DataFormulation. Technical Bulletin. Mode of Action. iseases Controlled. Chemical Properties. Physical Properties. Overview

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1 Technical Bulletin Overview DataFormulation Efficacy Mode of Action Toxicity Chemical Properties iseases Controlled Eco-Toxicological Profile Physical Properties An unmatched combination of consistency and control

2 An unmatched combination of consistency and control Contents Overview 1 Mode of action/activity 4 Key Features 8 Summary 12

3 Overview DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide An unmatched combination of consistency and control DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 1

4 DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide is the first member of a novel class of fungicides to control diseases caused by oomycete pathogens. DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide affects a novel target site with a completely new biochemical mode of action and has no cross-resistance with existing fungicides. It produces multiple effects on the pathogen s life cycle for better efficacy, efficiency and length of control. Zorvec Enicade protects treated leaves as they grow and expand, including leaves that are less than 20% final size at the time of application. Studies in certain vegetable crops have also demonstrated that Zorvec Enicade protects new leaves as they emerge and grow. * Zorvec Enicade features a favorable environmental profile, being effective on target organisms at very low use rates and having very low toxicity to non-target organisms. Mammalian oral, neurological, developmental and dermal toxicity is low, as is avian and bee toxicity. When assessed on these and other criteria, Zorvec Enicade represents a highly effective oomycete disease control technology. Throughout this document there are references to Late blight of Potatoes and Downy mildew of Grapevine. These were chosen as representative pathogens and hosts for experimental laboratory work. Zorvec Enicade will not be registered for use in these crops in Australia or New Zealand. Application rates depicted were chosen for controlled laboratory studies and are not field rates. General Information Trade name Chemical class Common chemical name Company development code Molecular formula DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline 2012 Agrow Award for most innovative chemistry 2014 Agrow Award for best formulation innovation oxathiapiprolin DPX-QGU42 C 24 H 22 F 5 N 5 O 2 S Chemical structure CAS number Disease spectrum Controls diseases caused by oomycete pathogens Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center - Delaware, USA, * Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center - Delaware, USA DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin

5 DuPont Zorvec Enicade : fungicide spectrum Crop Disease caused by Common name Cucurbits Pseudoperonospora cubensis Downy mildew Leafy vegetables Bremia lactucae Peronospora species Downy mildew Bulb vegetables Peronospora destructor Downy mildew Poppies Peronospora meconopsidis Downy mildew Brassica vegetables Hyaloperonospora parasitica Downy mildew DuPont Zorvec : Oxathiapiprolin a favorable toxicological profile Acute Toxicity Studies no acute toxicity observed Acute Oral Rat LD 50 > 5000 mg/kg Acute Dermal Rat LD 50 > 5000 mg/kg Acute Inhalation Rat LC 50 > 5.1 mg/kg Not an irritant to the eyes or skin of rabbits Dermal sensitization Non-sensitizing in guinea pigs Genetic Toxicity Studies Not mutagenic in a battery of tests Developmental Toxicity Studies No developmental toxicity observed in rats or rabbits Reproductive Toxicity Studies in Rats No effects on reproduction Slight delays in maturation at high doses Decreases in body weight at extremely high doses Neurotoxicity Studies Acute Rat (oral gavage): no neurotoxicity observed Repeated Dose Rat (diet): no neurotoxicity observed Immunotoxicity Study No immunotoxicity observed in mice Repeated Dose Toxicity Studies No adverse effects in rats, mice and dogs Physical Properties Water solubility (distilled) mg/l Log Kow 3.67 Kfoc 8368 g/kg Vapor pressure (20 C) 1.14 X 10-6 PA Hydrolysis Stable Aqueous photolysis DT 50 ~ 15 days Degradation in soil DT 50 ~ 90 days Aquatic Toxicity Exposure limited by solubility LD 50 > highest dose Avian Toxicity Acute Oral Acute Dietary Reproduction Bee Toxicity Oral Contact LD 50 > 2250 mg/kg bw LD 50 > 1280 mg/kg bw NOAEC > 1200 mg/kg bw Non-target arthropods 48hr ER 50 & LR 50 > highest rate tested LD 50 48hr ~ 40 µg/bee LD 50 48hr ~ 100 µg/bee Earthworms LC 50, 28d; EC 50, 28d growth/biomass; 56d repro > 1000 mg ai/kg soil Carcinogenicity Studies Not carcinogenic in rats or mice DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 3

6 DuPont Zorvec Enicade Studies show novel target site, new mode of action and diverse movement properties deliver effective disease control with no cross-resistance. Mode of action/activity Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center - Delaware, USA, DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin

