HAMBase. Getting started version /06

Transcription

1 HAMBase Getting started version /06

2 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. HAMBase structure Input for Reference_Building0908.m The Building Building Profiles Heating, cooling, humidification, dehumidification Input through Buildingref0211.m The calculation period The building 9 3. Output plots Wavooutput plots Climate Evaluation Chart Example Standard office Example 1 - Volume Example 2 Construction Example 3 Construction including window Example 4 Ventilation Example 5 Heating Example 6 Layers of material Example 7 Time periods Example Two zones Example A - Volume Example B Construction Example C Construction including window Example D Ventilation Example E Heating Example F Layers of material 29 2

3 1. Introduction HAMBase is programmed in the MATLAB scientific programming environment. Furthermore, simulation of the indoor temperature, indoor air humidity and energy use needed for heating and cooling is possible. To perform an accurate simulation with the HAMBase tool, various building properties need to be implemented. Such as material properties, building dimensions, but also internal heat and moisture gain values and the ventilation rate. Combined with a climate file, containing weather data of a specific location, the simulation can be performed. The HAMBase files and further useful information can be downloaded from the BPS Wiki webpage: The newest HAMBase version (HAMBase 2013apr beta version), for which at least MATLAB release 2010 is required, is used for this rapport. 3

4 2. HAMBase structure The HAMBase program uses several m- files or script- files to perform simulations. An m- file is a text file where you are able to enter MATLAB commands. HAMBase contains many m- files and only a few request input. The other files are written with extreme precision and should not be altered, to assure optimal use of the HAMBase program. HAMBase allows the user to import building information, by the use of the input m- file called Reference_Building0909.m. In this rapport a version of this file is presented for each example. The Buildingref0211.m file is used as input of a calculation period in order to perform a simulation with the building input. A climate data file containing all needed climate data of a location and time period of choice is linked to this m- file. An example of a climate file is mt2005.mat. Name: Reference_Building0909.m Buildingref0211.m mt1971.mat mt2008.mat Table 1 Summary HAMBase m- files Function: Input building information Input calculation period linked to a climate file Climate data files 2.1 Input for Reference_Building0908.m The Building Zones and Volumes A zone is one or several room with about the same temperature, relative humidity and climate control. Examples of zones are ground floor (living room etc.), first floor (sleeping) and attic (not heated). Each zone gets a zone number (zoneno). BAS.Vol{zoneNo}=volume (m3); Zones and Volumes volume Volume m³ Table 2 Inputs: Zones and Volumes Construction A construction component usually consists of different layers. The order of the input of the properties of these layers is standard from indoors to outdoors and between zones from the lowest zone number to the highest. Each construction component gets a different construction ID number (conid). The material properties of the component layer are inserted by a material ID- number. By typing 'help matpropf' a list of materials appears with a material ID- number (matid). BAS.Con{conID}=[Ri,d1,matID,...,dn,matID,Re,ab,eps] Construction dn Material layer thickness m matid Material ID- number [- ] Ri Internal surface heat transfer resistance Km 2 /W Re Surface heat transfer resistance at opposite site Km 2 /W ab External solar radiation absorption coefficient [- ] eps External long wave emissivity [- ] Table 3 Inputs: Construction 4

