WORKSHOP: TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY

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1 WORKSHOP: TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY Howard M. Cooper Laboratory Brain and Vision, Departemt of Chronobiology INSERM U371, Bron France

2 WHY USE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR RECORDING BEHAVIOR? What behavior is the animal doing? (or not doing) Where is the animal doing the behavior? When is the animal performing the behavior? How is the behavior influenced by external internal factors?

3 WHY USE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR RECORDING BEHAVIOR? Basic Principle of Data acquisition : Captors Acquisition Storage Analysis

4 WHY USE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR RECORDING BEHAVIOR? Long term data acquisition (unattended) Accurate quantiative recording of parameters Recording of several parameters simultaneously Objective recording of data Storage of data possibility to for re-analysis Useful in the laboratory and in the field Used in studies of animals and in humans (Disadvantages??)

5 A WIDE VARIETY OF QUESTIONS CAN BE ADDRESSED BY ANALYSING DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR: What types and aspects of behavior are altered in a given experimental situtation? Are behavioral effects dose or time dependent? Does the observed behavioral effect depend on the environmental context? Which aspects of behavior are altered? Are there inter-individual differences in the responses (related to age, sex or reproductive state)? Are the temporal patterns of behavioral expression altered?

6 TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE MEASURED: Locomotor activity Body temperature Feeding and drinking behaviors Behavioral strategies EEG (sleep/wake cycle) Blood pressure Electrocardiogram, electromyogram Neural activity (single- or multi-unit) several of these parameters can vary simultaneously depending on the situation.

7 PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP: Provide an overview of different techniques that can be applied to the study behavior: Actimetry techniques for recording and analysis of daily patterns of locomotor activity Videotracking of motor activity Data Logging Techniques Telemetry recording techniques (Approaches in animals and in humans)

8 ACTIMETRY SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS running wheel Infrared captor system computer - data analysis program interface Output controls: light, temperature, doors transponder switches, lick meter light, temperature detectors CAPTORS Captors for detecting the animal's movements, feeding drink or other behaviors An interface for linking the captor to the computer and communicating data Computer/data acquisition program to acquire and store the data Optionally, output controls of light, temperature or other devices.

9 DAYS DAYS Recording locomotor activity with wheel running vs infrared captors LD WHEEL D L D L D entrained LD INFRARED CAPTOR Days Days DD DD free run Hours Hours

10 Long-term recording WT of Behavior 1 lux Days 10 lux 100 lux

11 ANAYSIS OF ACTIVITY RHYTHM PARAMETERS A) Onset/offset of activity, duration B) Phase shift of activity onset C) Cumulatative mean activity profile D) Periodogram (A) Times of onsets and offsets, duration of (B) Shift in activity onset following a light pulse or drug treatment (C) Mean activity profile - levels of activity during different phases over the 24 hr cycle. (D) Cyclic activity patterns (periodogram analysis)

12 Advantages: ACTIMETRY SYSTEMS Can track large numbers of animals for long-term periods. Robust simple systems. Good for studying changes in daily circadian activity patterns and overall locomotor activity (energy expenditure). Moderate costs. Disadvantages. Data obtained only for locomotor behavior (no physiological data) although some systems also record temperature. Companies MiniMitter, Stanford Chronokit, Actimetrics, New Behavior, Circadian Activity monitoring system (CAMS)

13 DATA LOGGERS 1 cm The ibutton, a small battery powered temperature logger that can be implanted in animals. The ActiWatch is a wrist worn data logger used to record light and sleep/wake activity patterns in human subjects and patients. Data recorded from a human subject over several days with the ActiTrac. This type of logger can show period of insomnia during the night and napping periods during the day.

14 DATA LOGGERS Geolocator Archival Tags Geolocation tools, these tags are also highly effective Time, Temperature, Depth and Light Level recorders.

15 LOGGER DEVICES FOR RECORDING ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS HOBO U12 Temp/RH/Light/External Channel Data Logger Part # U Four-channel 12-bit USB logger provides high-accuracy temperature, relative humidity and relative indoor light level measurements. External channel accepts a wide range of external sensors and input cables for temperature, CO2, AC Current, 4-20m A, and DC Voltage. Specifications Temperature Measurement Range (internal sensor): -20 to 70 C (-4 to 158 F), accuracy: ± 0.35 C from 0 to 50 C (± 0.63 F from 32 to 122 F). Relative Humidity Measurement Range (internal sensor): 5% to 95% RH Accuracy: ± 2.5% RH from 10% to 90% typical Light Intensity Measurement Range (internal sensor): 1 to 3000 footcandles (lumens/ft2) typical External Input Channel Measurement Range Accuracy: ± 2mV ± 2.5% of absolute reading

16 DATA LOGGERS Advantages: Remote data acquisition, high accuracy for temperature, recording of environmental parameters, inexpensive, simple to use. Simple system to use in human subjects. Disadvantages. Data only available when implant is removed from the animal, Few parameters are monitored (temp). Companies Maxim, Onset Computer, Mini-Mitter, IM Systems...

17 AUTOMATED VIDEO MONITORING SYSTEMS Camera (S) COMPUTER

18 AUTOMATED VIDEO MONITORING SYSTEMS

19 AUTOMATED VIDEO MONITORING SYSTEMS Advantages: High temporal and spatial resolution, tracks 1 16 animals, definition of specific areas of interest (feeding, drinking areas). Recording of multiple parameters of locomotor displacement, learning situations. Disadvantages. Moderate to expensive, data only on locomotor behavior (no physiological data), only follows one animal per cage. Companies Viewpoint, Noldus, Smart, Actimetrics, Anymaze, VideoMot, WinTrack

20 RADIO-TELEMETRY SYSTEMS Applications in the field : tracking monitoring temperature, activity, spatial location

21 RADIO-TELEMETRY SYSTEMS Laboratory based recording of physiological parameters

22 Polysomnography (PSG, EEG) DISS system - 2EEGs + 1EOG + 1EMG + Temp Long term (months) recordings

23 9/13 Physiological parameters recorded Activité neuronale SCN Horloge centrale Activité motrice Comportement EEG-EMG-ECG Sommeil Activité motrice fine Comportement Température Rythmes circadiens Hormones Rythmes circadiens Multiparametric recordings, simultaneously, and continuously

24 RADIO-TELEMETRY SYSTEMS Advantages: Remote on-line data acquisition, high speed and resolution, multiple physiological parameters acquired simultaneously Disadvantages. Expensive, requires careful surgical techniques, recording depends on battery life. Requires technological expertise. Companies Mini-Mitter, DataSciences, D.I.S.S.

25 Save the Elephants GSM Animal Tracking Project Save the Elephants recently established a relationship with Safaricom (Kenyan mobile phone company and subsidiary of Vodafone) to develop new GPS-GSM (Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communications) elephant collars. The overall objective of the tracking project is to develop, implement and replicate the use of GPS - GSM tag technology for wildlife tracking in Kenya, with a view to improving the conservation of elephants and other important animals. This is the first of such a project in East Africa. The project will provide the technical basis to assist researchers to determine, in a far more accurate and cost effective way than ever before: Wildlife movements and corridors, wildlife behavior within these areas and in particular in conflict zone areas and faster prediction response systems for wildlife entering potential conflict zones. This means that the collared elephants are in fact sending 'text' messages (sms) directly to our phones!

26 Future Developments of Behavioral Recording Techniques: Mass screening of phenotype in animals Miniaturisation of equipment, low power consumption, implantable systems Portability, remote monitoring, transmission of data by radio or infrared Communication between different data acquisition systems Development of new sensors Application to clinical situations for patient monitoring Remote Internet Access

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