High-Performance Wood Structures: An Example of Increased Efficiency in Multi- Family Construction
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1 High-Performance Wood Structures: An Example of Increased Efficiency in Multi- Family Construction Presented by: Michelle Apigian AIA, LEED AP, AICP, CPHC Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board.
2 Course Description For this case study presentation, The Distillery's 28-unit Phase 1 building a six-story, wood-frame over podium Passive House project under construction in South Boston will be used to highlight design and construction principles that can radically reduce energy consumption. Applicable to nearly all building types, the discussion will highlight how this low-load building approach can be applied both to new construction as well as retrofit. Emphasis will be placed on the deepening knowledge and evolving strategies that helped produce a highly-efficient, cost-effective building that will be affordable to operate, comfortable and healthy to be in and highly resilient. Details, testing data and lessons learned will be shared, with a special focus on the thermal envelope, continuous air barrier implementation and efficient ventilation systems. Wood s use as structural material will be discussed, as will its role in providing a cost-effective building approach that allowed this project to come to fruition and afforded further sustainability features to be implemented.
3 Learning Objectives 1. Review Passive House standards for multi-family construction. 2. Highlight the construction details used to provide significant energy reduction. 3. Discuss the role that wood framing played in reducing construction costs on New England s first multi-family Passive House project. 4. Explore lessons learned from the design and construction process of The Distillery project. Learning Level: Level Application/Implementation
4 Agenda/Outline What is Passive House Goals History Examples How Super-Insulated Air Tight Continuously Ventilated Case Study: Distillery Evolution Details
5 PASSIVE HOUSE: THE WORLD S MOST ENERGY EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE STANDARD Goal: lower consumption Radically reduce energy demand Requirements: measurable criteria Meet a specifically low energy budget
6 WHAT IT IS NOT HOLISTIC SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: LEED, Living Building Challenge Site 18% Materials 13% Water 12% Location 8% Energy 32% IEQ 17%
7 WHAT IT IS A SIGNIFICANT PIECE OF THE PUZZLE Energy 32% Insulation Air Infiltration Windows Heating/Cooling Hot Water Lighting Appliances 49% IEQ 17% Ventilation Moisture Control Heating/Cooling Distribution Air Filtering
8 WHAT IT IS NOT NET ZERO: Balancing load with Renewable Energy Energy Consumption Heating Cooling Ventilation Hot Water Lighting Appliances Plug Loads Energy Generation Photovoltaic Wind Solar Thermal Geothermal
9 WHAT IT IS FOUNDATION FOR NET ZERO : #1 #2 Minimize Load + Produce with Passive House with Renewable Energy
10 WHAT IT IS FOUNDATION FOR NET POSITIVE : CONSUMPTION GENERATION
11 WHAT IT IS RADICALLY LOW ENERGY
12 WHAT IT IS THE HIGHEST ENERGY STANDARD
13 HISTORY Passive House Institute, US (PHIUS) founded in 2006
14 HISTORY 70 S INCEPTION IN NORTH AMERICA
15 HISTORY 70 s & 80 S PRECEDENTS IN NORTH AMERICA Saskatchewan Conservation House 85% reduction in energy use Critical Concepts New terminology: Superinsulation Air-tight construction Blower Door Test Thermal Bridging Low E glazing Triple Glazed Windows Heat Recovery Ventilators
16 HISTORY 90 S Formalized in Germany Passive House Institute Founded in Germany in 1996 Over 30,000 estimated worldwide
17 HISTORY 2000 S Back to the US Passive House Institute, US (PHIUS) founded in 2006 Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) Founded in 2006
18 EXAMPLES International Commercial
19 EXAMPLES International School/University
20 EXAMPLES International Multifamily/Hotel
21 EXAMPLES International Retrofit
22 EXAMPLES US Multifamily
23 EXAMPLES US Commercial/Educational
24 THE STANDARD Radical Simplicity
25 THE STANDARD Measurable Criteria 4.75 kbtu/ftsq/yr 4.75 kbtu/ftsq/yr.6 ACH 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 0 Annual Space Heating Energy Demand Annual Space Cooling Energy Demand Peak Heat Load Peak Cooling Load Airtightness Primary Energy Demand Commercial Primary Energy Demand Residential 5.3 kbtu/ftsq/yr 2.9 kbtu/ftsq/yr 4.4 BTU/ftsq/hr 4.2 BTU/ftsq/hr pa pa 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 6200 kwh/person *climate specific: Boston
26 THE STANDARD Measurable Criteria Annual Space Heating/Cooling Demand Airtightness Primary Energy Demand = Miles Per Gallon for the Building = Durability = Carbon Footprint
27 Carbon Footprint Source of Energy/Conversion Losses
28 THE STANDARD How does this Compare? 4.75 kbtu/ftsq/yr 4.75 kbtu/ftsq/yr Annual Space Heating Energy Demand Annual Space Cooling Energy Demand 5.3 kbtu/ftsq/yr 2.9 kbtu/ftsq/yr 0 Office: K-12: Res: 33 kbtu/ftsq/yr 29 kbtu/ftsq/yr 24 kbtu/ftsq/yr *climate specific: Boston 0 **2-3 TIMES**
29 THE STANDARD How does this Compare? 4.75 kbtu/ftsq/yr 4.75 kbtu/ftsq/yr Annual Space Heating Energy Demand Annual Space Cooling Energy Demand Mass Maritime LEED Platinum 10.2 kbtu/ftsq/yr **2 TIMES** 5.3 kbtu/ftsq/yr kbtu/ftsq/yr 0 Office: K-12: Res: 33 kbtu/ftsq/yr 29 kbtu/ftsq/yr 24 kbtu/ftsq/yr *climate specific: Boston 0 **2-3 TIMES**
30 THE STANDARD How does this Compare?.6 ACH 0 Airtightness 2009 IECC <7 ACH IECC <.4 CFM/ftsq Roughly equiv to <3 ACH pa pa 0 **3 TIMES**
31 THE STANDARD How does this Compare?.6 ACH 0 Airtightness 2009 IECC <7 ACH IECC <.4 CFM/ftsq Roughly equiv to <3 ACH50 Highland Terrace LEED Platinum 2.36 ACH50 **4 TIMES** pa pa 0 **3 TIMES**
32 THE STANDARD How does this Compare? Highland Terrace 50-54
33 THE STANDARD How does this Compare? 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 0 Primary Energy Demand Commercial Primary Energy Demand Residential Office: K-12: Res: 148 kbtu/ftsq/yr 141 kbtu/ftsq/yr 68 kbtu/ftsq/yr 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 6200 kwh/person 0 **2-3 TIMES**
34 THE STANDARD How does this Compare? 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 0 Primary Energy Demand Commercial Primary Energy Demand Residential 38 kbtu/ftsq/yr 6200 kwh/person Office: K-12: Res: kbtu/ftsq/yr 141 kbtu/ftsq/yr 68 kbtu/ftsq/yr
