Christchurch, New Zealand, Earthquakes of 2010 and 2011

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Christchurch, New Zealand, Earthquakes of 2010 and 2011"

Katrina Wiggins
6 years ago
Views:

1 Christchurch, New Zealand, Earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 Lifeline Performance EDITED BY Alex K. Tang, P.E., P.Eng., C.Eng. SPONSORED BY Infrastructure Resilience Division Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph No. 41 Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tang, Alex, editor. American Society of Civil Engineers. Infrastructure Resilience Division, sponsoring body. Title: Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 : lifeline performance / edited by Alex K. Tang, P.E., P.Eng., C.Eng. ; sponsored by the Infrastructure Resilience Division. Description: Reston, Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers, [2016] Series: TCLEE monograph ; no. 41 Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN ISBN (soft cover : alk. paper) ISBN (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Lifeline earthquake engineering--new Zealand--Christchurch. Earthquake hazard analysis--new Zealand--Christchurch. Christchurch Earthquake, N.Z., Canterbury Earthquake, N.Z., Classification: LCC QE537.5.C DDC 624.1/ dc23 LC record available at Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an to permissions@asce.org or by locating a title in the ASCE Library ( and using the Permissions link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at Copyright 2016 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN (print) ISBN (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America

3 TCLEE Monographs Since 1990, the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE) has published reports in the TCLEE Monograph Series. TCLEE Monographs further the Council s goal of advancing the state-of-the-art and -practice in lifeline engineering for earthquakes, hurricanes, and other extreme events. In 2014, ASCE established the Infrastructure Resilience Division (IRD) to develop a unified approach in advancing the concepts of resiliency within lifeline and infrastructure systems. The IRD administers programs of the former TCLEE, Center for Disaster Risk Management (CDRM), and the Committee on Critical Infrastructure. More information about IRD is available at A list of available TCLEE Monographs may be found at Digital versions may be found in the ASCE Library,

5 Contents Preface... ix Acknowledgments...x Endorsements... xiii Contributors... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction...1 Summary...1 Overview...1 Key Findings...4 Abbreviations...5 Limitations...5 Units...5 Chapter 2: Tectonic Setting and Geological Issues...6 Tectonic Setting...6 Geologic Setting...10 Earthquake Sequence...10 Ground Shaking...13 Fault Ground Surface Offset...22 Liquefaction...27 Landslide and Seiche...36 Chapter 3: Seismic Codes and Vulnerability Study...39 Seismic Codes Vulnerability Study...41 Chapter 4: Electric Power...42 Transpower Power System Performance...43 Orion Power System Performance...50 Transpower Performance February 22, Orion Power System Performance February 22, Orion System Performance June Mainpower System Performance September 4, Acknowledgments...80 Chapter 5: Telecommunications...81 System Performance Earthquake of September 4, Cellular/Mobile System...82 Landline System...88 Major Observations and Recommendations...91 Earthquake of February 22, Earthquakes of June 13, 2011 and December 23, v

6 Major Observations and Recommendations Acknowledgments Chapter 6: Water Historical Development of the Water System Christchurch City Council September 4, Water Waimakariri District Council September 4, Performance of Tanks February 2011 Earthquake Performance of Water Pipes February 2011 Earthquake Performance of Wells February 2011 Earthquake Water System Performance Three Earthquakes Emergency Response Observations and Recommendations Chapter 7: Wastewater Earthquake of September 4, Earthquake of February 22, Wastewater System Performance Three Earthquakes Observations Acknowledgments Chapter 8: Gas and Liquid Fuels Description of System September 4, 2010 Darfield Earthquake February 22, 2011 Christchurch Earthquake June 11, 2011 Earthquake` Major Observations and Recommendations Liquid Fuels Acknowledgments Chapter 9: Lyttelton Port Earthquake of September 4, Earthquake of February 22, Major Observations and Recommendations Acknowledgments Chapter 10: Airport Chapter 11: Roads and Bridges Roads and Bridges September 4, Roads and Bridges February 22, Acknowledgments Chapter 12: Railway System Performance in September 4, 2010 Earthquake Performance in February 22, 2011 Earthquake vi

