Volunteer Inventory Training Manual

Transcription

1 Volunteer Inventory Training Manual A Training Guide For Community Street Tree Inventories MLL USDA Forest Service ~ Northeast Area

2 WELCOME LETTER NOTE TO INVENTORY ORGANIZERS: This letter may be printed on official letterhead of the community government and should be substituted as this page of your community's manual. DATE Dear Inventory Participant: Welcome to the (YEAR) inventory of street trees in (NAME OF COMMUNITY). With your assistance, a complete survey of every street tree in (NAME OF NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY) will soon be completed. The collected information will be analyzed to create and implement more effective community forest management strategies. We look forward to working with you to achieve this important goal. Whether you are a participant or a workshop leader, we are confident that your participation will lead you to gain valuable experience and acquire useful skills. We hope that you will also gain a better understanding of your critical role as a volunteer and steward of the street trees, and an increased awareness of the importance of the community forest and its role in the urban ecosystem of (NAME OF COMMUNITY). It is citizens such as you who make (NAME OF COMMUNITY) an even better place in which to work and live. On behalf of everyone working on this project, I thank you for your effort in helping to make the (YEAR) Inventory of (NAME OF COMMUNITY) s Street Trees a success. Sincerely, (Name of MAYOR, PARK COMMISSIONER, TREE WARDEN, etc.) (Title)

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4 Table of Contents About this manual.. 5 Module 1. TREE INVENTORIES: AN OVERVIEW PRESENTATION 1. Why do a Community Inventory. 7 Types of inventories.. 8 Street tree definitions.. 12 Geographic Information Systems 16 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) EXERCISE 1. GIS Crossword Puzzle 22 Module 2. TREE CHARACTERISTICS PRESENTATION 2. Size (DBH).. 24 Condition 27 Maintenance need.. 30 Problem trees EXERCISE 2. Matching Review Worksheet.. 44 Module 3. TREE IDENTIFICATION PRESENTATION 3. Tree i.d. terminology and techniques. 45 1

5 Table of Contents Module 4. MAPPING PRESENTATION 4. Mapping trees Numbering trees Recording tree locations on maps 59 Recording tree locations on aerial photos 60 Module 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION PRESENTATION 5. Using tree species codes 62 Using the itree Data Collection Software. 66 Appendix A. Primary/Secondary Lists of 2-letter Species Codes. A-1 Appendix B Solutions for exercises. B-1 Appendix C. Visual aids: pages for overhead transparencies. C-1 2

6 Acknowledgments Acknowledgement Page(s) Goes Here 3

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8 About This Manual The is intended for use by both volunteer participants and training workshop leaders. It is designed to help volunteer data collectors develop the skills necessary to inventory trees accurately. It includes information on tree identification, measurement, assessment of tree condition, identification of maintenance needs, and mapping tree locations along a public roadway. The manual is divided into five sections, followed by appendices. Each section covers a specific inventory topic area, which should be completed in its entirety. A supplemental Tree Identification Text will be provided to assist volunteers in determining specific genus and species of the trees that will be inventoried. Intended use Content layout The manual s format maintains generous blank spaces on the right side of each page, so that participants may add their own notes and information during the formal training sessions. This will increase the value of the manual as an individual reference source during and after the actual inventory. Space for note taking 5

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10 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES There are a number of reasons to conduct an inventory of public trees. The data collected in a community tree inventory provides essential information to Why do an inventory of community trees? Profile the species, size and age composition of the community forest Provide information about individual trees and groups of trees Summarize and analyze condition of individual trees and of the entire forest Record information about significant trees Reveal planting needs Monitor planting success rates Identify potentially hazardous trees Set priorities for maintenance Develop maintenance schedules based on those priorities Identify budget needs Create budget requests to municipal government Establish a foundation for keeping continuous records Create public reports of trees planted, pruned and removed Build public support for protecting and expanding the community forest Establish its dollar value Set benchmarks for future planning 7

