of embryonic stem cells. Adding another dimension to the debate, even if one does deem an embryo to be a form of life, we have to address the importance of two important moral obligations- that of alleviating suffering and that of respecting human life. So even if someone might accord an embryo the status of a living being, they may still feel that sacrificing this embryo is a necessary evil to provide the treatment for another human life- one that is already being lived, and could be improved with this research. Furthermore, while the creation of embryos for the sake of research seems immoral, many researchers use surplus embryos from in vitro fertilisation procedures. On the one hand, this does sound much more acceptable- the embryos have already been created, and are likely to be discarded or stored indefinitely, so they may as well be of benefit to humanity. On the other hand, however, this brings up the need to discuss the ethical implications of abortion- again, a hotly debated topic. In the context of in vitro erythrocyte production, one could argue that the use of embryonic stem cells is even more problematic than it would be for the treatment of a disease such as Parkinson s Disease- a debilitating condition for which embryonic stem cells could provide the only cure as blood transfusions do currently exist. Furthermore, the genetic modification of embryonic stem cells (as mentioned in the previous section) adds further ethical uncertainty, raising the possibility of a slippery slope to the acceptance of this form of genetic intervention for non-medical purposes. In contrast, the current blood donation system and the use of adult stem cells are other solutions for this issue, and while they may not be as practically feasible, scientists clearly have a duty to try and circumvent the difficulties of these ethically favourable alternatives. In short, the application of embryonic stem cell research raises a huge range of ethical questions, all of which would need to be addressed if erythrocytes were to be produced in such a way. Conclusion Stem cell research offers the chance to revolutionise medicine, and the production of blood cells for transfusion is one area in which this could improve the quality of life of millions of people. The use of adult stem cells may not seem, at first, like a helpful solution, given that it would still require some donors (to provide the haematopoietic cells), and that this would not be a long-term selfsustaining process. Nevertheless, the fact that one adult stem cell could be encouraged to divide to produce well over a million red blood cells would still greatly reduce the demand for donors overall. The alternative- the use of embryonic stem cells- sounds far more attractive at first. For these pluripotent cells would be able to divide almost indefinitely, giving rise to the possibility of an infinite store of erythrocytes. However, as research in this area continues, the many ethical problems raised will need to be addressed. Thus, there is no one solution that comes without its drawbacks. For the time being, therefore, research into both areas should continue. For, despite all these problems, it seems very possible that ambitions for a world without red blood cell donation may yet be realised. 9
10 Bibliography 1Blood transfusion- NHS Choices transfusion/pages/introduction.aspx 2 Blood facts and statistics- American Red Cross 3 Blood substitutes 4N. Choudhury and S. Phadke (2001): Transfusion Transmitted Diseases. Indian Journal of Paediatrics; 68 (10): BBC News: UK buys safe blood supply for the NHS (2002) 6 M. Evans, M Kaufman (1981): Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292 (5819): A. Coghlan (2010): First person treated in milestone stem cell trial. New Scientist; (2782) 8 M. Giarratana et al. (2005): Ex vivo generation of fully mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. Nature Biotechnology; 23: PGCC A&P2- Blood 10
11 10 S.Middleton et al. (1999): Shared and unique determinants of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor are important for binding EPO and EPO mimetic peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (20): S. Lu et al. (2008): Biologic properties and enucleation of red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells. Blood 112 (12). 12 EuroStemCell: Human embryonic stem cell research and ethics 13 Vector: New research on blood stem cells takes root 14M. Kamionka et al. (2011): Engineering of Therapeutic Proteins Production in Escherichia coli. Current Pharmacological Biotechnology 12 (2): J. Thomson et al (1998): Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts. Science 282 (5391):
STEM CELL RESEARCH MEDICAL REVOLUTION OR ETHICAL DILEMMA? BY LAURA HOBBS NATALIE KSEIB. Word count: Approx 2100
STEM CELL RESEARCH MEDICAL REVOLUTION OR ETHICAL DILEMMA? BY LAURA HOBBS NATALIE KSEIB Word count: Approx 2100 Grade awarded June 2006: PASS WITH MERIT RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON PATHOLOGY LECTURES AT MEDLINK
More informationFuture of Stem Cell Engineering. Jaeseung Jeong, Ph.D Department of Bio and Brain Engineering KAIST
Future of Stem Cell Engineering i Jaeseung Jeong, Ph.D Department of Bio and Brain Engineering KAIST Keywords of Stem Cell Engineering g Embryo and Fetus (Foetus) Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells
More informationStem Cells: Introduction and Prospects in Regenerative Medicine.