5 Glazing system data The solar gain factor of glazing depends on the incident angle of the solar radiation. The properties below are independent of this angle but if one wants to account for the incident angle this can be done (see the shadow section in Inputextra). In that case the solar gain factor at normal incidence should be inserted here. Each different glazing system gets an ID number (glaid). BAS.Glas{glaID}=[Uglas,CFr,ZTA,ZTAw,CFrw,Uglasw] Glazing Uglas U- value without sun blinds W/m²K CFr Convection factor without sun blinds [- ] ZTA Solar gain factor without sun blinds [- ] ZTAw Solar gain factor with sun blinds [- ] CFrw Convection factor with sun blinds [- ] Uglasw U- value with sun blinds W/m²K Table 4 Inputs: Glazing Orientation For each surface of the building envelope (exterior walls) the tilt and the orientation (azimuth) with respect to the south has to be known. Each different orientation gets a different orientation ID number (orid). Orientation Tilt Vertical = 90 Horizontal = 0 Azimuth East = - 90; West = 90; South = 0; North = 180 Table 5 Inputs: Orientation BAS.Or{orID} = [tilt, azimuth]; [- ] [- ] Construction components A building is an assembly of different construction components. The input here is about the size, place in the building and ID of these different components (for convenience called walls and windows, so also the doors floors and roofs). They are divided into 5 groups, se table below. I II III IV V External walls (constructions separating a zone from the exterior climate) Windows in external walls Constant temperature walls (constructions separating a zone from an environment with a constant temperature e.g. the ground) Adiabatic external walls (constructions separating a zone from an environment with the same conditions) Internal walls (constructions between and in zones) Table 6 Construction components 5

6 BAS.wallex{exID}=[zoneNo,surf,conID,orID,bridge] External walls zoneno Zone number [- ] surf Total surface area, the window surface area is included m² conid Construction ID number [- ] orid Orientation ID number [- ] bridge The heat loss of the thermal bridge (unknown=0) W/K Table 7 Input: External walls Windows in external walls BAS.window{winID}=[exID,surf,glaID,shaID] exid External wall ID number [- ] surf Total surface area m² glaid Glass ID number [- ] shaid Shadow ID number (no shadow=0) [- ] Table 8 Input: Windows in external walls BAS.walli0{i0ID}=[zoneNo,surf,conID,temp] Constant temperature walls zoneno Zone number [- ] surf Total surface area m² conid Construction ID number [- ] temp Constant temperature (ground=0) C bridge The heat loss of the thermal bridge (unknown=0) W/K Table 9 Input: Constant temperature walls BAS.wallia{iaID} = [zoneno,surf,conid]; Adiabatic external wall zoneno Zone number [- ] surf Total surface area m² conid Construction ID number [- ] Table 10 Input: Adiabatic external walls BAS.wallin{inID}=[zoneNo1,zoneNo2,surf,conID]; Internal walls (in and between zones) zoneno1 Zone number [- ] zoneno2 Zone number [- ] surf Total surface area m² conid Construction ID number [- ] Table 11 Input: Internal walls Building Profiles Profiles are related to the use of a zone: office, living room, school etc. Each day of a week can have a different profile e.g. weekends are different. The profiles are defined and given an ID number (proid). For each day up to 24 different periods can be defined with different data. [hrnr1,hrnr2,hrnr3] period1 start time = hrnr1 end time = hrnr2 period2 start time = hrnr2 end time = hrnr3 last period the hours that are left on the same day Table 12 Period of time For example [1,8,18] means period1: 1h till 8h, period2: 8h till 18h, period 3: 24h(==0h) till 1h and 18h till 24h. (3 periods are often used). The inserted hours are the clock time. 6