35 THE STANDARD How does this Compare?
36 HOW DO YOU GET THERE?
37 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? What drives Energy Demand? Heating and Cooling makes up nearly 50% energy Demand
38 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Thermal Control Air Tightness Mechanical Systems Lighting/Appliances/Plug Loads
39 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Thermal Control Geometry (Lower surface to Volume Ratio) Orientation (Optimize Solar Heat Gain/Shading) R-Value (Slab, Roof, Walls & Windows) Minimize Thermal Bridging = HUMAN COMFORT
40 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Thermal Control Geometry (Lower surface to Volume Ratio) Orientation (Optimize Solar Heat Gain/Shading) R-Value (Slab, Roof, Walls & Windows) Minimize Thermal Bridging = HUMAN COMFORT
41 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Thermal Control Brooklyn Hts Passive House Taken on a Freezing night, Winter 2012
42 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Air Tightness Continuous Air Tight Layer Minimize and Seal all Penetrations Detail Transitions Consider Construction sequence = DURABILITY
43 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Air Tightness Infiltration Leads to Heat Loss Moisture Migration
44 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Air Tightness Determine the boundary of the PH envelope
45 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Air Tightness The Devil is in the Details
46 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Air Tightness Test For Continuity
47 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Thermal Control Air Tightness
48 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Mechanical Systems Balanced Ventilation (ERV/HRV) Heating/Cooling (Point source vs Distributed) Hot Water
49 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Mechanical Systems Benefits of the HRV/ERV Controlled Ventilation Transfers Heat Reduces Heating need in winter Reduces Cooling need in summer Reduces Condensation/Mold
50 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Mechanical Systems Infiltration vs. Ventilation
51 HOW DO YOU GET THERE? Drive Down Loads Lighting/Appliances/Plug Loads Efficiency Life Cycle Smart Controls Renewables Plan for them, but don t count on them
52 BENEFITS Reduced Carbon Footprint: Radically low energy Comfortable: No drafts or temperature swings Healthy: High Quality, Continuously filtered Air Resilient: Extreme Thermal Stability Affordable to Operate: Low Utility Bills for life
53 Passive House in Practice - New Construction - Retrofit Thermal Control Air Tightness Mechanical Systems Lighting/Appliances/Plug Loads
54 Passive House in Practice New Construction
55 Passive House in Practice New Construction The Distillery South Boston, MA Mixed Use 28 Units
56 Passive House in Practice New Construction The Distillery South Boston, MA Mixed Use 28 Units
57 Passive House in Practice New Construction 4 Stories Wood over Podium Cost Effective Efficient Panelized Flexible 0
58 Passive House in Practice New Construction
59 Passive House in Practice New Construction Thermal Control SLAB: (R-23) 6 EPS above deck
60 Passive House in Practice New Construction Thermal Control WALL: (R-54) 3 cont. mineral wool 2X8 wood studs filled w/ cellulose
61 Passive House in Practice New Construction Thermal Control ROOF: (R-64) Truss cavity filled with batt insulation
62 Passive House in Practice New Construction Thermal Control WINDOWS: U-0.134
63 Passive House in Practice New Construction Thermal Control Solar Gain Optimization
64 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness SLAB
65 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness WALLS
66 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness ROOF
67 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness WINDOWS
68 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness TRANSITIONS
69 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness TRANSITIONS
70 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness TRANSITIONS
71 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness TRANSITIONS
72 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness TRANSITIONS
73 Passive House in Practice New Construction Air Tightness TESTING
74 Passive House in Practice SYSTEMS New Construction Ventilation Energy Recovery Ventilator - Zehnder
75 Passive House in Practice New Construction SYSTEMS Heating/Cooling Heat Pumps - Mitsubishi
76 Passive House in Practice New Construction SYSTEMS Individual
77 BENEFITS Reduced Carbon Footprint: Radically low energy Comfortable: No drafts or temperature swings Healthy: High Quality, Continuously filtered Air Resilient: Extreme Thermal Stability Affordable to Operate: Low Utility Bills for life
78 BUILDING INHERENT VALUE Re-Prioritize Costs More $ - Envelope Less $ - Mechanical Systems/ductwork Always Saving- Low Operational Costs for the life of the Building
79 The Distillery New Construction
80 QUESTIONS? This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Michelle Apigian ICON Architecture, inc.
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