11 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES The decision of what type of inventory to undertake will be based upon the need identified by the community. The options include: Types of inventories Windshield survey Specific problem inventory Sampling method Inventory of parks and natural areas Cover type survey Complete inventory Periodic Continuous A windshield survey is used to collect tree information while riding in a vehicle. It offers the advantages of being both quick and inexpensive. Although it is not a feasible method for precise data collection, it is helpful for identifying readily visible problems such as dead trees or hanging limbs. A specific problem inventory is used to assess how many trees in the community are affected by one or more specified conditions. For example, a specific problem inventory might be conducted Windshield survey Specific problem inventory To inspect all elm trees for signs of Dutch Elm disease To inspect all hemlock trees in order to find those infected with the insect pest, Hemlock Wooly Adelgid To identify potentially hazardous trees 8

12 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES A tree survey of a sample as small as ten percent can be sufficient to create statistical summaries about species and size composition. Results of such samples are reasonably accurate to draw generalized conclusions about the overall tree population. Sampling method Two keys to accuracy are essential: The sample must be strictly random The overall tree population must be reasonably homogeneous For example, if the community consists of established residential areas and others that are newly built, entirely random samples should be taken from each type of area. Sample surveys are best done on foot, since a windshield survey lessens accuracy considerably. An inventory of natural areas is generally needed in order to protect remnants of woodlands that survive in populated areas. Such woodlands need active management to prevent deterioration from overuse, abuse and neglect. Inventory of parks and natural areas In feature parks that are heavily used, it may be important to collect detailed data on individual trees, and to map the tree locations precisely. In park natural areas where the trees grow in dense groups, a sampling method may be sufficient to collect data and generalize results without measuring individual trees. 9

13 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES A cover type survey uses aerial photographs to analyze the extent and distribution of tree canopy cover. Canopy cover is the land area covered by crowns of trees. This information is useful to monitor trends in the amount of tree cover and to help quantify the energy saving potential of existing trees. Cover type survey A complete inventory is implemented to examine and record comprehensive data about each tree, including Complete inventory Genus and species Location, usually tied to an address Size Condition Maintenance need Vacant sites The inventory may also include identification of potential planting sites. A periodic inventory should be updated on a 3-5 year maximum cycle. Continuous updating involves the ongoing entry of tree work requests and completed work histories, usually on a daily or weekly basis. A complete, continuous inventory is the most time-consuming and expensive type, but also the most useful and accurate. Periodic or continuous 10

14 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES OAK PEAR GINKGO Balanced range of tree species ASH MAPLE Information collected in a complete inventory allows the entire tree population to be analyzed. Results may then be summarized in reports and visually depicted in graphs and charts. For example, an analysis of inventory data might reveal a genus distribution such as the one illustrated in the pie chart below. This graph could also be labeled with the actual percentages of each genus. Tree inventory analysis Species distribution The results of a tree inventory may also be used to make so-called smart maps that link tree genus to location and illustrate geographic genus distribution. 11

15 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Street trees are defined as trees that are located within the public right-ofway or the layout of a public road. The laws of the individual state generally grant to the local municipalities the authority for street and public shade trees within their own geographical areas. Definition The public street trees must be identified because they are the focus of maintenance efforts by the municipality. Street trees have to be pruned to keep branches from interfering with vehicles and pedestrians, and with utility wires. Potentially hazardous trees must be removed to protect the safety of residents. Tree maintenance Under some state or local laws, public trees may sometimes be planted set back from the right of way on private property to benefit all citizens. These trees then become the maintenance responsibility of the individual property owner. Inventory volunteers should follow the guidelines below to determine whether a particular tree should be counted. The following illustrations describe four ways that a street tree may be located relative to a public right-of-way. A section view illustrates the street as seen in cross-section. A plan view illustrates the street as seen looking down from directly overhead. Identifying street trees 12

16 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES 1. The tree is located between the curb and the sidewalk. Tree located between curb and sidewalk 2. The tree is located within the sidewalk corridor. It is usually planted in an underground tree pit or well. Tree located within the sidewalk 13

17 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES 3. On streets that do not have sidewalks, the tree is located within feet of a curb or pavement edge. Tree located within feet of a curb or pavement edge 4. The tree is located on a traffic island or median strip. Tree located on a traffic island or median strip 14

18 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES If the tree is not located as described above, it is not considered a street tree. The following are not street trees: What is NOT a street tree a tree located between the sidewalk and a house or building a tree located on the front yard of a property Unless it is within feet of a road without a sidewalk, where there is a specific state or local law that defines a distance for an allowable public tree setback planting a tree that arches over the street Unless it is actually planted in one of the four types of locations described on the previous pages 15