7 The profile allows for free cooling above a given indoor air temperature threshold Tfc ( o C). The ventilation can be increased from vvmin to vvmax. So if vvmin=vvmax there is no free cooling. The temperature Tfc is also used for the control of sunblinds. If the solar irradiance on the window is higher than Ers and the indoor temperature higher than Tfc the blinds will be used. This means that if there is no free cooling the temperature Tfc is still necessary for the control of sunblinds. Ers is the same for all zones. A number often encountered for Ers is 300W/m2. BAS.Ers{proID} Irradiance threshold for sun W/m² blinds BAS.dayper{proID}=[hrnr1,hrnr2,hrnr3] The starting time of a new period BAS.vvmin{proID} =[... ] The ACH (Air Change rate per 1/hr Hour) BAS.vvmax{proID} =[... ] The maximum ACH (Air Change 1/hr rate per Hour) BAS.Tfc{proID} =[... ] Threshold for free cooling C BAS.Tsetmin{proID} =[... ] Set point switch for heating (no C heating = - 100) BAS.Tsetmax{proID} = [... ] Set point switch for cooling (no cooling = 100) C BAS.Qint{proID} = [... ] Casual heat gain W BAS.Gint{proID} = [... ] Water vapour sources kg/s BAS.RVmin{proID} = [... ] Set point relative humidity switch humidification (no humidification = - 1) BAS.RVmax{proID} = [... ] Set point relative humidity switch dehumidification (no humidification = 101) Table 13 Inputs: Building Profiles % % Each day of a week can have a different profile (proid.) e.g. weekends can be different. For each zone select the proid numbers for each day of the week. BAS.weekfun{zoneNo}=[pnrmon,pnrtue,pnrwed,pnrthu,pnrfri,pnrsat,pnrsun] pnrmon = proid of Monday, pnrtue = proid of Tuesday pnrwed = proid of Wednesday pnrthu = proid of Thursday pnrfri = proid of Friday pnrsat = proid of Saturday pnrsun = proid of Sunday Table 14 Input: Profile ID for each day of the week 7

8 2.1.3 Heating, cooling, humidification, dehumidification If the maximum heating capacity is known then that value can be used. For cooling the capacity is always needed. Cooling and dehumification are negative! BAS.Plant{zoneNo} = [heating capacity [W], cooling capacity [W], humidification capacity [kg/s],dehumidification capacity [kg/s]]; Heating capacity = - 1 Unknown, infinite capacity Heating capacity = - 2 Unknown, reasonable estimate of the maximum heating capacity Cooling capacity = 0 No cooling Table 15 Input: Heating and cooling The simulation program treats radiant heat and convective heat differently. BAS.convfac{zoneNo}=[CFh, CFset, CFint ] CFh CFset Tset Convection factor of the heating system: air heating CFh=1, radiators CFh=0.8, floor heating CFh=0.5, cooling usually CFh=1 Factor that determines whether the temperature control is on the air temperature (CFset=1), or comfort temperature (CFset=0.6), =CFset*Ta+(1- CFset)*Tr Table 16 Input: radiant heat and convective heat In order to apply heat recovery of ventilation air a balanced ventilation system is needed. Only a simple system is modelled: a) the amount of air from a zone passing the heat recovery unit is equal to the amount supplied to that zone. b) In case of heating the unit is only used when the air temperature of a zone (in case of more zones the highest temperature) connected to a unit is higher than the outdoor temperature and lower than the temperature Twws. For cooling the air temperature (in case of more zones the lowest temperature) must be lower than the outdoor temperature and higher than the temperature Twwc. So between Twws and Twwc the unit is by- passed. c) the heat recovery unit has constant temperature efficiency. In a building or combination of buildings (e.g. terraced housing) more units are possible. The units are numbered HRUNo. If there is just one unit Twws and Twwc are the same for all zones. The product of the efficiency and the fraction of vvmin of each room that is going to the heat exchanger is 'etaww'. BAS.heatexch{zoneNo}=[etaww, Twws, Twwc, HRUNo]; 8

9 2.2 Input through Buildingref0211.m The calculation period BAS.Period=[yr,month,day,ndays] yr = start year month = start month day = start day ndays = number of days simulated Table 17 Input: Calculation period BAS.DSTime = 1 If the EU daylight- savings time is taken into account. It starts on the last Sunday of March and ends on the last Sunday of October (the total duration is 30 or 31 weeks). BAS.DSTime = 0 If no daylight- savings period The building First, name the input file that should be used. Figure 1 Load input file If no extra input is used, make Inputextra11a to a comment. Figure 2 No extra input The input above is stored in the structured array BAS. By typing BAS in the command window, the input can be checked and changed. After Inputextra a function is called for that changes the input BAS to an input the simulation program WAVO needs. Figure 3 Code to change input BAS to input for WAVO Now, it is checked whether input data are missing or wrong. If a warning is given it might be correct e.g. 'There is a zone without glazing' but it can also be forgotten. With an error the execution is stopped, e.g. because a material number is used for which no data are available in matpropf. There are errors, which might occur without an error warning. Very thick constructions led to wrong response factors. Changing the thickness a little bit might be sufficient for a correct result. If Wavooutput plots are desired, insert the code below in the end of the code. Hamoutput11a Table 18 Code for Wavooutput plots 9

