Unit 6 (Part 1) DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis
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1 Unit 6 (Part 1) DN, RN, & Protein Synthesis Name: Period: 1
2 DN Structure 1. Complete the table below to show how the structure of the DN molecule allows it to perform each essential function. Function Structure of Molecule Why is this important? Store Information Copy Information Transmit Information 2. Complete the table below describing each scientist s contribution to solving the discovery and structure of DN. Scientist Contribution Frederick Griffith lfred Hershey and Martha Chase Erwin Chargaff Rosalind Franklin James Watson and Francis Crick 3. DN molecule is made up of repeating subunits called nucleotides. What are the three components of a DN nucleotide? a. b. c. 4. What forms the backbone of a DN molecule? 2
3 DN Structure 5. List the four different nitrogenous bases found in DN. a. b. c. d. 6. What type of bond joins the nucleotides in DN? 7. What is meant by the concept of base pairing? Steele HS Biology ccording to Chargaff s rules, the percentages of are equal to thymine and the percentages of are equal to guanine in the DN molecule. 9. What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together? 10. Is the following sentence true or false? denine and guanine are larger molecules than cytosine and thymine because they have two rings in their structure. 11. The drawing below shows a DN molecule. Fill in the appropriate letters for the complimentary DN strand. 3
4 DN Structure Steele HS Biology
5 DN Replication 1. Complete the table below by describing the role of each enzyme. ENZYME FUNCTION DN Helicase DN Polymerase 2. Identify the label on the diagram. 3. What occurs at the replication fork? 4. Describe what happens during replication. 5. Complete the table below to compare and contrast DN Replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Location of DN Prokaryotes Eukaryotes mount of DN Starting Point(s) for Replication 5
6 DN Replication Steele HS Biology Diagram the stages of DN Replication. (This will be done in class during the discussion.) 6
7 1. What is a mutation? Mutations 2. What is a point mutation? 3. How does a point mutation affect a gene? 4. Complete the table below describing the types of gene mutations. Mutation Type Substitution Description Example List the result of the mutation C T C T C T Insertion Deletion C T C T C T C T C T C T What are chromosomal mutations? 6. Complete the table below describing the types of chromosomal mutations. Mutation Type Description Example List the result of the mutation Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation 7
8 DN vs. RN 1. Complete the table to compare and contrast the features of DN and RN. DN RN Sugar Major Cellular Site Nitrogenous Bases Structure/Number of Strands Major Function Steele HS Biology Complete the table below identifying the names and functions of each molecule. Molecule Full Name Function DN mrn trn rrn 3. Identify the types of RN pictured below. 8
9 Protein Synthesis 1. Complete the table below with a description/definition. Term Description/Definition (5 words or less) Promotor Stop Codon mino cid Intron Exon Template Triplet Codon nticodon Steele HS Biology What is meant by the Central Dogma of Biology below? DN -->RN -->Protein 3. The process of Protein Synthesis is divided into 2 parts Transcription and Translation. Complete the table below by describing specifically what happens in each part. Process Description of process Location in Cell (where it happens) Transcription Translation 9
10 Codon Wheel & Chart 10
11 Protein Synthesis Practice DN triplet C T T C C C T G T T G C T C G G C T T mrn codon mino acid trn anticodon 11
12 DN Mutations ctivity Steele HS Biology Transcribe the DN on the DN Mutation Consequences Worksheet into mrn. 2. Using the Universal Codon Chart translate the mrn into its corresponding amino acid sequence. 3. Obtain a six sided dice. The first nucleotide that will be mutated is number 4. Roll the die and follow the instructions below. Number Rolled Corresponding ction 1 Substitute specified nucleotide with an 2 Substitute specified nucleotide with an C 3 Substitute specified nucleotide with an G 4 Substitute specified nucleotide with an T 5 Delete the nucleotide 6 Insert a nucleotide immediately after the specified nucleotide. Toss the die again until you roll 1-4 to determine which nucleotide will be inserted. 4. Write the complete DN sequence with the mutation in the nucleotide 4 in the Mutated DN Sequence boxes. 5. Transcribe the new mrn sequence from the mutated DN. 6. Translate the amino acid sequence from the new mrn. 7. Circle any differences from the original protein produced (compare the two amino acid sequences). 12
13 DN Mutation Consequences Worksheet Nucleotide T C G T G T T G T C T G C T mrn mino cid Sequence Number Rolled Mutated DN sequence mrn from mutated DN mino cid 1. Did this mutation cause a change in the mino cid sequence produced? Explain why or why not? 2. Is it possible to have a mutation in nucleotide 4 that would produce the same amino acid? 3. Could any mutations have occurred in nucleotide 6 that would produce the same amino acid as was produced in the original DN sequence? 13
14 Mutations & Protein Synthesis 1. Complete the table below by describing each of the words. Term Description Neutral Harmful Beneficial Lethal 2. Mutations in the DN sequence can change the instructions of the gene that code for a particular that causes a particular in the organism. (Hint: think Central Dogma) 14
15 Protein Synthesis Review ctivity Objective: Students will have the opportunity to practice the concepts of transcription and translation during Protein Synthesis. Materials: 1-pink sense DN strand 1-pink blank DN strand 1-green blank mrn strand 5-blue blank trn models 1-yellow blank polypeptide (chain of amino acids) 1-dry erase marker or vis-à-vis marker DN Replication review 1. Obtain the two pink DN strands. Using the sense DN strand, copy the complimentary bases onto the blank DN strand USE DRY ERSE PEN ONLY!! a. What is the number of your DN strand? b. Where in the cell does this process take place? c. During what part of the cell cycle? d. What is the name of this process? e. What is being formed by this process? f. Copy your complimentary DN strand in the blank below: Protein Synthesis 2. Using the pink sense DN strand, copy the corresponding mrn codons on the green blank mrn strand. a. Copy your new mrn strand: b. What is this process called? 15
16 c. Where in the cell is this happening? d. What is the name for 3 consecutive bases on DN? e. What is the name for 3 consecutive bases on mrn? f. What information do the codons contain? 3. Where does the mrn go to in the cell after it is transcribed in the nucleus and what does it connect to? 4. Using the mrn sequence you just transcribed, fill in the corresponding bases onto the 5 trn molecules and place them below the green mrn strand. a. What are the 3-bases on the trn called? 5. What does the trn molecule carry? 6. lign the yellow amino acid chain below the 5 trn s. Using the Codon Wheel, look up the corresponding amino acids for each trn. Write the amino acid name using the first 3 letters from the chart. a. What is this process called? b. What strand is being used to determine the sequence of amino acids? c. Where in the cell does this process take place? d. Specifically, what organelle is involved in this process? e. What type of macromolecule formed by this process? f. List the resulting amino acid chain. g. Based on what you know about proteins, why is it important that our body stay at a constant body temperature? 16
17 dditional Notes Steele HS Biology
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