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1 Laboratory Resource Guide to accompany Essentials of Biology Laboratory Manual Fourth Edition Sylvia S. Mader Solutions Manual for Essentials of Biology 4 th Edition by Sylvia Mader, Michael Windelspecht Virtual Labs Answer Key, Instructor Manual, Lab Resource Guide for all chapters are included Completed download: Test Bank Essentials of Biology 4 th Edition by Mader Completed download: 10 Scientific Method Unit I The Cell 2 Measuring with Metric 3 Microscopy 4 Cell Structure and Function 5 Enzymes 6 Photosynthesis Unit II Genetics 7 Cellular Reproduction 8 Sexual Reproduction 9 Patterns of Inheritance 10 DNA Biology and Technology 11 Genetic Counseling Unit III Evolution and Diversity of Life 12 Evidences of Evolution 13 Microbiology 14 Plant Evolution 15 Plant Anatomy and Growth 16 Animal Evolution Unit IV Animal Structure and Function 17 Basic Mammalian Anatomy I 18 Chemical Aspects of Digestion 19 Energy Requirements and Ideal Weight 1

2 20 Basic Mammalian Anatomy II 21 Nervous System and Senses Unit V Ecology 22 Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems Laboratory 1 Scientific Method (LM pages 1 8) Fourth Edition This lab has been much improved in a number of ways. In Section 1.1, examples are provided for each step of the scientific method and in Section 1.3 and 1.4, students use plus and minus signs to hypothesize and then record a pillbug s reaction to test substances. Table 1.4 has an improved design for collecting class data. New/Revised Figure. 1.1 Pillbugs on leaf New/Revised Tables. 1.1 Pillbug Speed; 1.2 Hypotheses About Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods; 1.3 Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods; 1.4 Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods: Class Results MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS Instructions are grouped by procedure. Some materials may be used in more than one procedure. Special Requirements Living material. Live pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, for all sections of lab Earthworm alternative. Refer to the section titled Earthworm Alternative at the end of this laboratory if you wish to use earthworms instead of pillbugs. Fresh material. Substances for instructor to feed pillbugs and substances for students to test pillbug behavior are listed in Section

3 1.2 Observing a Pillbug (LM pages 4 5) pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina ) pen, white (or correction fluid, white) or taped tags magnifying lenses or stereomicroscopes small glass or plastic dishes, such as disposable Petri dishes graduated cylinders or small beakers for observing pillbug movement rulers, metric, 30 cm plastic stopwatch Pillbugs. If ordering, ask for 50 pillbugs for a class of 20 to 35 or more students. Order pillbugs so that they arrive as close as possible to the date of use. Follow care and feeding instructions provided with the pillbug order and/or see the following. Collecting pillbugs (LM pages 1, 4 7). Pillbugs like moisture and avoid sunlight. They can be found next to brick buildings along the grass line or next to sidewalks, or under logs and planks of wood. They are attracted to wet grass covered with a cardboard box or plastic tarp. Encourage students to collect their own pillbugs and give them lab participation points. Collect pillbugs in the spring, summer, and fall as they are hard to find in the winter. After collecting, pillbugs can be easily maintained in a terrarium to keep a fresh supply all year long. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter; they like moisture and avoid sunlight. They like carrots and cucumbers. Change the food daily to prevent mold growth. Preparation for lab. Withdraw food 1 2 days prior to the experiment. Use white correction fluid or tape tabs to number the pillbugs for identification. 1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion (LM pages 6 7) pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina ) small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small Petri dishes for distributing test substances Petri dishes, preferably 150 mm (or else 100 mm) for testing the pillbugs small plastic bottle for spritzing distilled water cotton balls Suggested test substances: flour cornstarch or brand flakes coffee creamer baking soda fine sand (control) milk orange juice or apple juice ketchup applesauce carbonated beverage water (control) 3

4 Do not use salt, vinegar, or honey, as these substances are harmful to pillbugs. Plain water is used as a control for liquids. Fine sand is used as a control for powders. Experimental design (LM pages 6 7). These methods are recommended: For a dry substance, make a circle of the test substance in a Petri dish and put the pillbug in the center of the circle. For a liquid, put a cotton ball soaked with the test substance in the pillbug s path. Rinse pillbugs between testing procedures by spritzing with distilled water and then placing them on a paper towel to dry. Suggestions. The experiment goes well and clean up is easier if there is a limited number of test substances and each student chooses only two dry and two liquid test substances. Substances can be distributed to several stations in small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small Petri dishes. Testing pillbugs in 150 mm Petri dishes works well. EXERCISE QUESTIONS 10.4 Using the Scientific Method (LM pages 2 3) Why does the scientific method begin with observations? To study the natural world, scientists have to observe natural phenomena. What is the benefit of formulating a hypothesis? The hypothesis tells what is to be tested by experiment or further observations. Why must a scientist keep a complete record of an experiment? So others can repeat the experiment and can check that the data are valid. What is the purpose of the conclusion? The conclusion tells whether the hypothesis was supported or not. How is a scientific theory different from a conclusion? Each experiment has a conclusion. A scientific theory is based on many conclusions from various experiments in related fields. 1.2 Observing a Pillbug (LM pages 4 5) Observation: Pillbug s External Anatomy (LM page 4) 1. How can you recognize the head end of a pillbug? The head bears antennae and eyes. How many segments and pair of walking legs are in the thorax? There are 7 segments and 7 pairs of legs. Observation : Pillbug s Motion (LM page 5) 1. a. Describe the action of the feet and any other motion you see. The seven pairs of legs move with the front pair leading, and each pair moves in succession thereafter. b. Allow a pillbug to crawl on your hand. Describe how it feels. It tickles the skin as it moves. c. Does a pillbug have the ability to move directly forward? Yes d. Do you see evidence of mouthparts on the underside of the pillbug? A pillbug has four pairs of mouthparts. 4

