Faculty of Engineering

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1 Faculty of Engineering WATER PIPING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A BUILDING Domincie Anak Winston Bale Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2006

2 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS R13a Judul: WATER PIPING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A BUILDING SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005/2006 Saya: DOMINCIE ANAK WINSTON BALE (8138) Mengaku membenarkan tesis *ini disimpan di pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk mambangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan Tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila Tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan). TIDAK TERHAD Alamat tetap: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) 622, Lorong B1, Taman BDC Stampin, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) DR. AZHAILI BAHARUN Nama Penyelia Tarikh: 7 th April 2006 Tarikh: CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan sarjana Muda. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

3 Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir berikut: Tajuk: WATER PIPING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A BUILDING Nama Penulis: DOMINCIE ANAK WINSTON BALE Matrik: 8138 Telah dibaca dan disahkan oleh: Dr. Azhaili Baharun Date

4 WATER PIPING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN A BUILDING by Domincie Anak Winston Bale A Case Study Report Submitted To Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak In partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil Engineering 2006

5 To my beloved family

6

7 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university of higher learning. (Domincie Anak Winston Bale) iii

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank father, Winston Bale Utot, my mother, Bagline Melana and my siblings Danny, Marvin and Beatrice, who prays for my success and provide me with enough courage in completing this thesis research. Special thanks are especially dedicated to my supervisor, Dr. Azhaili Baharun who also happens to be the Dean of Department of Engineering UNIMAS, for his ideas, guidance and motivation during the preparation of the thesis research: thanks for your concern. Not forgetting Mr. Awang Mohd. Fadilah from Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Building section for providing valuable resources in assisting the research. Last but not least to my entire course mate for giving assistance and support in providing the information and whole-hearted support till the end. iv

9 ABSTRAK Sistem saliran dan perparitan merupakan sebahagian dari sistem bangunan yang perlu diberi perhatian sepenuhnya terutama daripada jurutera bangunan, arkitek dan pihakpihak yang terbabit dalam memelihara kedua-dua sistem tersebut. Sistem saliran air biasanya terbahagi kepada sistem saliran air sejuk dan sistem saliran air panas yang membekalkan pengaliran air ke seluruh bangunan terutamanya ke saluran keluar yang paling tinggi semasa keadaan kemuncak. Penentuan saiz paip yang tepat adalah perlu untuk mengelakkan berlakunya peningkatan tekanan disebabkan oleh ketidaktentuan dalam halaju air semasa pengaliran. Oleh itu penentuan kadar aliran air untuk setiap peralatan dan pepasang yang terdapat pada setiap bangunan adalah penting bagi membantu menentukan saiz paip yang digunakan, seperti yang terkandung dalam Kriteria Rekaan dan Piawaian dalam Sistem Aliran Air JKR (1994). Hasil penyelidikan yang terkandung dalam kertas ini melibatkan penentuan saiz paip pada setiap asrama dengan mengetahui unit bebanan pada setiap pepasang dan peralatan yang sedia ada. Untuk penentuan saiz paip sisa, paip bolong dan paip pengudaraan, setiap unit luahan untuk setiap pesang yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan Piawaian British BS 5572: v

10 ABSTRACT Water piping and drainage system are the 2 most important building systems that require much attention to all engineers, architects and those related in the field. Water piping are usually include hot and cold water distribution system that are supplied throughout the entire building the means of pumping or applying the water main to maintain the water pressure in order to assure that the highest outlet has an adequate water flow during crucial time. Determination of the right size of a pipe is essential to avoid excessive water pressure due to inadequate velocity in pipes. By doing so, is vital to determine the design flow rate of each fixture in buildings which has been stated in JKR Design Criteria and standards for Water Supply System. This dissertation is about the determination of pipe size used in the hostels by knowing its loading unit that assigned to each of the fixtures available. For sanitary drainage fixture unit, the fixtures are assigned based on British Standard 5572: 1978 revision, which used to determine the pipe size of soil pipe, vent pipe and waste pipe. vi

11 CONTENTS Declaration Acknowledgements Abstrak Abstract Contents List of tables List of Figures iii iv v vi vii x xiv Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Water Supply System in a Building Drainage System in a Building Objectives Aim Scope of study 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 General Distribution System in a Low Rise Building Pressure differential Problems in Water Piping System in the Building 8 vii

12 2.4.1 Noise Water Hammer Velocity Pulsation Leakage Pipes of Water Distribution System in a Building Cast Iron (C.I) or Grey Iron Pipes Ductile Iron (D.I) Pipes Polyethylene (PE) Pipes Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (upvc) Pipes Selection of Type of Pipes Joints Flanges Joint Welded Joint Single Gland Mechanical Joint Pipe Fittings in a Building Tapers Flange Adaptors Bends Tees Angle Branches and Crosses Puddle Flange Bellmouth 25 viii