10 If a Climate Evaluation Chart is desired, insert the code below in the end of the code. %Start CEC for i=1:length(bas.vol) CECData.T=Output.Ta(:,i); CECData.RH=100*Output.RHa(:,i); CECData.ye=Meteo.date(:,1); CECData.mo=Meteo.date(:,2); CECData.da=Meteo.date(:,3); CECData.ho=Meteo.date(:,5); CECData.mi=0*Meteo.date(:,1); opcec.title=['zone ' num2str(i)]; opcec.lang=2; PoMkek(CECData,opCEC) end Figure 4 Code for Climate Evaluation Chart 10

11 3. Output plots The graphic features of Matlab allow the user in an easy way to make the plots he wants or to make movies for presentation. Below two types of plots are presented. 3.1 Wavooutput plots An example of the Wavooutput plots is presented below. Figure 5 Wavooutput plots 3.2 Climate Evaluation Chart An example of the Climate Evaluation Chart is presented below. The base chart consists of the standard psychometric chart for air. Vertical axis the dry bulb temperature in C Horizontal axis the humidity mixing ratio in g/kg, and curves Curves the relative humidity in % The seasonal indoor climate data is presented with different colours for time period; winter (blue, December 21 March 21) spring (green, March 21 June 21) summer (red, June 21 September 21) autumn (brown/yellow, September 21 December 21) The amount of colour saturation represents the percentage occurrence over time, and the seasonal weekly averages are displayed by the use of icons. The Climate Evaluation Chart can be linked to several performances guidelines, such as the ASHRAE climate classes for museums. 11

12 The criteria of those guidelines are presented on the bottom of graph, and are used to create the blue square defining the minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity values. Furthermore, several matrices are presented, displaying percentages for the total and seasonal distribution. Figure 7 presents the meaning of the matrix. The Climate Evaluation Chart is included in the Physics of Monuments Plots toolbox, which provides in a way to create a CEC in HAMBase. This information can be found at the BPS Wiki Internet page, Figure 6 Example of a Climate Evaluation Chart Figure 7 Climate Evaluation Chart Matrix explanation 12

13 4. Example Standard office In this part we will step by step add different variables to a standard office. In this case one single zone is used, which is a standard office with two windows. The m- files containing information of this case are called Office_example_X.m. In the following figure and table provides in information about the office construction and dimensions. Step by step the examples will add more information about the room. Se table 20 what will be added in which step. Figure 8 Dimensions of office 13

14 Dimensions - Office Height (H) 3.0 m Length (L) 5.0 m Width (W) 4.0 m Volume (HxLxW) 60 m³ Dimensions Windows Height (H) Width (W) Construction Wall thickness Wall type Roof thickness Roof type Floor thickness Floor type 1.5 m 1.5 m 0.1 m Brick 0.1 m Concrete hollow- core slab floor 0.1 m Concrete Glazing Type Double glazing U- value (without sun blinds) 3.4 Convection factor (without sun blinds) 0.04 Solar gain factor (without sun blinds) 0.70 U- value (with sun blinds) 3.4 Convection factor (with sun blinds) 0.54 Solar gain factor (with sun blinds) 0.49 Table 19 Description of office Example 1 Volume Only a volume, no walls etc. Example 2 Construction Construction is included Example 3 Construction including window Windows are added Example 4 Ventilation Introducing ventilation Example 5 Heating Introducing heating Example 6 Layers of material Introducing extra layers Example 7 Time periods Introducing extra time periods Table 20 Description of examples 14