Stem Cells: Introduction and Prospects in Regenerative Medicine www.gothamgazette.com/.../stemcell/stem_cell.jpg Ode to a Stem Cell, Part II by VCW There once was stem cell stuck in the hood Dividing endlessly,
More informationStem Cel s Key Words:
Stem Cells Key Words: Embryonic stem cells, Adult stem cells, ips cells, self-renewal, differentiation, pluripotent, multipotent, Inner cell mass, Nuclear transfer (Therapeutic cloning), Feeder cells,
More informationEMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH: ALTERNATIVE METHODS & ALZHEIMER S DISEASE
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH: ALTERNATIVE METHODS & ALZHEIMER S DISEASE BY KHYATI PATEL Word count: Approx 2300 Grade awarded June 2006: PASS WITH DISTINCTION RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON PATHOLOGY LECTURES
More informationLesson 7A Specialized Cells, Stem Cells & Cellular Differentiation
Lesson 7A Specialized Cells, Stem Cells & Cellular Differentiation Learning Goals I can explain the concept of cell differentiation and cell specialization. I can explain how the cell structure relates
More informationGenetics Lecture 19 Stem Cells. Stem Cells 4/10/2012
Genetics Lecture 19 Stem Cells Stem Cells Much of the excitement about stem cells in the scientific and medical communities comes from their largely untapped and unproven potential for treating human conditions)
More informationSTEM CELLS IN NEUROLOGY ISABELLE COCHRANE MERIT
STEM CELLS IN NEUROLOGY BY ISABELLE COCHRANE MERIT RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON PATHOLOGY LECTURES AT MEDLINK 2011 1 Abstract Ever since their discovery, stem cells have been heralded as the ultimate cure to
More informationIntroduction This is an exam style question on stem cells that might be useful towards the end of the topic.
Teacher Notes Introduction This is an exam style question on stem cells that might be useful towards the end of the topic. Suggested mark scheme (a) (i) a non-specialised cell any 1 for 1 a cell that can
More informationFrom Stem Cell to Any Cell
sciencenewsforkids.org http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/2005/10/from-stem-cell-to-any-cell-2/ From Stem Cell to Any Cell By Emily Sohn / October 11, 2005 For maybe a day, about 9 months before you were
More informationShould Embryonic Stem Cell Research be Permitted to Continue? Over the past few years a debate has been going on over the moral implications of
Courtesy of Christopher Waits. Used with permission. Waits 1 Should Embryonic Stem Cell Research be Permitted to Continue? Over the past few years a debate has been going on over the moral implications
More informationUnderstanding brain diseases from stem cells to clinical trials
Understanding brain diseases from stem cells to clinical trials Alan Mackay Sim Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Brisbane, QLD Making ES cells Fertilise an egg Put in a dish Embryonic
More informationWHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
31 March, 2018 WHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Document Filetype: PDF 436.17 KB 0 WHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Explore Current Stem Cell Treatments. Embryonic stem cells - Embryonic stem cells include those
More informationDuncanrig Secondary School
National 4 Biology Unit 1Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells, Duncanrig Secondary School Duncanrig Secondary School National 4 Biology Unit 1 Topic 3: Therapeutic Uses of Cells Pupils Activity Booklet National
More informationGuided teaching hours: 4 hours
Cell division Chapter overview Guided teaching hours: 4 hours In this chapter, students will learn about the process of cell division and after finishing the chapter should be able to describe the three
More informationANAT 2341 Embryology Lecture 18 Stem Cells
ANAT 2341 Embryology Lecture 18 Stem Cells 29 September 2010 Dr Antonio Lee Neuromuscular & Regenera
More informationWhat are the origins of medical practice? Humans have been involved with medical biotechnology
Name: Score: / Quiz 8 on Medical Biotechnology Part 1 What are the origins of medical practice? Humans have been involved with medical biotechnology A. since the cloning of the insulin gene in the 1980s
More informationTitle of Movie: Stem cells: Medical Breakthrough or One Way Ticket to Cloning
Name: Sean Hess Partner: Joey Wan Topic: Stem Cells Title of Movie: Stem cells: Medical Breakthrough or One Way Ticket to Cloning Narration Duration Elapsed Time (end of seg) Stem cells, medical breakthrough,
More informationStem cells and motor neurone disease
Stem cells and motor neurone disease F Stem cell research has fuelled hope of a treatment for a variety of conditions. This information sheet explains what these cells are and includes details of the current
More informationStem Cells & Neurological Disorders. Said Ismail Faculty of Medicine University of Jordan
Stem Cells & Neurological Disorders Said Ismail Faculty of Medicine University of Jordan Outline: - Introduction - Types & Potency of Stem Cells - Embryonic Stem Cells - Adult Stem Cells - ipscs -Tissue
More informationJohn Gurdon was testing the hypothesis of genomic equivalence or that when cells divide they retain a full genomic compliment.