7 New chemistry, multiple advantages Novel target site, completely new biochemical mode of action Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) OSBP function under investigation No cross-resistance with existing fungicides Zorvec Enicade binds in the Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) domain FRAC U15 Improved effectiveness Oomycete-specific OSBP domain Highly effective against downy mildews at low rates for reduced environmental load Very low toxicity to non-target organisms Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center - Delaware, USA, Multiple effects DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide produces multiple effects on the pathogen s life cycle, providing unmatched consistency and control for a healthier crop. Preventive*: inhibits zoospore and sporangia germination. Curative: stops mycelial growth in the host plant before visible symptoms occur, providing up to three days protection. * For best results use Zorvec Enicade preventatively. DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 5

8 Protects new plant growth Studies on various vegetable crops have shown that DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide protects plants in three distinct ways: protects new plant growth for better crop establishment protects treated leaves as they grow and expand with no spread of disease protects new leaves as they emerge and grow Percent control Protection of expanding and emerging potato growth ten (10) days after a preventative treatment Zorvec Enicade 15 g ai/ha Expanding Growth mandipropamid 150 g ai/ha Emerging Growth fluopicolide + propamocarb 1100 g ai/ha Axillary Growth Expanding growth refers to leaves that were 30-50% of final size at time of application Emerging growth refers to leaves that were only 5-25% of final size at time of application Axillary growth refers to new leaves emerging from stem axils NOT present at application Excellent control on expanding and emerging new growth following Zorvec Enicade at 15 g ai/ha (used in experimental work). Superior protection of new growth compared with mandipropamid at 150 g ai/ha (registered in Australia for grapes and poppies only) and fluopicolide + propamocarb at 1100 g ai/ha (not registered in Australia). During treatment (expanding and emerging growth above tagged leaf) 10 days after treatment (fully expanded leaves above tagged leaf) Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center, USA, DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin

9 Systemic movement Treated area (upper side) DuPont Zorvec Enicade Upper side of leaf treated Underside of leaf inoculated Untreated Source: DuPont European Research and Development Center, France, 2012 DuPont Zorvec Enicade was applied to the marked area on the upper side of the treated leaf, and the lower side was inoculated with Downy mildew. As these photos show, the translaminar movement of Zorvec Enicade protects the underside of the plant. Its translaminar and acropetal systemic movement enables uniform coverage of sprayed foliage and protection from wash-off by rain. Notes Both photos are from the bottom side of the leaf Zorvec Enicade is only applied to the upper leaf surface, within the circled area Translaminar movement is from the upper leaf surface to the lower Acropetal (indicated by arrows) movement in xylem tissue out to the leaf tip No movement in the phloem, thus the presence of disease below the treated area DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 7

10 DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Controlled wash-off studies have demonstrated that Zorvec Enicade is protected from wash-off just 20 minutes after the spray residue has dried. Key Features

11 Rainfastness Rainfastness is related to how quickly an active moves into the plant. DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide moves quickly into the waxy epicuticular layer of plant tissue, making it extremely resistant to wash-off. In fact, controlled wash-off studies have demonstrated that Zorvec Enicade is protected from wash-off just 20 minutes after the spray residue has dried. Leaf partitioning following a preventative application % Recovered Penetrated Residues (Leaf Extract) Waxy Layers (Solvent Wash) Leaf Surface (Water Wash) 0 1hr 3DAT 7DAT Zorvec Enicade 1hr 3DAT 7DAT mandipropamid Location of Zorvec Enicade 1 hour after application 12-15% on the leaf surface Up to 80% associated with the waxy cuticle 3-5% associated with the intercellular layers Rainfastness is related to how quickly an active moves into plant tissue Leaf cross section Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center, USA, 2013 DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 9

12 Consistently robust disease control at low use rates When plants treated with DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide at various rates are compared with untreated plants and with the performance of competitive products, Zorvec Enicade exhibits a consistently higher level of disease control. In vitro test type Intrinsic activity against Phytophthora infestans Zorvec EC50, ppm Cyazofamid* EC50, ppm Manipropamid EC50, ppm Zoospore germination < < Sporangia direct germination R R R R R Highly active Active T Inactive < > 0.1 Mycelial growth > 0.1 Zoospore release < > 1.0 EC50 = concentration needed to inhibit 50% of the population X Inactive at concentrations used in these studies R T T T Based on laboratory studies with Phytophthora infestans. Effect on zoospore release varies between species. Source: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center, USA, Selectivity to Beneficial Arthropods Local bioassays have been done in Australia to determine the safety of Zorvec Enicade to the parasitoid Trichogramma cryptophlebia and the predators Micromus tasmaniae and Nabis kingbergii in addition to ladybird (Hippodamia). Common Name Species Life stage exposed Impact Brown Lacewing Damsel Bug Ladybeetle Micromus tasmaniae Nabis kinbergii Hippodamia variegata Larvae - direct Larvae - indirect Survival to Adult (sub-lethal) Nymph - direct Nymph - indirect Larvae - direct Larvae - indirect Survival to Adult (sub-lethal) Category Mortality Non harmful < 50% Slightly harmful 50-79% Moderately harmful 80-99% Harmful > 99% Trichogramma egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Adult - direct No significant mortality in population treated with Zorvec Enicade compared to non-treated control. Zorvec Enicade 100 OD formulation was safe to the species tested. * Ratings according to categorizationby the International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC) * Bioassays conducted with standard methods developed to evaluate foliar insecticides under laboratory worse-case conditions. Concentrations tested 1.4 ml active per litre, equivalent to 35 g ai/ha applied with a water volume L /ha. Source: IPM Technologies Australia ( ) 10 DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin

