Contents. Preface... ix. Authors... xiii. 1 Burning Hazards of Textiles and Terminology Introduction... 19

Transcription

1 Contents Preface... ix Authors... xiii 1 Burning Hazards of Textiles and Terminology Introduction Hazards of Burning Textiles Glossary of Terms Hazard Assessment and Testing Methodologies for Flame Retardance References Fundamental Aspects of Flame Retardancy Introduction Thermal Degradation of Polymers Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Polymers Degradation of Individual Fibre-forming Polymer Types Natural Fibre-forming Polymers Cellulose Protein Fibre-forming Polymers Thermoplastic Fibre-forming Polymers Polyolefins Aliphatic Polyamides (Nylons) Polyesters iii

2 Update on Flame Retardant Textiles High Temperature-resistant Fibre-forming Polymers Polymer Combustion Influence of Polymer Degradation on Subsequent Combustion Mechanisms of Flame Retardancy Chemical and Physical Mechanisms Retardant Additive and Interactive Effects Quantification of Synergism Char Formation Smoke, Fumes and Combustion Gases Effect of Fabric and Yarn Structures References Regulatory and Testing Requirements for Flame-retardant Textile Applications Introduction Textile-related Fire Regulations Nightwear Regulations Upholstered Furniture, Furnishing and Bedding Regulations Protective Clothing (Workplace, Civil Emergency and Defence) Regulations and Tests Relating to Transport General Testing and Performance Requirements Land Transport Marine Transport Aviation Flammability Testing of Textiles Simple Fabric Strip Tests Textile Composite Tests iv

3 Contents Tests Undertaken with the Addition of Radiant Heat (Including Reaction to Fire Tests) Thermal Protection (Including Protective Clothing and Manikin Tests) References Overview of Traditional Flame-retardant Solutions (including Coating and Back-coating Technologies) Introduction Durable Flame-retardant Treatments for Cellulosecontaining Textiles THPX Condensates Phosphonamide Finishes Minimisation of Effluent and Water Durable Flame Retarding of Cotton/Synthetic Fibre Blends Durable Flame-retardant Finishes for Wool Flame-retardant Finishes for Man-made Fibres Flame-retardant Coatings and Back-coatings Flame-retardant Coatings Phosphorus-containing Agents Halogen-containing Flame Retardants Intumescent Systems Synergistic Additives Inorganic Flame Retardants Flame Retardant Back-coatings References Inherently Flame-resistant Fibres Introduction v

4 Update on Flame Retardant Textiles 5.2 Inherently Flame-retardant Fibres based on Modified Versions of Conventional Synthetic and Regenerated Fibres Flame-retardant Regenerated Cellulose Fibres Polyester Polyamide Acrylics and Modacrylics Polypropylene Blends of Conventional Inherently Flameretardant Fibres High Heat- and Flame-resistant Fibres and Textiles based on Aromatic and Crosslinked Structures Thermoset Polymeric Fibres Aramid and Aramid Family Polybenzazole Group: Polybenzimidazole and Polybenzoxazole Fibres Semi-carbon Blends of High-performance Organic Fibres Inorganic and Ceramic Fibres References Flame-retardant and Environmental Issues Introduction Minimisation of Effluent and Water Attempts to Reduce/Remove Formaldehyde from Textile Flame Retardants Oligomeric Phosphate-phosphonate Butyl Tetracarboxylic Acid Alkyl Phoshoramidate Adduct Organophosphoramidates Phosphonyl Cyanurates vi

5 Contents Cellulose-phosphoramidate Ester Interchange Cellulose-chloro Triazinyl Derivative Condensation Phosphorus Acid Derivatives of Cellulose Phosphorus-nitrogen-silicone Developments Cellulose-polymer Interactive Treatments The Halogen (Bromine) Antimony Question References Nanostructuring of Synthetic Fibres Introduction Nanostructuring of Synthetic Fibres Polyamide 6 and Polyamide Polypropylene Polyacrylics Polyesters References Smart (Nano) Coatings Introduction Nanotechnology in Coatings and Back-coatings Smart (Nano) Coatings Nanoparticle Adsorption Layer-by-Layer Assembly Inorganic Layer-by-Layer Coatings Deposited by Dipping Hybrid Organic-inorganic or Intumescent Layer-by-Layer Coatings Deposited by Dipping Inorganic Layer-by-Layer Coatings Deposited by Spray vii

6 Update on Flame Retardant Textiles Sol-gel Treatments Inorganic Architectures Phosphorus-doped Silica Architectures Smoke-suppressant Architectures Hybrid Organic-inorganic Architectures Plasma Surface Treatments Biomacromolecule-based Coatings References Abbreviations Index viii