15 4.1 Example 1 - Volume Have a look at m- file Office_example_1.m. Compare it with Reference_Building0909.m and see the changes that have been made so it suits this example. For the first step only a volume is determined from the standard office dimensions. It is impossible to perform a calculation in HAMBase without input values for the construction. By using certain small input (wall thickness 0.001m and wall surface m²) values for the construction data a situation close to working with only a volume is created. However, this paragraph will focus on simulation with a volume. The year of the climate file used for simulation is the year Have a look at m- file Output_Office_example_1.m. Compare it with Buildingref0211.m and see the changes that have been made so it suits this example. When running the Output file, the output results will be saved as a *mat file and at the same time a Climate Evaluation Chart (CEC) is created (see Office_example_1.jpg). The absence of a construction will lead to an indoor climate similar to the outdoor climate. 4.2 Example 2 Construction The construction is built into the building input file. The determined values were used to create this input. So far we will focus on the construction without the windows. Have a look at m- file Office_example_2.m. 1. Add properties for thickness and material for the construction parts. In this case all walls, floor and roof is 0.1 m thick. The type of material ID number can be determined in HAMBASE by entering help matpropf. The walls are made of brick (material ID 238), the roof is made of concrete hollow- core slab floor (material ID 342), and the floor is made of concrete (material ID 344). When inserting the construction component data the internal surface heats transfer resistance (Ri) and surface heat resistance at the opposite site (Re) must be taken into account. Figure 9 Adding properties of construction parts 15

16 2. Orientation is necessary for creating building surfaces. In HAMBase many different orientations can be determined. To determine the orientation values for tilt and azimuth are needed. In this case, the walls are orientated to the north (azimuth 180), east (azimuth - 90), south (azimuth 0) and west (azimuth 90) and are all vertical (tilt 90). The roof is horizontal orientated (tilt 0). Figure 10 Determine orientation values 3. To create external walls, information of at least the surface area, construction, and orientation is needed. In this case there are four walls in total. The north and south wall have the same surface area (Type A), just like the east and west wall (Type B). The roof and floor also have the same surface area (Type C). For calculating the surfaces of the walls of the standard office the dimensions presented before are used. The total surface area for type A is: 3.0m*5.0m = 15.00m² The total surface area for type B is: 3.0m*4.0m = 12.00m² The total surface area for type C is: 5.0m*4.0m = 20.00m² The construction ID and orientation ID are determined before. Figure 11 Adding orientation for each construction part 4. In this case we will not add the windows in the external walls. 5. The floor is inserted as a constant temperature wall. A standard ground temperature of 10 C is used, but can always be altered. The surface is the same as the roof (Type C) and the construction ID is known. 16

17 Figure 12 Adding properties of floor 6. In this case there are no adiabatic external walls or internal walls. See Output_Office_example_2.m. When running, the output results are saved as a *mat file and a Climate Evaluation Chart (CEC) is created during running of the Building Output file (see Office_example_2.jpg). 4.3 Example 3 Construction including window In this paragraph, windows are included in the building input. The glass properties of the windows are determined before. Figure 13 Properties of window After creating the external walls building input, there is a windows in external walls option. In this case both windows are situated in the same wall, and the surface as well as the orientation is alike. Therefore, these windows may be treated as one window. For calculating the surfaces of the windows of the standard office the dimensions presented before are used. The surface area for one window is: 1.5m*1.5m = 2.25² The total surface area is therefore 4.5m² Figure 14 Dimension of window 17