5 2. As you watch the pillbug, identify a. the anatomical parts that allow a pillbug to identify and take in food. Antennae, eyes, and mouthparts b. behaviors that will allow a pillbug to acquire food. For example, is the ability of a pillbug to move directly forward a help in acquiring food. Explain. Yes, because it is the most efficient way to reach food. What other behaviors allow a pillbug to acquire food? A pillbug has appropriate mouth parts for taking in and eating food. c. a behavior that helps a pillbug avoid dangerous situations. The pillbug rolls into a ball when it is threatened. 5

6 Table 1.1 Pillbug Speed* Pillbug Millimeters (mm) Traveled Time (sec) Speed (mm/sec) Average speed: 2.23 mm/sec *Answers will vary. The answers provided here are examples. 1.3 Formulating Hypotheses (LM page 6) 1-3. See Table 1.2 showing three possible student hypotheses regarding flour. Students uses 0 for no response, for moves away from the substance, and + for moving toward the substance and eating it. Table 1.2 Hypotheses about Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods Substance Hypothesis About Reason for Hypothesis Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods Flour 0 Flour is a bland substance. Flour Flour is a dry substance. Flour + Flour is a food substance. 1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion (LM pages 6 7) Experimental Procedure: Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods (LM pages 6 7) Table 1.3 Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods Substance Pillbug s Response Hypothesis supported? Flour + Depends on hypotheses Cornstarch + Coffee creamer + Baking soda Fine sand 0* Milk + Orange juice Ketchup Applesauce + Carbonated beverage + Water 0* *Pillbugs may move toward these substances but do not eat them. 5. Do your results support your hypotheses? Depends on results 6. Are there any hypotheses that were not supported by the experimental results (data)? How do such data give you more insight into pillbug behavior? Explain. Answer depends on student hypotheses. 6

7 Table 1.4 Pillbug s Response to Potential Foods: Class Results Answers will vary depending on class data. 8. On the basis of the class data do you need to revise your conclusion for any particular pillbug response? Depends on class data Why is this the best methodology? The more trials, the more likely the results are valid. 9. Did the billbugs respond as expected to the controls, i.e., did not eat them. Depends on student results If they did not respond as expected, what can you conclude about your experimental results? The results may be invalid. LABORATORY REVIEW 1 (LM page 8) 10. What are the essential steps of the scientific method? Making observations, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, coming to a conclusion 2. What is a hypothesis? Tentative explanation of observed phenomena 3. Is it sufficient to do a single experiment to test a hypothesis? No, because reliability increases the number of times the experiment is repeated and the results remain the same. 4. What do you call a sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment and does not contain the factor being tested? Control 5. What part of a pillbug is for protection and what does a pillbug do to protect itself? Exoskeleton. A pillbug rolls into a ball to protect itself. 6. State the type of data you used to formulate your hypotheses regarding pillbug reactions toward various substances. Observational data. 7. Why is it important to use one substance at a time when testing a pillbug s reaction? Only then can you be certain of the pillbug s reaction to that particular substance Indicate whether statements 8-10 are hypotheses, conclusions, or scientific theories: 8. The data show that vaccines protect people from disease. Conclusion 9. All living things are made of cells. Theory 10. The breastbone of a chicken is proportionately larger than that of any other bird. Hypothesis Earthworm Alternative Earthworms can be used instead of pillbugs for all of the exercises in this laboratory. Place earthworms in large rectangular plastic storage containers and let them roam around for approximately 15 min. These containers can also be used to keep earthworms between 7

8 experiments. Plexiglass is also needed to place test substances on while holding earthworms above to see behavior towards substances. Earthworms want to move rapidly to escape. They are inclined to move away from light, move under things, and seem to want to move downward. They are expected to move away from a heat source. They also move toward each other and pile up on each other. They can move up and down on glass at a 45 degree angle. With regard to what students already know about earthworm activity, they might predict certain behaviors. Earthworms live (or hide) in the soil, so they would move down and through soil. Soil prevents desiccation and keeps them cool and moist. By moving under things, they could stay cooler, stay moist, and stay hidden in the dark. Perhaps light bothers them also. Earthworms can move backward and forward from both ends. When they are investigating a substance, they make a long, skinny point out of the end they are investigating with, and if they are repelled by a substance, they pull back and the end becomes thick and round. When testing with liquids, if an earthworm gets even close to the substance, the substance will be pulled along the earthworm s body without the earthworm doing anything. Capillary action or cohesion tension? To prevent this, hold the earthworm above the substance, in case the substance (especially lemon juice) might harm the earthworm. Just let the worm move its pointed end into or near the substance. You can tell when it is repelled as it will pull away. Rinse the earthworm right away if it touches a substance (especially lemon juice). WHEN FINISHED WITH EARTHWORMS, mix damp potting soil with some oatmeal, potato peels, lettuce, or other organic matter from the test not too much, just enough to give the earthworms something to eat. Add earthworms. Cover container with newspaper. Keep soil damp. When completely finished, release earthworms into garden or greenhouse soil. More links: essentials of biology 4th edition lab manual answers essentials of biology 4th edition test bank essentials of biology 4th edition mcgraw hill solutions essentials of biology 4th edition pdf essentials of biology 4th edition access code essentials of biology 4th edition ebook essentials of biology 3rd edition essentials of biology 4th edition sylvia mader pdf essentials of biology 4th edition online essentials of biology 4th edition connect 8

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