STRUCTURES Year 1 Term 2. Danae Polyviou Rob Knight
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1 STRUCTURES Year 1 Term 2
2 Role of Structural Engineer: Imagine the likely behaviour of a structure that does not yet exist Bring experience from other projects (an engineer will work on many more projects than an architect) Suggest appropriate structural forms Think both qualitatively and quantitatively about loads, materials and structures and switch between both modes of thought
3 Ove Arup The term Total Architecture implies that all relevant design decisions have been considered together and have been integrated into a whole by a well organised team empowered to fix priorities.
4 Pier Luigi Nervi Architecture, for Nervi, was "a synthesis of technology and art." To find the logical solution to a limiting set of factors within a highly competitive situation was, for him, "to build correctly."
5 Frei Otto To build means to make architecture real on the borders of knowledge.
6 Gaudi Do you want to know where I found my model? An upright tree; it bears its branches and these, in turn, their twigs, and these, in turn, the leaves While designing the Sagrada Familia, in order to evolve a structure in equilibrium, Gaudi designed catenary cord models with weights that transformed the hanging curves into funicular polygonal elements from which the masons took measurements.
7 What is a structure? A structure is something that can support an object or a load.
8 What does a structure consist of? 1. A structural element i.e beam, column, arch, strut, tie, wall, slab 2. Combination of structural elements/ systems i.e truss, frame, gridshell Key parameters affecting element s behaviour? - Material - Span - Structural system (i.e simply supported, continuous, cantilever, moment frame etc) - Geometry of section (i.e I-beam, RHS, CHS etc) - Support conditions (i.e pinned, fixed, slider) - Connection between elements - Load type (i.e point load, uniformly distributed load etc) - Geometry
9 Structure must be designed to satisfy: Strength to support its own weight and whatever load is applied to it without breaking Stiffness to prevent excessive deflections Stability to prevent collapse
10 Strength: How much load can it take before breaking? Depends on - the material and its capacity - Size of profile - the combination of the elements - The structural system - Support conditions - Span
11 Stiffness:
12 Stiffness: E Young s Modulus Elasticity depends on the material I Second moment of Inertia depends on the size/ geometry of the section EI Stiffness E= Stress, σ/ Strain, ε Stress: amount of internal forces acting on an element Strain: deformation of a solid due to stress
13 Stiffness: I = Second moment of Inertia I= bd 3 / 12 + A d 2
14 Typical Loads On A Building Snow Wind Notional Elevators Plant Services Soil pressure Hydrostatic Heave Cleaning Self-weight Dead Imposed Cladding Blast / impact Seismic Thermal Shrinkage Pre-stress Vehicles Braking
15 Static and Dynamic Analysis Static: Is the branch of mechanics that deals with forces and force systems that act on bodies in equilibrium as described in the following. Dynamics: Is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of a system of material particles under the influence of forces. Dynamic equilibrium, also known as kinetic equilibrium, is the condition of a mechanical system when the kinetic reaction of all forces acting on it are in dynamic equilibrium.
16 Equilibrium Externally applied loads cause internal forces and deflections and external reactions Key concept of equilibrium resultants of all forces sum to zero
17 Structural behaviour under action of loads:
18 Structural behaviour under action of loads: Compression Shorten Tension Elongate Bending Bends Locally :Top: Compression Bottom: Tension Shear Slide
19 Shear Diagram Moment Diagram Deflection
20 Buckling: Failure mode of compression elements. Parameters affecting it: - Load - Span of element - Stiffness of section ( geometry + size) Elements in compression are noticeable fatter than elements in tension because they have to be designed against buckling.
21 Load Vectors Vertical : Dead Load, Live Load, Snow Load, Wind Load, Seismic etc Horizontal: Wind Load, Seismic, Human Impact etc Require a structural system for each direction. Either the same or a different structural system.
22 Frame Lateral Stability
23 Frame Lateral Stability
24 Supports Roller Pin Fixed
25 The Elements
26 1. Spanning structures
27 Beam It bends in order to carry the load It carries the load in : - Bending Locally: - Tension on bottom - Compression on top
28 Atrium Roof Beams - The Angel Building, Islington EC1V 4AB Beams
29 Bridge of Aspiration, Wilkinson Eyre Architects Floral Street, Covent Garden Beams
30 Cantilever They have to be fixed at one end. They work in bending
31 Diving Boards, London Aquatic Centre - Olympic Park, Stratford, London E20 Cantilevers
32 Vauxhall Bondway Bus Station Canopy Vauxhall, London SE11 Cantilevers
33 Truss Trusses are an efficient way to carry loads with minimal material. They support load much like beams, but for longer spans. They bent in order to carry the load as : - Tension on bottom - Compression on top
34 Borough High Street rail bridge London Bridge SE1 Trusses
35 St Pancras Station Trusses
36 Slabs / Plates/Decks Work in bending Transfer vertical loads. If stiff enough can also contribute to the lateral stability.
37 National Theatre Southbank, London SE1 Slabs
38 Queen Elizabeth Hall foyer Southbank, London SE1 Slabs
39 2. Vertical load bearing structures
40 Column Carry vertical loads to the ground In Compression Prone to buckling
41 Columns Barbican Centre
42 02 Arena -Greenwich Peninsula, London SE10 Columns
43 Walls Vertical Load Path Can act as shear walls for lateral stability Barcelona Pavilion
44 Thermal Baths Vals Walls
45 3. Arching structures
46 Arch It is in compression throughout. Arches transmit large horizontal thrust into their supports.
47 Dome An arch but in 3D. It is in compression throughout.
48 St Paul s Cathedral London EC4M Dome
49 St Martin in the Fields Crypt Trafalgar Square, London WC2N Dome / Vault
50 4. Lateral stability systems
51 Moment or Braced Frames Combination of beams and columns Lateral Stability
52 Neo Bankside - Bankside London SE1 Braced Frame
53 Murray Grove Flats Murray Grove, London N1 Braced Frame
54 Tower Stability gerkin Swiss Re ( The Gherkin ) - 30 St Mary Axe, City of London EC3A
55 The Shard - Joiner Street, Southwark,London SE1 Tower Stability
56 Core/ Braced cores or Shear Walls
57 5. Tensile systems
58 Cable Only in Tension
59 Millennium Bridge London Suspension Span
60 Suspension Span Golden Jubilee Footbridges - Hungerford Bridge, London Albert Bridge, Battersea, London
61 6. Form active structures
62 Gridshells Grid of slender elements that transfer axial loads. They are form-active structures as they acquire their strength and stiffness through their form and shape. They are most efficient when doubly curved.
63 Westfield Shopping Mall Shepherd Bush Gridshells
64 Cutty Sark - Greenwich Gridshells
65 Fabric Structures Only in Tension
66 Fabric Structure Spitafield Markets Fabric Structures
67 Serpentine Slacker Gallery Fabric Structures
68 Structural design Load path diagrams 1. Loads : which loads are acting on our structure and in which form/ direction? 2. Which parameters do we have to fulfill? Strength + Stability: to avoid collapse - Stiffness: to avoid excessive deflections 3. Sketch a load path or alternative load paths on our structure in order to identify the best structural system or systems: a) Begin by drawing the load vectors b) Walk along the structure with your pen following the path of the load from their point of application towards the ground / supports c) Sketch structural elements/ combined elements for transferring the loads d) Make sure we have a structural system for transferring the loads from their point of application to the ground
69 Load Path Action Re-Action Re-Action
70 Structural system and deflected shape
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