18 The output results are saved as a *mat file and a Climate Evaluation Chart (CEC) is created during running of the Building Output file. This CEC shows various relative humidity values and various temperature values. 4.4 Example 4 Ventilation Have a look at m- file Office_example_4_ACH1.m and Office_example_4_ACH5.m. Ventilation is introduced by changing the Building Input profiles. This can be done by changing the Air Change rate per hour vvmin. Figure 15 Adding ventilation In the Output m- file only the names of the input and output data files are changed, see Output_Office_example_4_ACH1.m and Output_Office_example_4_ACH5.m. The CEC can be seen in Office_example_4_ACH1.jpg and Office_example_4_ACH5.jpg. 4.5 Example 5 Heating Heating is introduced by creating a minimum heating set point in the Building Input profiles. This can be done by changing the temperature in Tsetmin. Figure 16 Adding heating The set point is altered for each of the ventilation values. The chosen set point is 18 C. The heating capacity can be determined with the following steps: 18

19 1. Change the heating capacity in the building input file to infinite capacity (- 1). This way the maximum heat capacity per zone can be found in the output data results. Figure 17 Infinite heating capacity 2. Run the building output file, see Output_Office_example_5_ACH1.m and/or Output_Office_example_5_ACH5.m. 3. After running, the saved data is available in the workspace window. When opening the saved data file (*mat file) the same information becomes available in the workspace window. 4. Open Output and the following window appears; Figure 18 Finding Qplant 5. Open Qplant for the heating values used to reach the set point of 18 C throughout the year. 6. This way the maximum and minimum values for heating capacities are determined. One can chose the high values to work with; when the heating set point is reached the heating will stop. In this case a heating capacity values of 2000 W is chosen. 7. Change the heating capacity in the building input file, see Office_example_7_ACH1.m and Office_example_7_ACH5.m, and run the output file again. Figure 20 Qplant 19

20 Figure 19 Changing heat capacity The results can be seen in Office_example_5_ACH1.jpg and Office_example_5_ACH5.jpg. 4.6 Example 6 Layers of material So far all construction components have only consisted of one layer of material as described in table 19. In reality a construction components always consists of more than one layer. Adding more layers is done in the construction component data. Here material layers for the wall, the floor and the roof are added, see figure 22. To find the different material ID, type in help matpropf. Figure 20 Adding layers in construction components Now, follow the instructions to set the heating capacity in example 5. Use Output_Office_example_6_ACH1.m and Output_Office_example_6_ACH5.m. Have a look at m- file Office_example_6_ACH1.m and Office_example_6_ACH5.m. In this example, the heating capacity is chosen to 500W. The CEC can be seen in Office_example_6_ACH1.jpg and Office_example_6_ACH5.jpg. 4.7 Example 7 Time periods Have a look at m- file Office_example_7_ACH5.m. If the building needs more than 3 time periods, this should be introduced by changing the Building Input profiles. This can be done by adding more time periods. In figure 22 it has been changed to 5 time periods (0-4h, 4-8h, 8-10h, 10-18h, 18-24h). When the number of time periods is changed it is important to change the other vectors in the Building Input profile to the same length, see figure 23. Figure 21 Adding extra time periods In the Output m- file only the names of the input and output data files are changed, see Output_Office_example_7_ACH5.m. The CEC can be seen in Office_example_7_ACH5.jpg. 20

21 5. Example Two zones In this part we will step by step add different variables to two standard offices. In this case two zones are used, which will be two offices next to each other. The m- files containing information of this case are called Office_example_X.m. In the following figure and table provides information about the office construction and dimensions. Step by step the examples will add more information about the room. Se table 22 what will be added in which step. Figure 22 Dimensions of office 21