1. (15 pts) John Gurdon won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work he did in the 1960 s. What was the major developmental hypothesis he set out to test? What techniques did he development
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com. Question Number. Answer Additional guidance Mark. 1(a) 1. reference to stem cells being {totipotent / pluripotent} ;
1(a) 1. reference to stem cells being {totipotent / pluripotent} ; 2. can specialise or differentiate / can give rise to {differentiated / specialised} cells ; 3. idea that these can replace damaged cells
More informationChapter 8 Healthcare Biotechnology
Chapter 8 Healthcare Biotechnology Outline: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biopharming 8.3 Models of Human Disease 8.4 Detecting and Diagnosing Human Disease 8.5 Monoclonal Antibodies 8.6 Gene Therapy 8.7 Tissue
More informationANAT 3231 Cell Biology Lecture 21 Stem Cells
ANAT 3231 Cell Biology Lecture 21 Stem Cells Outline What are Stem Cells? Totipotency - Pluripotency - Multipotency What are different sources of Stem Cells? Embryonic vs Adult Pros and Cons for each type
More informationTHE THERAPEUTIC REALITIES OF STEM CELLS
Ferghana Partners Group is a Life Sciences investment banking house with offices in London and New York. We specialise in creating and executing effective strategic transactions for pharmaceutical, chemical,
More informationA RESPONSE to THE NUFFIELD COUNCIL ON BIOETHICS CONSULTATION PAPER on EMERGING BIOTECHNOLOGIES
This response was submitted to the consultation held by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics on Emerging biotechnologies between April 2011 and June 2011. The views expressed are solely those of the respondent(s)
More informationDifferentiation = Making specialized cells. Self-renewal = copying. What is a stem cell?
Differentiation = Making specialized cells What is a stem cell? What the photo shows A lump of metal and lots of different kinds of screws that can be made from it. Things to think about What is a specialized
More informationINUED DISCONTINUED DISCONTINUED DISCON MAKING THE IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBLE CENTER FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
INUED DISCONTINUED DISCONTINUED DISCON MAKING THE IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBLE CENTER FOR > SOLUTIONS AND HOPE Millions of people worldwide suffer from deadly diseases, chronic conditions and congenital disorders
More informationSpecial Issue. Mesoblast Limited
Overview is an Australian biotechnology company committed to the commercialization of novel treatments for orthopedic conditions by using its unique adult stem cell technology for the regeneration and
More informationAdvanced Subsidiary Unit 3B: Practical Biology and Research Skills
Write your name here Surname Other names Edexcel GCE Biology Centre Number Candidate Number Advanced Subsidiary Unit 3B: Practical Biology and Research Skills Monday 9 January 2012 Afternoon Time: 1 hour
More informationAdvanced Subsidiary Unit 3B: Practical Biology and Research Skills
Write your name here Surname Other names Edexcel GCE Biology Centre Number Candidate Number Advanced Subsidiary Unit 3B: Practical Biology and Research Skills Monday 9 January 2012 Afternoon Time: 1 hour
More informationSTEM CELL RESEARCH PRIMER
STEM CELL RESEARCH PRIMER WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT STEM CELLS AND STEM CELL RESEARCH What Stem Cells Are And Why They Are Important Stem cells are the body s very own internal repair system. They are
More informationMolecular Medicine. Stem cell therapy Gene therapy. Immunotherapy Other therapies Vaccines. Medical genomics
Molecular Medicine Molecular Medicine Stem cell therapy Gene therapy Tumor therapy Immunotherapy Other therapies Vaccines Genetic diagnostics Medical genomics Medication Diagnostics medicine: old desire
More informationCells, Tissues and Organs
Cells, Tissues and Organs You have already learned the basic function of cells, but how do these cells work together to make you the truly amazing organism that you are? Some of the key words you will
More informationImmunotherapy in myeloma
Immunotherapy in myeloma This Horizons Infosheet contains information on immunotherapy, a type of treatment being investigated in myeloma. The Horizons Infosheet series provides information relating to
More informationThebiotutor.com A2 Biology OCR Unit F215: Control, genomes and environment Module 2.1 Cloning in plants and animals Notes & Questions
Thebiotutor.com A2 Biology OCR Unit F215: Control, genomes and environment Module 2.1 Cloning in plants and animals Notes & Questions Andy Todd 1 Outline the differences between reproductive and non-reproductive
More informationImmunotherapy in myeloma
Immunotherapy in myeloma Horizons Infosheet Clinical trials and novel drugs This Horizons Infosheet provides information on immunotherapy, a type of treatment being investigated in myeloma. The Horizons
More informationFirst Place Essay. Katie P.