13 Zorvec Enicade efficacy in bulb onions Tasmanian Positioning Trial DM Severity 15 Days after application 4 30 a 25 % leaf area infected d d 2 c 3 c 4 bc 5 b 6 7 Application 1 Application 2 Application 3 Application 4 Application 5 1 Zorvec Enicade + MZ Zorvec Enicade + MZ Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 2 Zorvec Enicade + Polyram Zorvec Enicade + Polyram Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 3 Ridomil Gold MZ* Zorvec Enicade + MZ Zorvec Enicade + MZ Ridomil Gold MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 4 Acrobat + MZ* Zorvec Enicade + MZ Zorvec Enicade + MZ Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 5 Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Ridomil Gold MZ* Ridomil Gold MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 6 Mancozeb* Ridomil Gold MZ* Ridomil Gold MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 7 Untreated Source - AUL * The addition of non-ionic surfactant at 0.01% v/v. MZ stands for Mancozeb. Zorvec Enicade efficacy in spring onions Victorian Positioning Trial DM Severity 10 Days after application 4 25 a 20 % leaf area infected c c c c bc b Application 1 Application 2 Application 3 Application 4 Application 5 1 Zorvec Enicade + MZ Zorvec Enicade + MZ Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 2 Zorvec Enicade + Polyram Zorvec Enicade + Polyram Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 3 Ridomil Gold MZ* Zorvec Enicade + MZ Zorvec Enicade + MZ Ridomil Gold MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 4 Acrobat + MZ* Zorvec Enicade + MZ Zorvec Enicade + MZ Acrobat + MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 5 Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Ridomil Gold MZ* Ridomil Gold MZ* Phos Acid + MZ* 6 Mancozeb* Ridomil Gold MZ* Ridomil Gold MZ* Acrobat + MZ* Acrobat + MZ* 7 Untreated Source - AUL * The addition of non-ionic surfactant at 0.01% v/v. MZ stands for Mancozeb. DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 11

14 Zorvec Enicade Trial photographs - Cucurbits, Bundaburg, Qld, 2015 Untreated control Zorvec Enicade at label rate (350 ml/ha) Source - AUL Zorvec Enicade in cucurbits, Bundaburg Qld Zorvec Enicade Trial photographs Baby leaf Spinach, Clyde, Vic, 2012 Untreated control Zorvec Enicade at label rate (350 ml/ha) Source - DUP12448 Site 4. Zorvec Enicade at 350ml/ha in Baby leaf spinach, Clyde, Vic Summary DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide delivers an unmatched combination of consistency and control of Downy mildew. It affects multiple stages of the disease life cycle, and it s acropetal movement in the plant means that the product helps protect new growth. Rain will not wash it off, even as little as 20 minutes after the spray residue has dried on the leaves. For these reasons, Zorvec Enicade enables Poppy and vegetable farmers to grow better crops, for a better business. Farmers can reduce waste from Downy mildew disease and improve their productivity. 12 DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin

15 Zorvec Enicade Poppy Downy mildew control in upper canopy (P. meconopsidis) DuPont Zorvec Enicade will help growers produce productive Poppy crops. It is a very effective new mode of action Downy fungicide which is absorbed rapidly after application and moves systemically in the plant to provide extended protection for new growth. Rain, even quite soon after spraying will not wash it off. Zorvec Enicade Poppy Downy mildew control in upper canopy 100 % control of Downy mildew compared to untreated Zorvec Enicade 350 ml/ha Source - 3 Trials: AUE , AUE , AUE Tasmania Zorvec Enicade 350 ml/ha + metiram 2.2 kg/ha Metalaxyl - m 2.5 kg/ha Mancozeb 2.5 kg/ha DuPont Zorvec Enicade fungicide Technical Bulletin 13

16 For any further information please contact: Central and North Queensland Kent Bell Southern Queensland Doug McCollum New South Wales Angus Wilson Victoria & Tasmania Greg Bennett South Australia & Northern Territory Nick Weckert Western Australia Jim Brussen An unmatched combination of consistency and control ALWAYS REFER TO LABEL BEFORE USE Copyright 2015 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates. All rights reserved. The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont, Enicade and Zorvec are trademarks or registered trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates. Du Pont (Australia) Pty Ltd. 7 Eden Park Drive, Macquarie Park NSW ACN Ridomil Gold is a registered trademark of Syngenta. Acrobat is a registered trademark of BASF.