22 Dimensions Office 1 Height (H) 3.0 m Length (L) 5.0 m Width (W) 4.0 m Volume (HxLxW) 60 m³ Dimensions Office 2 Height (H) 3.0 m Length (L) 5.0 m Width (W) 3.0 m Volume (HxLxW) 45 m³ Dimensions Windows Height (H) Width (W) Construction Exterior wall thickness Exterior wall type Roof thickness Roof type Floor thickness Floor type Internal wall thickness Internal wall type 1.5 m 1.5 m 0.1 m Brick 0.1 m Concrete hollow- core slab floor 0.1 m Concrete 0.1 m Plaster Glazing Type Double glazing U- value (without sun blinds) 3.4 Convection factor (without sun blinds) 0.04 Solar gain factor (without sun blinds) 0.70 U- value (with sun blinds) 3.4 Convection factor (with sun blinds) 0.54 Solar gain factor (with sun blinds) 0.49 Table 21 Description of two offices Example 1 Volume Only a volume, no walls etc. Example 2 Construction Construction is included Example 3 Construction including window Windows are added Example 4 Ventilation Introducing ventilation Example 5 Heating Introducing heating Example 6 Layers of material Introducing extra layers Table 22 Description of examples 22

23 5.1 Example A - Volume Have a look at m- file Office_example_A.m. Compare it with Reference_Building0909.m and see the changes that have been made so it suits this example. First, the volume is set for the different zones. Each room is seen as one zone. Figure 23 Setting volume of zones For this first step only a volume is determined from the standard office dimensions. It is impossible to perform a calculation in HAMBase without input values for the construction. By using certain small input (wall thickness 0.001m and wall surface m²) values for the construction data a situation close to working with only a volume is created. However, this paragraph will focus on simulation with a volume. The year of the climate file used for simulation is the year Have a look at m- file Output_Office_example_A.m. Compare it with Buildingref0211.m and see the changes that have been made so it suits this example. Also see chapter 2.2. When running the Output file the output results will be saved as a *mat file and at the same time a Climate Evaluation Chart (CEC) is created (see Office_example_A_zone1.jpg and Office_example_A_zone2.jpg). The absence of a construction will lead to an indoor climate similar to the outdoor climate. 5.2 Example B Construction Here, the construction is built into the building input file. The determined values were used to create this input. So far we will focus on the construction without the windows. Have a look at m- file Office_example_B.m. 1. Add properties for thickness and material for the construction parts. In this case all walls, floor and roof is 0.1 m thick. The type of material ID number can be determined in HAMBASE by entering help matpropf. The exterior walls are made of brick (material ID 238), the roof is made of concrete hollow- core slab floor (material ID 342), the floor is made of concrete (material ID 344), and the interior wall is made of plaster (material ID 381). When inserting the construction component data the internal surface heats transfer resistance (Ri) and surface heat resistance at the opposite site (Re) must be taken into account. Since interior walls have internal surfaces on both sides, Ri is used for both Ri and Re. 23

24 Figure 24 Adding properties of construction parts 2. Orientation is necessary for creating building surfaces. In HAMBase many different orientations can be determined. To determine the orientation values for tilt and azimuth are needed. In this case, the walls are orientated to the north (azimuth 180), east (azimuth - 90), south (azimuth 0) and west (azimuth 90) and are all vertical (tilt 90). The roof is horizontal orientated (tilt 0). 3. Figure 25 Determine orientation values 4. To create external walls, information of at least the surface area, construction, and orientation is needed. In this case there are six walls in total (3 in each zone). The north and south wall have the same surface area (Type A), just like the east and west wall in room 1 (Type B). The roof and floor in room 1 also have the same surface area (Type C). Same goes for east/west wall in room 2 (Type D) and roof/floor in room 2 (Type E). For calculating the surfaces of the walls of the standard office the dimensions presented before are used. The total surface area for type A is: 3.0m*5.0m = 15.00m² The total surface area for type B is: 3.0m*4.0m = 12.00m² The total surface area for type C is: 5.0m*4.0m = 20.00m² The total surface area for type D is: 3.0m*3.0m = 9.00m² The total surface area for type E is: 5.0m*3.0m = 15.00m² The construction ID and orientation ID are determined before. 24