19 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Geographic Information Systems, often shortened to GIS, is a computer system comprised of electronic hardware and software. A GIS holds and uses data that has been linked with specific places on the earth s surface. Definition of GIS A GIS enables the user to link an attribute (such as a tree) to its geographic location. Information that describes the attribute is contained in a table in a computer database. The geographic location for that same attribute is entered in a different table. The table with the geographic locations of the attributes (trees) is then joined to the table with the information (data) collected about that attribute, to create a system that holds both types of information. So-called smart maps can be created from this joined information. For example, a data collector may use a spreadsheet to record the number of sugar maple trees and characteristics about each one such as size, condition, etc. When this information is entered into a computerized GIS, the GIS allows the user to analyze the information spatially. Analyzing a sugar maple population In this example, a GIS can describe how many and where the sugar maples are located by Neighborhood Census tract Planning area Road type 16

20 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES The information analysis can be further refined to look at how many and where the sugar maples in good, fair, and poor condition are located in each of the above areas. This information can be displayed either in text spreadsheets, or on graphic maps, or both. Layers of data in a GIS A geographic information system consists of various data sets called layers. Many communities begin building a GIS by starting with separate layers for roads, parcels and building footprints. Additional layers may include underground utilities, fire hydrants, and overhead wires. These may be part of the initial GIS, or added later as data. When the tree inventory data has been processed, each tree record will be in a database and will be related to its real world location in the community. The community will actually be able to determine an individual tree s latitude and longitude on the planet s surface. This information will form the tree layer in a community s GIS. As trees are planted and maintenance work is performed, the database can be continually updated to keep the information current. The significant advantage of a GIS is that it contains all the information necessary for the various municipal departments to manage both the infrastructure and the natural systems. A data set of trees could be linked with a data set of overhead wires to determine where conflicts between the two are likely to exist. Creating the tree data layer Advantage of a community tree layer 17

21 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES A map with roads. A map with roads, buildings and water bodies. 18

22 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES A map with roads, buildings, water bodies and trees 19

23 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Personal Digital Assistant, often shortened to PDA, is a hand-held computer that stores, provides access to, and organizes information in many formats. The major operating systems are Windows-based (Pocket PC) and the Palm Operating System (Palm PDA). PDA s can be either screen-based or keyboard based for the user s convenience. Definition of PDA The major advantages provided by PDA s include Personal Information Management where one can store and retrive addresses and phone numbers, maintain a calender, and create to-do lists and store important notes. A plethora of software applications allow for storage of databases, creation of word processing documents, spreadsheets, and also provide and Internet access. Synchronization is a unique tool offered when using PDA s and it allows for the exchange of information with a desktop or laptop computer (where you can store any and all data collected in the field). PDA s come with cables or docking stations to connect them to your desktop or notebook computer. Wireless Internet and access is available for a fee. synchronization with a desktop or laptop computer Screen Display offers you a wide variety of options from 256 to 64,000 colors, monochrome or gray-scale, varying screen sizes for your preference (larger screens offer ease of reading). Active Matrix which gives better display versus Passive Matrix which uses less battery power. PDA power sources can be permanent rechargeable batteries, standard alkaline batteries, or removable rechargeable batteries. Length of service varies with each PDA. Recharge time may also vary depending on the battery. You can use the PDA while the battery is recharging. 20

24 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Memory typically varies from 2MB to 64MB or memory, but as the technology is rapidly advancing, so to is the amount of memory a PDA can be purchased with. A PDA with 2MB of memory is generally sufficient to fill address books, maintain an active calendar, take notes, and load useful programs. More memory may be needed to store large files like digital photos, databases, or large software programs. You have the option to expand the memory of certain PDA s with small storage cards that can be inserted into the PDA. PDA software options are broken into two categories depending on your type of PDA: Palm OS Palm Pilot PDA or the Windows CE Pocket PC. The differences are that Palm OS devices work best basic contact management, the Palm OS PDA s are generally smaller, cheaper, lighter, and have vastly better battery life. The Pocket PC units have flashier color screens and more multimedia capabilities, but are more expensive and have shorter battery life. The amount of memory effects the performance capabilites Palm OS (Palm Pilot PDA) versus Windows CE (Pocket PC) Palm Pilot PDA Manufacturers (Palm OS Palm Pilot PDA ) include Palm Pilot, Sony Clie, and Handspring Visor. Pocket PC Manufacturers (Windows CE Pocket PC) include Compaq I-Paq, and HP Jornada. For more information you can go to the USDA Forest Service, Northeast Center for Urban & Community Forestry website at: 21