First Place Essay Katie P. Eighth Grade West Reading, PA 19611 Bioscience research is seeking information by exploring life's processes and diseases. It has helped many scientists understand how the body
More informationBIOTECHNOLOGY. Unit 8
BIOTECHNOLOGY Unit 8 PART 1 BASIC/FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE VS. APPLIED SCIENCE! Basic/Fundamental Science the development and establishment of information to aid our understanding of the world.! Applied Science
More informationName... Class... Date... In this activity you are going to assess the quality of some science articles written for different publications.
Writing scientifically with stem cells Specification reference: B1.2.3 Stem cells Aims In this activity you are going to assess the quality of some science articles written for different publications.
More informationhpsc Growth Medium DXF Dr. Lorna Whyte
hpsc Growth Medium DXF Dr. Lorna Whyte 27.06.2014 Training from Heidelberg Overview Background: Stem Cells Introduction: Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hpsc) vs. Adult Stem Cells Promise of PSC Research
More informationBiotech Patents in Europe
Biotech Patents in Europe Introduction This circular relates to biotech patent practice in Europe. It is based on our experience of drafting and prosecuting biotech applications. The circular is written
More informationWhat information does the nucleus of a cell contain? Why is it so important? What is a donor animal? Why don t clones grow in the same way?
CLONING- EXERCISES 1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE! What information does the nucleus of a cell contain? Why is it so important? What is a donor animal? Why don t
More informationLisa Griffin (BSc Hons Biology), David Hughes August 2013
Title Authors Contact Target level Publication date Lisa Griffin (BSc Hons Biology), David Hughes Maggy.fostier@manchester.ac.uk KS4 science, GCSE August 2013 Activity Length Content related to the GCSE
More informationLecture 24 Differentiation and stem cells
Lecture 24 Differentiation and stem cells *Stem cells and differentiation in plants Totipotency Stem cells in animals Therapeutic use Cloning Therapeutic Reproductive Therapeutic cloning in humans Stem
More informationNPTEL Biotechnology Tissue Engineering. Stem cells
Stem cells S. Swaminathan Director Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc
More informationScience Dialogue. By: Dr. Ahmed Hegab, PhD Dr. Hiroshi Kubo, MD, PhD. Hachinohe-Kita High School
Science Dialogue at Hachinohe-Kita High School By: Dr. Ahmed Hegab, PhD Dr. Hiroshi Kubo, MD, PhD Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine Topics of today
More informationWill Stem Cells Finally Deliver Without Controversy?
Will Stem Cells Finally Deliver Without Controversy? Keith Gary, Ph.D. Director of Program Development Kansas City Area Life Sciences Institute Olathe North Life Sciences 1 February 2012 What s the Buzz?