7 Major Observations and Recommendations Acknowledgments Chapter 13: Fire Following the Earthquake Chapter 14: Levees (Stopbanks) Chapter 15: Lifeline Interdependence Chapter 16: General Building Stock Darfield Earthquake September 4, Christchurch Earthquake February 22, Chapter 17: Nonstructural Damage Storage Racks Base Isolation Devices Other Nonstructural Items Chapter 18: Debris Management Description of Debris and Hazardous Waste Management Policy Overview of Performance Major Observations and Recommendations Acknowledgments Chapter 19: References Index vii

8 viii

9 Preface The Earthquake Investigation Committee of the Technical Council of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), was established to initiate, organize, train for, coordinate, and evaluate the performance of lifelines following earthquakes. Members of the committee are employees of lifeline industries, consulting engineers, and academics from the United States and Canada. Committee members provide services on a voluntary basis. For some earthquake investigation, participants companies do not require team members to take vacation time for the investigation and may provide some support for expenses. ASCE also provides support to reimburse expenses. In addition to the time associated with the reconnaissance trip, the substantial effort by each individual to prepare a short report for the TCLEE Web page and the full report for the monograph series is all done on a voluntary basis. The cost of this effort is substantially more than the support provided by ASCE. Individuals participating in the investigation need not be members of the committee or members of ASCE, but they are expected to follow the committee s earthquake investigation practices as described in the ASCE publication, TCLEE Monograph 11, Guide to Post-Earthquake Investigation of Lifelines. Members of the investigation team coordinate with other groups and may participate in groups organized by other organizations. They gather both good and poor performance data from earthquakes to provide information for practitioners to improve the performance of the lifeline systems. Foreign earthquakes that have been investigated include the 1985 Chile, 1988 Soviet Armenia, 1990 Philippines, 1991 Costa Rica, 1992 Turkey, 1995 Kobe (Japan), 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey), 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan), 2001 Gujarat (India), 2002 Atico (Peru), 2004 Zemmouri (Algeria), 2004 Sumatra, 2007 Kashiwazaki (Japan), 2008 Pisco (Peru), 2008 Wenchuan (China), 2009 L Aquila (Italy), the Christchurch earthquake sequence (New Zealand), the 2011 Great Tohoku (Japan) earthquake, the 2013 Lushan (China) earthquake. US earthquakes that have been investigated include 1989 Loma Prieta, 1992 Landers, 1994 Northridge, 2000 Napa, 2001 Nisqually, 2002 Denali, 2003 Paso Robles, and 2008 Alum Rock. The Pacific Northwest Storm of December 2007 was TCLEE's first windstorm investigation. The Kobe earthquake report, Monograph 14, was the first foreign earthquake investigation report published by ASCE as a TCLEE monograph. The first domestic earthquake investigation report published by ASCE as a TCLEE monograph, number 8, was for the Northridge earthquake. Prior to this time, TCLEE prepared a lifeline report that was published by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). The Earthquake Investigation Committee continues to cooperate with EERI to provide an abbreviated version of lifeline performance in Earthquake Spectra (EERI publication). ix