25 Figure 26 Adding orientation for each construction part 5. In this case we will not add the windows in the external walls. 6. The floor is inserted as a constant temperature wall. A standard ground temperature of 10 C is used, but can always be altered. The surface is the same as the roof (Type C and Type D) and the construction ID is known. Figure 27 Adding properties of floor 7. In this case there are no adiabatic external walls. 8. To create internal walls, information of at least the surface area, construction, and orientation is needed. In this case there are one internal wall, which is located between the zones. It has the same surface area as the north and south wall (Type A). 25

26 Figure 28 Adding internal walls See Output_Office_example_B.m. When running, the output results are saved as a *mat file and a Climate Evaluation Chart (CEC) is created during running of the Building Output file (see Office_example_B_zone1.jpg and Office_example_B_zone2.jpg). 5.3 Example C Construction including window In this paragraph, windows are included in the building input. The glass properties of the windows are determined. Figure 29 Properties of window After creating the external walls building input, there is a windows in external walls option. In this case, for room 1 both windows are situated in the same wall (exid=3, west wall), and the surface as well as the orientation is alike. Therefore, these windows may be treated as one window. In zone 2 there is only one window (exid=7, west wall). For calculating the surfaces of the windows of the standard office the dimensions presented before are used. The surface area for one window is: 1.5m*1.5m = 2.25 m² The total surface area in zone 1 is therefore 4.5m² and in zone m². Figure 30 Dimension and location of windows See Output_Office_example_C.m. When running, the output results are saved as a *mat file and a Climate Evaluation Chart (CEC) is created (see Office_example_C_zone1.jpg and Office_example_C_zone2.jpg). 26

27 5.4 Example D Ventilation Have a look at m- file Office_example_D.m. Ventilation is introduced by changing the Building Input profiles. This can be done by changing the Air Change rate per hour vvmin. If you are using different profiles for the room, which is done in this example, remember to change the properties for both profiles. Figure 31 Adding ventilation In the Output m- file only the names of the input and output data files are changed, see Output_Office_example_D.m. The CEC can be seen in Office_example_D_zone1.jpg and Office_example_D_zone2.jpg. 5.5 Example E Heating Heating is introduced by creating a minimum heating set point in the Building Input profiles. This can be done by changing the temperature in Tsetmin. If you are using different profiles for the room, which is done in this example, remember to change the properties for both profiles. Figure 32 Adding heating The set point is altered for each of the ventilation values. The chosen set point is 18 C. The heating capacity can be determined with the following steps: 27

28 1. Change the heating capacity in the building input file to infinite capacity (- 1). This way the maximum heat capacity per zone can be found in the output data results. Figure 33 Infinite heating capacity 2. Run the building output file, see Output_Office_example_E.m. 3. After running, the saved data is available in the workspace window. When opening the saved data file (*mat file) the same information becomes available in the workspace window. 4. Open Output and the following window appears; Figure 34 Finding Qplant 5. Open Qplant for the heating values used to reach the set point of 18 C throughout the year. 6. This way the maximum and minimum values for heating capacities are determined. One can chose the high values to work with; when the heating set point is reached the heating will stop. In this case a heating capacity values of 2000 W is chosen for zone 1 and 1600 W for zone Change the heating capacity in the building input file, see Office_example_E.m, and run the output file again. Figure 37 Qplant Figure 35 Changing heat capacity The results can be seen in Office_example_E_zone1.jpg and Office_example_E_zone2.jpg. 28

29 5.6 Example F Layers of material So far all construction components have only consisted of one layer of material as described in table 21. In reality a construction components always consists of more than one layer. Adding more layers is done in the construction component data. Here material layers for the external and internal walls, the floor and the roof are added, see figure 39. To find the different material ID, type in help matpropf. Figure 36 Adding layers in construction components Now, follow the instructions to set the heating capacity in example E. Use Output_Office_example_F.m. Have a look at m- file Office_example_F.m. In this example, the heating capacity is chosen to 400 W for zone 1 and 300 W for zone 2. The CEC can be seen in Office_example_F_zone1.jpg and Office_example_F_zone2.jpg. 29