Marin bioprospektering i Trondheimsfjorden. Sergey B. Zotchev Institutt for bioteknologi,, NTNU

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1 Marin bioprospektering i Trondheimsfjorden Sergey B. Zotchev Institutt for bioteknologi,, NTNU

2 Bioprospecting Bioprospecting" was first defined in 1993 as "the exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic resources and biochemicals."

3 Marine bioprospecting in Trondheim: history Started in October 2003 at NTNU & SINTEF (2 projects), funded by Norges Forskningsråd : sample collection (sediments, sponges, water surface) and development of cultivation, screening and analytical techniques. 2006: identification of hits in anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer screens : identification of potential anti-bacterial and anti-cancer lead compounds. Structure elucidation for 2 compounds. 2010: Initiation of genome-based bioprospecting.

4 Top 10 causes of death: WHO data for 2010 Coronary Heart Disease Stroke Influenza & Pneumonia Lung Disease Diarrhoeal diseases HIV/AIDS Lung Cancers Tuberculosis Diabetes Mellitus Road Traffic Accidents ,253,824 6,151,154 3,463,256 3,278,167 2,464,425 1,776,270 1,387,121 1,341,768 1,255,477 1,208,629 > peoiple died in 2010 of infectious diseases

5 Antibiotic: what is it? Selman A. Waksman ( ) a chemical substance derived from microorganisms which has the capacity of inhibiting growth, and even destroying, other microorganisms in dilute solutions

6 The good old days......are over

7 Antibiotic resistance: a BIG problem!

8 Why did antibiotic development by Big Pharma virtually stopped? Let s go blockbuster! concentratingonmore profitable chronic disease drugs; Forget bioprospecting! abandonment of search for new antibiotics from natural sources too costly, few novel compounds; Resistance? What resistance? underappreciation of the emerging resistance of pathogens to existing antibiotics.

9 Antibiotics: good or bad? Anti-infective drugs Immunosuppressants Antitumor agents Antiparasitic drugs Side effects Emergence of resistant pathogens Food preservatives Herbicides

10 Why new antibiotics? Overcoming resistance in pathogens and cancer cells Reduction/elimination of side effects New properties

11 New antibiotics: how? Natural sources Chemical modifications Genetic engineering of producing organisms

12 Microbial bioprospecting: search for new antibiotics Many new antibiotics can be found in nature: certain bacteria are known to be excellent antibiotic producers; At NTNU/SINTEF isolated bacteria from Trondheim fjord capable of producing antibiotics Actinomycete bacteria

13 The process Sampling of sediments, marine animals, and upper water layer in the Trondheim fjord Sample pre-treatment and plating on the selective agar media Selection of actinomycetes and preparation of master plates Replication of master plates to production agar media Preparation of extracts from production media, and testing for antibiotic activity

14 What s next? Selection of hits ; Up-scaling production of active compounds and their purification; Structure determination by NMR; Comprehensive in vitro activity & toxicity testing; Selection of leads ; IP protection.

15 Bioprospecting: way to market Chemistry Sampling, isolation of bacteria Screening, ID, production, purification Structure elucidation, initial testing IP protection Pre-clinical testing Clinical trials Approval Genetics

16 New sponge-associated bacteria from the Trondheimsfjord

17 Sea water-dependent actinomycetes from sponges Sea water (+) Sea water (-)

18 Establishment of screening protocols Selection of test organisms (Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi); Development of production media; Development of extraction protocols; Assay development. Overlay technique Glucose consumption technique MicroDrop MicroDrop technique

19 Sample fractionation and characterisation Bioassay min HPLC LC-MS

20 What have we found? Producing organism Chemical class Biological activity Identification Streptomyces sp. Polypeptide Anti-bacterial bacterial, cytotoxic Actinomycin D Streptomyces sp. Polyene macrolide Anti-fungal Candicidin D Streptomyces sp. Polyketide-pyrrole Anti-bacterial Pyrrolomycins Streptomyces sp. Macrolactam Cytotoxic BE Streptomyces sp. Cyclodepsipeptide Anti-bacterial Valinomycin Streptosporangium sp. Phenazine Cytotoxic Iodinin Streptomyces sp. Polyketide Anti-bacterial New Streptomyces sp. Polyene macrolide Anti-fungal New Streptomyces sp. Macrolactam Cytotoxic New Nocardiopsis sp. Thiopeptide Anti-bacterial New Actinoalloteichus sp.? Anti-bacterial New Actinomadura sp.? Anti-bacterial New

21 Structures of new molecules from the Trondheim fjord bacteria O N HO OH ML-449 TP-1161 Cytotoxic macrolactam Antibacterial thiopeptide

22 Hidden genome treasures Geodia barretti 2 x Anti-bacterial activity Actinoalloteichus sp. Genome sequencing Nocardicin (monocyclic -lactam, anti-bacterial bacterial) Halogenated polyketide 1 (anti( anti-bacterial) Halogenated polyketide 2 (anti( anti-bacterial?) Aromatic poyketide 1 (anti-cancer?) Aromatic polyketide 2 (anti( anti-cancer/anti-bacterial?) Glycosylated macrolide (anti-bacterial?) Glycosylated aromatic polyketide (anti-cancer?) Polyene macrolide (anti-fungal) Enediyne (anti-cancer) Lantibiotic (anti-bacterial) Isoprenoid (?) Hybrid polyketide/peptide (?)

23 Genome-based bioprospecting Zotchev et al (2012) Curr Opin Biotechnol 23:

24 Acknowledgements NTNU (Norway): H. Jørgensen, K. Engelhardt, O. Sekurova, E. Fjærvik, H. Bredholt, G. Johnsen, S. Hakvåg, E. Ian SINTEF (Norway): H. Sletta, G. Klinkenberg, K. F. Degnes, T.E. Ellingsen University of Bergen: L. Herfindal, H.T. Rapp, S.O. Døskeland Gause Institute (Russia): L. Terekhova, M. Preobrazhenskaya BioFocus (Switzerland): M. Kemmler Financial support Financial support: Research Council of Norway, Sinvent AS, SINTEF, NTNU, UiB