10 Acknowledgments ASCE Majority of the contributing authors of this report are members of the Earthquake Investigation Committee (EIC) of Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE). (This committee is now under the Disaster Response and Recovery Committee of the new Infrastructure Resilience Division of ASCE.) ASCE funded John Eidinger, Tom O Rourke, Craig Davis, and Alex Tang while David Baska, Alexis Kwasinski, and David Lau were self-funded. ASCE support was received at the direction of Pat Natale, and ASCE Executive Committee, and also with unparalleled attention from John Durrant, John Segna, and Catherine Tehan to help speed up the process. Unanimous decision to approve the trip was granted by ASCE Executive Committee (Excom). The investigation team is very grateful to many local support persons who provided us with either contacts or approvals to visit lifeline facilities collecting relevant lifelines performance information as well as furnishing us perishable data and photos for this monograph. As is not uncommon in post-earthquake reconnaissance, incomplete information in the weeks and months after the event can lead to omissions and misunderstandings. We apologize if the findings in this report are incomplete, and the reader is cautioned that it may take months to years of post-earthquake evaluations before a comprehensive understanding of lifeline impacts is available. ASCE/IRD/TCLEE will continue to update the lifeline performance information when more information is collected. The findings and photos presented in this report reflect the collected input from many people and sources; all of them are credited wherever the information or the photo appears in this document. We are thankful to them providing us with permission to use the information and photos given to us. The ASCE/IRD/TCLEE team members (same as the authors of this monograph) collected data and took photos from October 11 to 17, 2010, and from April 3 to 9, Information presented for the June 13, 2011 event is based on a follow-up investigation by John Eidinger from August 9 and 10, 2011, published information and informal communications with the affected utilities. The reviews provided by TCLEE EXCOM members, particularly Kent Yu, Nason McCullough, and Craig Davis are much appreciated. Acknowledgments New Zealand We are grateful for the many individuals and organizations (companies, governmental organizations, and universities) that provided the team members with assistance and support prior to, during, and after the post investigation effort. Many of these individuals provided us with excellent support in all three assessment trips. We are much indebted to Professor Tom Wilson of University of Canterbury who arranged transportation for us to visit surface faulting of the October 2010 event and to tour the outskirt of the City of Christchurch. In addition he and his team, Joanne Stevenson, and Sonia Giovinazzi all worked very hard to organize meetings for the x

11 TCLEE team weeks prior to our arrival. Their seamless arrangement helped us to carry out a very smooth assessment trip covering all the topics. Tom Wilson also set up information sharing sessions (for both events) on campus for TCLEE team and local lifelines practitioners to discuss observations and recommendations. Our trips will not be successful and complete without the support from Dave Brunsdon (National Engineering Lifelines Committee), Mark Gordon (AECOM), and Tony Fenwick. Without their kind effort we will not be able to meet with key individuals in various utilities to collect relevant earthquake performance information and to visit sites to document failure modes and good performances. We are very grateful to their effort. We also appreciate Tony Fenwick who volunteered to be the single point of collecting information (such as power point charts, pdf documents, maps, etc.) for the team after the team returned to North America. We also like to thank Mark Gordon who set up the ftp site for us to download the documents. We also would like to thank the following individuals who provided the team members with valuable information and quality time out of their busy schedule to meet us during our October 2010 and April 2011 visits. Utility and lifeline engineers and staff who described their systems and provided maps and data include John O'Donnell, Shane Watson, Roger Sutton (Orion); Kim Glover, Wayne Youngman, Peter Greenway, Ian Burgwin, Andrew Renton, Christophe Tudo-Bornarel (Transpower); Peter Anderson (Vodafone); Bronwyn Woodham (Manager, KiwiRail Freight); Wayne Ramsey (Area Manager, KiwiRail Network) Kevin Locke (Water), Mark Christison (Water, Wastewater), Murray Sinclair (Roads) (Christchurch City Council); Gerard Cleary, Gary Boot (Waimakariri District Council); Jon Mitchell (Emergency Manager, Canterbury Civil Defence Emergency Management Group); Helen Grant (Environment Canterbury); Peter Wood (NZ Society for Earthquake Engineering); Andrew Cleland (Institute of Professional Engineers NZ); Anthony Rooke (Opus); Richard Priddle (KiwiRail); David Reason (Telecom Group Business Continuity Manager), Alan Melton (Chorus Senior Delivery Specialist), Collin Foster (Chorus), Rob Ruiter (Chorus); Neil McLennan, Peter Davie, Kevin McManus (Port of Lyttleton); Pete Connors, Barry Stratton (NZ Transport Agency), Rowan Smith, Wai Yu (Contact Energy / RockGas). Andrew King, Kelvin Berryman, Jim Cousins, SR Uma, Rob Buxton, Dick Beetham (GNS Science) provided recordings of ground motions and other support. David Hopkins (Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Commission) provided insight to structure performance. Tom Wilson, Brendon Bradley (University of Canterbury) and Bruce Deam provided technical and organizational support. Barry Davidson (Compusoft Engineering) was part of the field investigation team. Misko Cubrinovski, Mark Quigley (University of Canterbury) and Ian Brown (Ian R Brown Associates) provided observations about liquefaction. Lloyd Greenwood (University of Canterbury) provided information and field investigation support on transportations (bridges, roads and overpasses) performance. John Mackenzie provided invaluable information about structural and nonstructural damage, and design concepts and mitigations taken by Transpower and Orion. Members of the Australian government supported the investigation include Martin Wehner, Adrian Whichello, and Ammar Ahmed. Information collected from other teams PEER (Scott xi