25 Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES ACROSS 1. Angular distance, measured in degrees, north or south from equator 2. Global Positioning System 3. Fact or figures to be processed 4. Distinct data sets 5. Locations of features and attributes 6. Connection between maps and data 7. Line or thing marking a limit 8. Delicious 9. Object rocketed into orbit around earth DOWN 1. Position in space 2. Data, news, facts; knowledge acquired 3. Reference to descriptive science dealing with surface of the earth 4. Distance east or west on earth s surface, measured as an arc of the equator between the meridian passing through a particular place (usually Greenwich, England) 5. To examine for some specific purpose 6. Set of facts connected to form a unity 7. A woody stemmed perennial plant usually over 13 tall and with a single stem 22

26 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics The first step in inventory data collection is to identify the tree genus and species. The next step is to note the important items or characteristics about each tree. These usually include size (DBH), condition, planting site, and maintenance need. This presentation will discuss each of these last four items, in order to help volunteers learn definitions and techniques for tree assessment. In the course of the inventory, volunteers will encounter trees that have many different types of problems. Sometimes the problems are insignificant. In other cases, the visible signs may be indications of serious underlying problems. The experience of a professional arborist is required to distinguish between the two. The second part of this presentation, titled Problem Trees, is designed to teach volunteers to recognize signs that indicate that particular trees should be further evaluated with consultation by a professional arborist. The urban forestry tree measurement standard for size is the trunk diameter, measured at breast height. This measurement is usually abbreviated as DBH (all capital letters). Breast height is defined as 4.5 feet (4.5 ) above ground level. Data collectors and others using the DBH measurement find it most convenient to locate 4.5 on their own bodies and make a mental or tangible note of that spot. This eliminates the repetitive step of measuring each tree 4.5 up from the ground in order to find the correct spot to measure diameter. Data collection items Learning to identify problem trees Definition of DBH Locating 4.5 on human body 23

27 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Participants may do this now, during a break, or at the completion of this presentation. Measure and mark 4.5 up from the floor, either On a wall with masking tape, or On a blackboard with chalk Stand next to the mark Note the height on the individual where the marked height corresponds A diameter tape (DBH tape) differs from a standard measuring tape in that it has measurement numbers on both sides of the tape, but the sides are scaled differently. One side Measures distances in feet and tenths of a foot (NOT inches) May be used to measure where 4.5 is located on human body Other side The numbers are further apart, converted to measure tree diameter Is used to measure DBH The procedure to measure DBH with a diameter tape is as follows: Wrap the tape around the tree at 4.5 above ground, until zero on the tape reaches the tape again Read the number where the zero meets the tape. This is the tree diameter. Be sure to read the correct side of the tape! Participant exercise The DBH measuring tape Using a diameter tape to measure DBH Measuring DBH 24

28 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Another tool to measure DBH is a Biltmore cruiser stick, similar in appearance to a yardstick but with four sides. One side of the stick is marked tree diameter. Holding the stick at arm s length, at 4.5 above the ground, and against the tree, the user aligns the left side of the stick with the left edge of the tree trunk. The user reads the number on the stick s right end that is aligned with the right edge of the tree trunk. It is important to use only one eye; close the other eye, and hold the head still. The height at which the diameter is measured may have to be adjusted if an odd growth or interrupting object interferes with measuring at the 4.5 height. A tree that has a large root flare (below left) should be measured as any other tree. If the root flare extends as high as 4.5, then the diameter should be measured above it. The height at which the DBH is actually taken should then be entered in the Comments column of the Data Collection Worksheet (see Module 5) or into your PDA unit. Using a Biltmore stick to measure DBH Unusual situations measuring DBH Tree with a large root flare Measuring a tree with a large root flare Measuring a tree that is not round To measure a tree trunk that is not round at 4.5 (above right), two diameter measurements will be necessary. These should be taken at right angles along the center of the trunk axis. The average of the two measurements will be the DBH. Tree that is not round 25