13 2.8.8 Rose Strainer Blank Flanges Minor losses Storage Cisterns Rate of flow of Fittings and Appliances Estimating the Total Demand of A supply System in a Building Load Values (WSFU) Assigned to Fixtures Effective Length of Pipe Run Loss of Head through Pipes, Fitting and Valves Drainage System in a Building Sanitary Drainage System Vent System Roof Drainage System Sanitary Drainage Fixture Units 38 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Introduction Design of a Pipework System in a Building Detailed Method of Sizing Systems in Buildings of Any Height Method of Sizing of Sanitary Piping System in Buildings At Any Height 45 ix

14 Chapter 4: Analysis, Result and Discussion 4.1 Introduction Pipe Sizing Calculation for Apartment Type A and B Sizing of sanitary drainage pipe for Apartment Type A and B Discussion Factors Determine the Required Water Supply Pipe Size in Buildings Factors Determine the Required Sanitary Drainage Pipe Size in Buildings 86 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion Recommendation 89 References 90 Appendices 92 x

15 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.0 : Thickness and Diameter Specification for Cast Iron Pipe 13 Table 2.1 : Comparison between UPVC and HDPE Pipes (Taken from Env. Canada, PVC-Free Pipe Purchasers Report) 15 Table 2.2 : Joint and Specials for Selected Pipe Materials 19 Table 2.3 : Minor Loss Coefficients (K) 28 Table 2.4 : Minimum Storage Capacity 29 Table 2.5 : Storage Requirements Per Person 30 Table 2.6 : Storage Requirement Per Fittings in a Building 30 Table 2.7 : Minimum Recommended Flow 31 Table 2.8 : Loading Units in Buildings 32 Table 2.9 : Equivalent Pipe Length for Copper 33 Table 2.10 : Equivalent of Pipe Length through Resistance 33 Table 2.11 : For Frictional Resistance of draw-off taps (Equivalent Pipe Length) 34 Table 2.12 : Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit Values (Taken from BS 5572: 1978) 38 Table 2.13 : Maximum Permissible Loads for Sanitary Drainage Piping (In terms of fixture units) (Taken from BS 5572: 1978) 38 xi

16 Table 2.14 : Maximum Permissible Concentrated Waste Drainage Piping (Taken from BS 5572: 1978) 39 Table 4.0 : Flow rate requirement for buildings 3 Storey and above For Supply to Sinks Showers, WCs and Wash Basins (Type A) 63 Table 4.1 : Flow rate requirement for buildings 3 Storey and above For Supply to Sinks Showers, WCs and Wash Basins (Type B) 63 Table 4.2 : Flow rate Requirement for Building 3 Storey and above For Filling Roof Tank (Type A and Type B) 64 Table 4.3 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.4 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.5 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.6 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch no Table 4.7 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.8 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No xii

17 Table 4.9 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.10 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.11 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.12 : Pipe Sizing Calculation and Data Input for Branch No Table 4.13 : 4 th Floor Level Sizing 80 Table 4.14 : 3 rd Floor Level Sizing 81 Table 4.15 : 2 nd Floor Level Sizing 82 Table 4.16 : 1 st Floor Level Sizing 83 Table 4.17 : Sizing of Main Pipes 84 xiii

18 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.0 : An upfeed water distribution system in a low rise building using single pressure zone 6 Figure 2.1 : Graphic illustration of shock wave 9 Figure 2.2 : Flanges Joint 17 Figure 2.3 : Welded Joint 18 Figure 2.4 : Single Gland Mechanical Joint 18 Figure 2.5 : Tapers 21 Figure 2.6 : Flange Adaptors 22 Figure 2.7 : Bends 23 Figure 2.8 : Tees 24 Figure 2.9 : Angle Branches and Crosses 24 Figure 2.10 : Puddle Flange 25 Figure 2.11 : Bellmouth 26 Figure 2.12 : Rose Strainer 27 Figure 2.13 : Branch Vent 35 Figure 2.14 : Continuous Vent 36 Figure 2.15 : Common Vent 37 Figure 2.16 : Loop Vent 38 Figure 4.0 : Branch no.1 (Apartment type A) Figure 4.1 : Branch no.2 (Apartment type A) xiv

19 Figure 4.2 : Branch no.3 (Apartment type A) 50 Figure 4.3 : Branch no.4 (Apartment type A) 51 Figure 4.4 : Branch no.5 (Apartment type A) 52 Figure 4.5 : Branch no.1 (Apartment type B) 56 Figure 4.6 : Branch no.2 (Apartment type B) 57 Figure 4.7 : Branch no.3 (Apartment type B) 58 Figure 4.8 : Branch no.4 (Apartment type B) 59 Figure 4.9 : Branch no.5 (Apartment type B) 60 Figure 4.10 : Soil and Waste Schematic Diagram for Apartment Type A and Type B (From 4 th floor to 3 rd floor continued next page) 77 Figure 4.11 : Soil and Waste Schematic Diagram for Apartment Type A and Type B (From 2 nd floor to 1 st floor) 78 xv