Ashford) and GEER (Ed Kavazajian, Arizona State University, John Allen, Tri/Environmental) are incorporated into this report. Several KiwiRail photos are attributed to Lee Baxter.

12 Ashford) and GEER (Ed Kavazajian, Arizona State University, John Allen, Tri/Environmental) are incorporated into this report. Several KiwiRail photos are attributed to Lee Baxter. Nicholas Charman (CH2M Beca) described damage to water tanks. Special acknowledgement must be given to John Lamb (see photo). John Lamb was the Project Manager of the 1997 report, "Risk and Realities", that addresses the potential earthquake performance of lifelines in Christchurch. Duet by John Eidinger and Alex Tang with John Lamb enjoying our play. This piano was located in Mark Gordon s residence on Port Hills; it jumped off the floor and moved to its new location in the February earthquake. It still holds a tune. John Lamb is one of the pioneer engineers of lifelines in New Zealand. xii

13 Endorsements This report was prepared as a volunteer effort by members of the former ASCE TCLEE Earthquake Investigation Committee, currently a committee under Disaster Response and Recovery Committee (DRRC) within the Infrastructure Resilience Division (IRD). Nothing in this report should be considered as an endorsement of any particular product or company. While we believe the information contained in this report to reflect what occurred (or did not occur) in the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 that affected Christchurch, there is no doubt that this report does not contain all possible information, and it may contain inaccuracies. This report makes mention of major New Zealand corporate and local government entities; some are listed on stock exchanges. While all of these entities shared information with us, the readers should know that none of these entities have endorsed the facts, conclusions or recommendations in this report. xiii

Contributors ASCE Team, from left to right, David Lau, Alexis Kwasinksi, John Eidinger, Alex Tang, Tom O'Rourke, Dave Baska, Craig Davis (April 2011) The table below lists the authors affiliations

14 Contributors ASCE Team, from left to right, David Lau, Alexis Kwasinksi, John Eidinger, Alex Tang, Tom O'Rourke, Dave Baska, Craig Davis (April 2011) The table below lists the authors affiliations and contact information. The authors of each chapter are listed. Name Affiliation Chapters John Eidinger [1, 2, 3] Alex Tang [1, 2] Tom O Rourke [1, 2] G&E Engineering Systems Inc. eidinger@geengineering Systems.com 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17 L&T Consultant alexktang@mac.com 1, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18 Cornell University tdo1@cornell.edu 8 David Baska [2] Terracon DABaska@terracon.com 12 Craig Davis [2] LADWP Craig.Davis@LADWP.co m Alexis Kwasinski [2] David Lau [2] University of Texas, Austin Carlton University, Ottawa akwasins@mail.texas.edu 4, 5 dtl@connect.carleton.ca 11 [1] Team member of the September 4, 2010 earthquake lifeline performance assessment. [2] Team member of the February 22, 2011 earthquake lifeline performance assessment. [3] Team member of the June 13, 2011 earthquake lifeline performance assessment. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 xiv

5l'Ar American Society

5l'Ar American Society SEISMIC SCREENING CHECKLISTS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILITIES EDITED BY William F. Heubach Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Water and Wastewater Committee Monograph No. 22 September