29 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics A tree that has an abnormal growth that encompasses 4.5 should be measured above the growth (below left). If a tree has two or more leaders, each leader should be measured separately as shown (below right). The height at which the DBH is actually measured, or the number of leaders measured, should then be entered in the Comments column of the Data Collection Worksheet (see Module 5) or into your PDA unit. Tree with abnormal growth Tree with two leaders Measuring a tree with an abnormal growth Measuring a tree with two or more leaders The diameter of a tree on a slope should be measured at 4.5 above the ground on the uphill side (below left). A tree that has a branch growing out of the trunk at 4.5 (below right) should be measured above that branch and the measured height noted in the Comments column of the Data Collection Worksheet or PDA unit. Tree on a slope 4.5' Measure Here 4.5' Tree that branches at 4.5 Measuring a tree on a slope Measuring a tree with a growth such as a branch at

30 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Condition is the second characteristic that inventory participants will be asked to record about each tree. Tree condition should be determined as accurately as possible, because that description will be used to plan the management steps for that individual specimen. Determining tree condition Each tree should be assigned to one of four categories. The condition will be noted by marking the appropriate space on the Data Collection Worksheet (see Module 5) or in your PDA unit. In some cases, there may be concerns about the condition that require consultation by someone with additional expertise. In these cases, a mark should be made in the box noted consult on the Data Collection Worksheet or in the PDA unit. This will indicate that the tree requires further evaluation by the Tree Warden or other professional arborist. Consult category for trees requiring further evaluation GOOD FAIR POOR DEAD 27

31 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Every tree should be assigned a condition, regardless of whether or not it is also noted as requiring a consultation. The following guidelines are provided so that condition assessment will be consistent among data collection teams. GOOD Full canopy Minimal to no mechanical damage to trunk No dieback of branches over 2 diameter No suckering (root or water) Form is characteristic of species Criteria for Good Condition Thinning canopy New growth medium to low amount, or stunted Significant mechanical damage to trunk, new or old Insect/disease that is affecting tree Form not representative of species Premature fall coloring on foliage Needs train pruning Criteria for Fair Condition 28

32 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Tree is declining Visible dead branches over 2 diameter in canopy Significant dieback of other branches Severe mechanical damage to trunk, usually including decay resulting from damage New foliage small, stunted, or minimal amount Needs priority pruning Criteria for Poor Condition DEAD No signs of life with new foliage Bark may be beginning to peel Criteria for Dead Condition 29

33 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics DETERMINING TYPES OF PRUNING MAINTENANCE NEEDED Pruning is probably the most noticeable and most important of all tree maintenance practices. Careful pruning produces a strong structure that is better able to withstand conditions found in populated areas. Trees are usually pruned for one or more of three reasons: to preserve health to maintain good appearance to ensure public safety Reasons for pruning A systematic pruning program is an important component of every community forest management plan. The diagram below illustrates the beneficial effects of pruning. The trees are identical species and each is fifteen years old. The tree on the left has been pruned, while the one on the right has been left to grow and has deteriorated as it would naturally. The pruned tree exhibits the positive results of that action: it is taller, has a better Beneficial effects of pruning defined crown, has no visible dead wood, and is much less likely to create problems. 30

34 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Pruning for health includes removal of broken, dead, or diseased branches, in order to prevent pathogenic organisms from penetrating into adjacent parts of the tree or spreading to other trees. Live branches are pruned out in order to allow for more sunlight and air circulation throughout the canopy. Crown pruning also reduces wind resistance and helps prevent breakage. Pruning for appearance can maintain or restore the crown characteristics that are typical for the species. Crown shaping is also used to restrict growth of a normally large-growing shade or ornamental tree and keep it within certain boundaries, such as away from buildings. Pruning for safety eliminates dead, split, and broken branches before they cause damage to people or property. Danger from falling limbs exists where there are targets, such as along community streets and in public parks. Pruning for health Pruning for appearance Pruning for safety Pruning for safety also includes two types of clearance trimming. Low-hanging live branches need to be removed to eight feet above ground to avoid interference with pedestrian traffic, and to eighteen feet above ground to avoid vehicular traffic. The second type of clearance trimming is the removal of branches that obscure traffic signs and signals. Safety pruning is required to keep branches away from energized electrical lines. Branches that touch lines may interrupt service and may cause serious injury if the lines are knocked down. 31