20 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Water Supply System in a Building Piping system can be defined as a series of pipe networks that connect with one after another from one junction known as nodes distributing water supply to all parts of the building. In most cases, water supply system includes water service pipe and the water-distributing pipe. More specifically piping system in a building covers much on categories such as kind of piping networks used, selection of pipes from manufacturer, code of practice used in installing and servicing the pipes and maintenance of piping system in a building itself. As a building engineer, one must know the criteria needs for a building to keep its water flows steady without any problem or errors occurred during its lifetime period. In buildings, pipe engineering plays a vital part in understanding the regularities of building services so that each of the aspect safety, maintenance and life span of the building can be elongated. Criteria that need to be emphasized in determining the right pipe to be installed in a building are the diameter of pipes used, the flowrates from each inlets and outlets, headloss and pressures where water flows in a pipe from a high point of high pressure to a point of lower pressure [3]. Crucial as before, 1

21 the variety of pipes need to be identified to determine whether or not the pipe is suitable for all climates. Pipe system also needs maintenance throughout its entire life. Maintenance included detection of possible problems encountered such as corrosion, water hammers, unsteady pressures (shock wave) and leakage. Knowing the past records of water consumption demand and the peak factor, we could possibly sort out the approximate the peak demand for each of the building and predict the how much it consumes for a day. Each pipe is serviced, analyze and monitor to determine the life span of pipes in each network system. 1.2 Drainage System in a Building Another vital aspect of building services is drainage system. It can be defined as a system of piping within private or public premises that conveys sewage (i.e., any liquid waste containing animal, vegetable, or chemical wastes in solution), rainwater, or other liquid wastes to an approved point of disposal, which does not include the mains of a public sewer system. The presence of the drainage system in all buildings is to ensure proper drainage clean, sanitary condition of human life. The gravity drainage system is commonly used in all building all over the world and a trap to eliminate stench and vermin is introduced in sanitary facilities. Actual discharge of a drainage pipe is complex phenomenon may consist of water air and solids; airflow in drainage stack is promoted through mixing and friction from the falling water. It causes negative pressure originated from the upper floor and positive pressure on the lower floor in the building. The impact of inconsistency may create the destruction of 2

22 water seals in the trap and causes many sanitary problems in a building drainage system in a building [2]. Further explanation of drainage system in a building can be referred in chapter Objectives As part of the requirement in conducting the final year project, the objectives are: a) To determine the required standards used in servicing and installing pipes in pipe system and recognizing the type of pipe were used; b) To give detail data analysis on flowrate on selected buildings by determining the loading unit of each fixtures; c) To give detail data analysis on Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit (SDFU) for sizing the sanitary pipes in a building. 1.4 Aim The specific aim for this project is to come out with a data that can improve the current piping system in the building thus gives solution towards the corresponding problem. It is to ensure adequate water supply to all fixtures at all times and to achieve economic sizing of piping. 3

23 1.5 Scope of study This study covers 2 current hostels in UNIMAS temporary campus. The chosen one is Kenari Collage. Kenari College was situated on the right side of the main temporary campus which accommodate up to 120 students per hostel. The figures are estimated based on number of student per apartment (1 apartment = 8 students). Numbers of apartment are 5 per floor which for the entire 4-storey building is 120 students in total, excluding the ground floor. The provision of cold water supply were channeled through out the entire building using an upfeed system, elevating the water through a series of pumping booster from the ground originated from the presteel tank with a dimension of [2400 x 3600 x 1200 (H) ] mm 3. The pre-steel water tank is able to supply up to 2400 gallons of water for both blocks during crucial times. 4

24 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General Most buildings are equipped with domestic water system with the sole purpose to provide a safe, healthy supply of potable water, at an adequate temperature and pressure, to all plumbing fixtures within a building. Furthermore the water distribution system varies materially from the drain, waste and vent system. 2.2 Distribution System in a Low Rise Building Distribution system for 4 to 5 storey high buildings is using an upfeed system where the pressure is sufficient enough to distribute water throughout an entire building. Distributions to all floors are done by implementing a single pressure zone in which it uses the water main as the source of water supply for continuous supplying. The height that served without pumps to boost the water pressure depends on the available pressure in the water main, the requirement of the fixtures, and applicable plumbing code. When there is no flow in the building, the condition is known as static pressure but once the water flows in the system the pressure will subsequently loss due to friction losses. From here the residual pressure is obtained 5