More informationThe Potential for Stem Cell Breakthroughs Without Controversy. By Fiona Clark. Word count: Approx Grade awarded June 2006: PASS WITH MERIT
The Potential for Stem Cell Breakthroughs Without Controversy By Fiona Clark Word count: Approx 2000 Grade awarded June 2006: PASS WITH MERIT Research Paper Based on Pathology Lectures Vetsix 2005 1 ABSTRACT
More informationCharacteristics. Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)
STEM CELLS (p 2-8) Overview The body is made up of about 200 different kinds of specialised cells, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, fat cells and skin cells. Cells with the capacity to give rise to the
More informationFundamental properties of Stem Cells
Stem cells Learning Goals: Define what a stem cell is and describe its general properties, using hematopoietic stem cells as an example. Describe to a non-scientist the current progress of human stem cell
More informationUnit 1: DNA and the Genome. Sub-Topic (1.4) Cellular Differentiation
Unit 1: DNA and the Genome Sub-Topic (1.4) Cellular Differentiation Duncanrig 2016 Unit 1: DNA and the Genome Sub-Topic (1.4) Cellular Differentiation On completion of this subtopic I will be able to Cellular
More informationStem Cells. Part 1: What is a Stem Cell? STO Stem cells are unspecialized. What does this mean?
STO-120 Stem Cells Part 1: What is a Stem Cell? Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells in the body. When a stem cell divides by mitosis, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell
More informationAnimal and plant cells have several parts. Each part has a different function.
(4) Q.Living organisms are made of cells. (a) Animal and plant cells have several parts. Each part has a different function. Draw one line from each cell part to the correct function of that part. (b)
More informationStem Cell Research 101
Stem Cell Research : A promising type of bioscience research The Stem Cell debate and the impact of the induced pluripotent stem cell procedure Why Is Vocabulary Important? Key terms frame the debate Mature
More informationSTEM CELLS BONE FRACTURE
BIOLOGY UNIT 2 MRS. CATHERINE JACKSON STEM CELLS BONE FRACTURE By AYESHA SYED 10C 2 Stem Cell (Introduction) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have not yet become a specialised cell, with a specific
More informationSNC2D BIOLOGY 3/31/2013. TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF L Stem Cells & Meristematic Cells (P.40-41) Specialized Cells. Stem Cells
SNC2D BIOLOGY TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF L & Meristematic Cells (P.40-41) Specialized Cells The cell theory states that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Every cell that makes up an animal s body
More informationFederal Funding for Brain Research. Congressional Support Accelerates Discovery
The American Brain Coalition (ABC) is a non-profit organization that brings together people with disabling brain disorders, the families of those that are affected, and the professionals who research and
More informationTherapeutic cloning: A scientific breakthrough or a step too far? Ben Good George Collins. Word Count: Approx Grade Awarded June 2006: PASS
Therapeutic cloning: A scientific breakthrough or a step too far? BY Ben Good George Collins Word Count: Approx 1400 Grade Awarded June 2006: PASS 1 Abstract The purpose of our paper is to investigate
More informationFORENSIC SEROLOGY. Chapter PRENTICE HALL 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Chapter 8 FORENSIC SEROLOGY 8-1 Nature of Blood The word blood refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances. Plasma, which is the fluid portion of blood, is
More informationName AP Biology Mrs. Laux Take home test #11 on Chapters 14, 15, and 17 DUE: MONDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2009
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Inducible genes are usually actively transcribed when: A. the molecule degraded by the enzyme(s) is present in the cell. B. repressor molecules bind to the promoter. C. lactose
More informationAdult Stem Cells for Chronic Pain. Dr. John Hughes, DO January 24 th, 2018
Adult Stem Cells for Chronic Pain Dr. John Hughes, DO January 24 th, 2018 Dr. John Hughes, DO Doctor of Osteopathy From Georgia Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine - 2007 Aspen Integrative Medicine
More informationCases of Academic Misconduct. Core Components
Cases of Academic Misconduct May 2015 Examination Session Core Components Extended Essay / Biology Infringement: Plagiarism Pages 1-6 show no evidence of plagiarism. Comments A significant portion of the
More informationc) Assuming he does not run another endurance race, will the steady-state populations be affected one year later? If so, explain how.
LS1a Fall 06 Problem Set #8 (100 points total) all questions including the (*extra*) one should be turned in 1. (18 points) Erythrocytes, mature red blood cells, are essential for transporting oxygen to
More informationPatient Handbook on Stem Cell Therapies
Patient Handbook on Stem Cell Therapies WWW.ISSCR.ORG WWW.CLOSERLOOKATSTEMCELLS.ORG Patient Handbook on Stem Cell Therapies Introduction We have all heard about the extraordinary promise that stem cell
More informationCloning genes into animals. Transgenic animal carries foreign gene inserted into its genome.
