Manoel T. Souza Júnior, Ph.D. Researcher A Embrapa AgroEnergy

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1 Understanding The Non-Transformed Plant Manoel T. Souza Júnior, Ph.D. Researcher A Embrapa AgroEnergy manoel.souza@embrapa.br

2 Adding Value via Genetic Engineering Gene Discovery Commercial Release Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, etc. Plant Tissue Culture Transformation System Public perception Phase 01 Phase 02 Phase 03 Phase 04 Biosafety IP Market Product Proofof f Concept Development Initial Phase Product Development Advanced Phase Pre-Commercial Rl Release Liability etc. 5 to 10 years Depending on the species

breakthough) Sanger / Dideoxy termination

stage for automated, high-throughput DNA

sequencing 1987 (Applied Biosystems, Model

technologies) Pål Nyrén / Pyrosequencing 2005

FLX - GS FLX Titanium) 2010 (Read lengths of

Prize for Genomics / "the first Team that can

human genomes within 10 days or less, with an

genome, and at a recurring cost of no more

3 It is just the tip of the iceberg DNA Sequencing History: 1977 (The first breakthough) Sanger / Dideoxy termination Gilbert / Chemical degradation 1986 (Set the stage for automated, high-throughput DNA sequencing) Leroy Hood / Dye-terminator sequencing 1987 (Applied Biosystems, Model ABI 370) 1998 (Next-generation sequencing technologies) Pål Nyrén / Pyrosequencing 2005 (454 s GS20 Sequencer) 2008 (Genome Sequencer FLX - GS FLX Titanium) 2010 (Read lengths of up to 1,000 bp) 2006 (October 4) The Archon X Prize for Genomics / "the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10, (US) per genome. / A U$10 million prize. Land Plants: 186 projects Fungi: 151 projects

4 The 32 member countries of OECD are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. The Environment Directorate provides governments with the analytical l basis to develop policies i that are effective and economically efficient, including through country performance reviews, data collection, policy analysis, projections and modeling, and the development of common approaches. Biosafety - BioTrack Online focuses on information related to the regulatory oversight of products of modern biotechnology, including genetically engineered organisms or transgenic organisms, in the field of the environmental safety and the food and feed safety. It includes various Consensus/Guidance Documents, Product Database, regulatory contacts of member countries, and Field Trials Database. The outcome of this work program is intended to be used by governments, industry and other stakeholders. The major component of the program is the development of consensus documents, which provide common information for environmental risk/safety ik/ assessment. THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Working group on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology; Working group on Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds.

Consensus Documents for the Work on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology. www.oecd.org Examples of Consensus Documents: No.

5 Consensus Documents for the Work on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology. Examples of Consensus Documents: No. 48, Consensus Document on the Biology of Bananas and Plantains (Musa spp.)(2009); No. 45, Consensus Document on the Biology of Cotton (Gossypium spp.)(2008); No. 36, Consensus Document on the Biology of Capsicum annuum Complex (Chili peppers, Hot peppers and Sweet peppers) ( ); No. 33, Consensus Document on the Biology of Papaya (Carica papaya)( ); No. 31, Consensus Document on the Biology of Helianthus annuus L. (Sunflower) (2004); No. 27, Consensus Document on the Biology of Zea mays subsp. mays (Maize) (2003); No. 24, Consensus Document on the Biology of Prunus spp. (Stone Fruits) (2002); No. 18, Consensus Document on the Biology of Beta vulgaris L. (Sugar Beet) (2001); No. 15, Consensus Document on the Biology of Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean) (2000); No. 14, Consensus Document on the Biology of Oryza sativa (Rice) (1999).

6 Consensus Documents for the Work on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology. Information Provided: TAXONOMY AND CENTRES OF ORIGIN, DIVERSITY AND DOMESTICATION REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, DISPERSALAND SAL AND ESTABLISHMENT GENETICS AND HYBRIDISATION PLANT CYCLE

7 Gene Flow and the Risk and Consequences of Transgene Spread Vertical x Horizontal Gene Transfer What are the implications i for growing an specific genetically modified d crop? Cross-pollination (and consequently vertical gene flow) occurs between sexually compatible species/crops in agricultural habitats. Likelihood of cross-pollination is determined by the proximity of sexually compatible crops/plant species and where there is synchronous flowering. Plants are: Allogamous (reproducing by cross-fertilization), Autogamous (reproducing by selffertilization), or mix. Distance viable pollen can travel is influenced by the dispersal mechanism and pollen longevity - both of which are species dependent. Pollination falls off rapidly with distance but the distance at which pollination is zero is difficult to determine with accuracy. Many plant species can be found both as a crop and a weed. Change in hbi habitat may potentially ill result in the evolution of a weed from a cultivated plant or from a feral (feral organism is one that has escaped from domestication and returned, partly or wholly, to a wild state) that is closely related to a cultivated species. Consequences of transfer of novel genes from GM crops to weeds depend not only on physical distribution but on the natureof the geneand the biology and ecology of the recipient. i Must be a case-by by-case analysis

8 Wild Species Cultivated Varieties

9 Banana Breeding Program - Hybridization

Taxonomy & Origin: Until recently, the Caricaceae was thought to comprise 31

America and one genus, Cylicomorpha, from equatorial Africa (Nakasone & Paull

However, a recent taxonomic revision proposed that some species formerly

Cylicomorpha and five South and Central American genera (Carica, Jacaratia,,

only species within the genus Carica Although opinions differ on the origin

papaya originates from the lowlands of eastern Central America, from Mexico to

10 Taxonomy & Origin: Until recently, the Caricaceae was thought to comprise 31 species in threegenera(namelycarica, Jacaratia and Jarilla) from tropical America and one genus, Cylicomorpha, from equatorial Africa (Nakasone & Paull 1998). However, a recent taxonomic revision proposed that some species formerly assigned to Carica were more appropriately classified in the genus Vasconcella (Badillo 2002). Accordingly, the family s classification has been revised to comprise Cylicomorpha and five South and Central American genera (Carica, Jacaratia,, Jarilla,, Horovitzia and Vasconcella) ) (Badillo 1971), with Carica papaya the only species within the genus Carica (Badillo 2002). Although opinions differ on the origin of C. papaya in tropical America (see Garrett 1995), it is likely that C. papaya originates from the lowlands of eastern Central America, from Mexico to Panama (Nakasone & Paull 1998). Its seeds were distributed to the Carribean and south-east Asia during Spanish exploration in the 16 th Century, from where it spread rapidly to India, the Pacific and Africa (Villegas 1997).

12 Transgenic vs. Intragenic vs. Cisgenic: No relation with biossafety; Public perception; Seek different regulation: Same as conventional breeding. Generate confusion; and Cisgenesis is not possible for some species.

13 Director, Gene Engineering Center, South China Botanical Garden 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, China

Detailed Data from the 2010 OECD Survey on Public Procurement

ANNEX G Detailed Data from the 2010 OECD Survey on Public Procurement This annex provides data for each responding country on the transparency of the public procurement cycle, as well as the online availability