Cloning genes into animals Transgenic animal carries foreign gene inserted into its genome. Transgenic goats Ch. 10 pg. 281 Produce human protein (drug) in milk Pharming Transgenic animals to produce human
More informationMaking Sense of Stem Cell Research and Cloning. Alan Shlemon Stand to Reason
Making Sense of Stem Cell Research and Cloning Alan Shlemon Stand to Reason www.str.org The body has over 200 different types of specialized cells. Stem Cells A stem cell is an unspecialized cell Unspecialized
More informationPage 3. 18) The diagram below illustrates some key steps of a procedure in one area of biotechnology.
Name: 1117 1 Page 1 1) A small amount of DNA was taken from a fossil of a mammoth found frozen in glacial ice. Genetic technology can be used to produce a large quantity of identical DNA from this mammoth's
More informationTestimony of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Before the Texas House of Representatives State Affairs Committee
Testimony of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Before the Texas House of Representatives State Affairs Committee Regarding House Bill 1929 The Use of Human Cells and Tissue April 11, 2005 Thank
More informationDeveloping Targeted Stem Cell Therapeutics for Cancer. Shawn Hingtgen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy May 22 nd, 2013
Developing Targeted Stem Cell Therapeutics for Cancer Shawn Hingtgen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy May 22 nd, 2013 The Challenge of Drug Delivery for Brain Cancer Stem Cells
More informationNew Drug Therapies for ITP
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/clinicians-roundtable/new-drug-therapies-for-itp/3710/
More informationTowards a stem cell based therapy for Parkinson s Disease
Stem cell based therapies for Parkinson s Disease Towards a stem cell based therapy for Parkinson s Disease MALIN PARMAR NYSCF Robertson Investigator Lund University, Sweden INTR, Port Douglas, Sept 13-16,
More informationRegenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapies
Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapies Regenerative Medicine Major component of successful regenerated / tissue engineered organs Scaffolds A critical element is the binding of the repopulating
More informationStem cells in Development
ANAT 2341 Embryology Lab 10 8 Oct 2009 Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues Stem cells in Development Blastocyst Cord blood Antonio Lee PhD Neuromuscular & Regenerative Medicine
More informationBiotechnology: Genomics: field that compares the entire DNA content of different organisms
Biotechnology: New Terms Today: Genome Genetic engineering, transgenic organisms, GM food, Reproductive and therapeutic cloning Stem cells, plouripotent, totipotent Gene therapy Genomics: field that compares
More informationExam 3 4/25/07. Total of 7 questions, 100 points.
Exam 3 4/25/07 BISC 4A P. Sengupta Total of 7 questions, 100 points. QUESTION 1. Circle the correct answer. Total of 40 points 4 points each. 1. Which of the following is typically attacked by the antibody-mediated
More informationStem cells in Development
ANAT 2341 Embryology Lab 10 8 Oct 2009 Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues Stem cells in Development Blastocyst Cord blood Antonio Lee PhD Neuromuscular & Regenerative Medicine
More informationChapter 11: Applications of Biotechnology
Chapter 11: Applications of Biotechnology Lecture Outline Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill. 11-1 Why Biotechnology Works 11-2 Biotechnology
More informationAt the conclusion of this lesson you should be able to:
Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this lesson you should be able to: Understand the key terms and definitions regarding stem cells Differentiate between the adult and embryonic stem cells Differentiate
More informationRemarks to the Nation on Stem Cell Research. delivered 9 August 2001
George W. Bush Remarks to the Nation on Stem Cell Research delivered 9 August 2001 Good evening. I appreciate you giving me a few minutes of your time tonight so I can discuss with you a complex and difficult
More informationINTRODUCTION KEY WORDS CFMUNESCO 2018
CFMUNESCO 2018 COMMITTEE: World Health Organisation TOPIC: The Question of defining a Regulation for the use of Stem Cells CHAIRS: Cristina Lauretig, Lucrezia Rosina INTRODUCTION There is at present a
More informationEthical Challenges in Stem Cell Research and Treatment
Ethical Challenges in Stem Cell Research and Treatment Jeremy Sugarman, MD, MPH, MA Harvey M. Meyerhoff Professor of Bioethics & Medicine Department of Medicine Berman Institute of Bioethics Johns Hopkins
More informationSTEM CELL RESEARCH EBENEZER ANOM ENGLISH 1311 CLASS UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO
STEM CELL RESEARCH BY EBENEZER ANOM ENGLISH 1311 CLASS UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO ABSTRACT In our communities today, relatives, neighbors, friends and even those we don t know have been incapacitated
More informationRegulation of advanced blood cell therapies
Regulation of advanced blood cell therapies www.pei.de Clinical trials using cell-based products Substantially manipulated cells and cells for non-homologous use Quality, safety and non-clinical aspects
More informationThe Role of Adult Stem Cells in Personalized and Regenerative Medicine
The Role of Adult Stem Cells in Personalized and Regenerative Medicine Christopher J. Neill, Director of Corporate Operations American CryoStem Corporation Objective To illustrate the potential benefits
More informationBME 177. Engineering stem cells. Gayatri Pal Lecturer Biomolecular Engineering
BME 177 Engineering stem cells Gayatri Pal Lecturer Biomolecular Engineering Introduction Graduated from MCD Biology (Yeast Cell Cycle) -CIRM classes (Introduction to stem cell biology) Post-doc training
More informationUnderstanding Stem Cells The Conference 1 Basics. 1 Basics
Understanding Stem Cells The Conference 1 Basics 1 Basics Teacher Comments i In this module, the students work on the basics of stem cell research. As participants in a scientific conference, they prepare
More informationBiotechnology, Synthetic Biology, and Genetic Circuit Design Module Lesson Plan. 1 day. 1 P age
1 P age Biotechnology, Synthetic Biology, and Genetic Circuit Design Module Lesson Plan 1 day 2 P age Introduction In this single module students will build upon their previous knowledge of basic molecular
More informationAdvanced Therapy Medicinal Products and GMP. Ashley Isbel
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products and GMP Ashley Isbel Session Overview What are ATMPs? The State of Regulations GMP and Other Challenges for ATMP production Some Solutions The Future What are ATMPs?
More informationBlood is 55% Plasma (Liquid)
Blood is 55% Plasma (Liquid) The plasma portion of blood is: 91% Water Maintains blood volume Transports molecules 7% Proteins (ie: clotting proteins, albumin, immunoglobulins ) 2 % Salts, gases (O 2,
More informationSocial and Ethical Issues in Systems Biology. HW: pg 120 #1-5, 9-11, 14
Social and Ethical Issues in Systems Biology HW: pg 120 #1-5, 9-11, 14 Transplanting Organs Organ transplantation involves the removal of an organ from donor body and placement in a recipient body, wherein
More informationStem Cell Research From Bench to Bedside
Stem Cell Research From Bench to Bedside Stem Cell Dialogues Jan A. Nolta, Ph.D. Professor, Internal Medicine Director, UC Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures October 26, 2010 Stem Cells at UC Davis
More informationWhat are clones? Genetically identical copies
Cloning What are clones? Genetically identical copies The possibility of human cloning was raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" Cloning Cloning
More informationStem cells and tissue engineering
Stem cells and tissue engineering S. Swaminathan Director Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu Joint Initiative
More informationStem Cell Principle -
Effective Date: 31.10.2017 Doc ID: 20290214 Version: 1.0 Status: Approved Planned Effective Date: 31-Oct-2017 00:00 CET (Server Date) Stem Cell Principle - Rationale Research on human stem cells and their
More informationStem cells and the ethics of therapeu3c cloning
PH427 Week 6 (Lent Term 2014) Stem cells and the ethics of therapeu3c cloning Stephan Gu6nger, CPNSS, LSE s.m.gue6nger@lse.ac.uk Goals of this lecture: A) Understand the biology of stem cells: You know
More informationStandard form and logarithmic scales
vital statistics Standard form and logarithmic scales A big area, such as this wetland, measured in metres, will be a large number and should be given in standard form What are standard form and log scales,
More information5.5. Multicellular Life. Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.
5.5 Multiular Life VOCABULARY tissue organ organ system differentiation stem 5b, 5c, 5B examine specialized s, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants; and animal s such as blood, muscle, and epithelium;
More informationSTEM CELLS: THE FUTURE OF REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
STEM CELLS: THE FUTURE OF REGENERATIVE MEDICINE BY SHIVAM KOLHE Grade awarded: Pass RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON PATHOLOGY LECTURES AT MEDLINK and VET-MEDLINK 2014 Abstract Within the UK, around 1000 people
More informationBiotechnology. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., unless otherwise noted
Biotechnology Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., unless otherwise noted Biotechnology Any technical procedure used to isolate, analyze or manipulate genes
More information