35 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics PRUNING CLASSES There are three descriptions that volunteers will use to record the pruning maintenance needs for trees being inventoried. This classification of pruning recommendations is based on the ANSI Standard A300 ( 1995). Three pruning classes The three descriptions are Crown Clean, Crown Raise, and Crown Reduce. Volunteers are asked to become familiar with these pruning descriptions and use them to describe each tree s pruning need on the Data Collection Worksheet or in your PDA unit. Crown cleaning is the removal of dead, diseased, obstructing, split, and/or broken branches that are 2 in diameter or greater. Crown cleaning also describes the need for thinning dense or heavy foliar masses, in order to reduce their susceptibility to failure. Crown cleaning CROWN CLEAN CROWN RAISE CROWN REDUCTION 32

36 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Crown raising is the removal of the lower limbs of a street tree in order to provide clearance for pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Limbs above sidewalks should be no lower than eight feet (8 ). Limbs above the road should be no lower than eighteen feet (18 ). Crown reduction involves reducing the overall mass by cutting back the top and sides, or by just removing individual limbs of the tree. Crown reduction is commonly associated with pruning away from buildings, structures, or overhead utility wires. Crown raising Crown reduction 33

37 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics RECOGNIZING POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN TREES Trees often exhibit problems that need to be further evaluated by a Tree Warden or other arborist with professional expertise. When a tree is inventoried that exhibits a potential problem, that problem should be flagged by making a checkmark in the box Consult on the Data Collection Worksheet or in your PDA unit. This will alert inventory specialists that there is a need to have a professional re-examine that particular tree. REVIEW: Consult category A tree may appear healthy even when it has extensive internal decay in most of its supporting wood. This section of Presentation 2 is designed to help volunteers learn to recognize the potential problems that require professional evaluation. 34

38 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Tree problems may result in: structural weakness vulnerability in high winds, snow, and ice storms potentially serious damage to people and property. Results of tree problems Problem indicators that will be discussed below include the following: Indicators of problems 1. cavities, wounds, internal decay in the trunk or large branches 2. cankers 3. root failure 4. weak forks in trunk or large branches 5. canopy density 6. balance 1. Cavities, wounds, and internal decay. Shade trees in populated areas are constantly being wounded. The most common causes of wounds in trees include Problem #1: Causes of wounding construction automobiles, trucks bicycles mowers, string trimmers snowplows vandals The most serious effect of wounding is that it creates an opening for fungi and bacteria to enter the tree. These microorganisms decay wood. Columns of decayed wood may result, thus compromising health and structure of the entire tree. Most wounds are small and close quickly by themselves, but severe ones require attention in order to close properly. Effect of wounding 35

39 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Trees often exhibit the physical evidence of wounding. Just as frequently, however, they have internal decay whose presence is not visible on the outside. Internal and external decay Cavity Cavit Cross sections of trunk decay Cross Section of Trunk (E t l D ) Cross Section of Trunk (Internal Decay) Even though the decay itself may not be visible, trees readily show symptoms of decay, such as External symptoms of internal decay Large dead or dying branches throughout the crown Large and deep vertical cracks on the trunk or large branches Large areas of exposed wood without bark on the trunk, indicating older wounds that have not closed Branch wounds that remain open Mushrooms or conks (shelf-like growths of fungi) on the trunk Carpenter ants along with evidence of decayed wood in or around the tree 36

40 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Arborists have a number of tools available to check for internal decay. A rubber mallet relies on sounds made by differing wood densities as the tree is struck. This method is harmless to the tree but admittedly subjective. An increment borer is used to remove and examine a small core of the tree about ¼ thick. This method causes some wounding. An electric drill and 1/8 bit can reveal rot through changes in drilling speed and ease, as well as through examination of the extracted wood chips. The Shigo meter uses a pulsed electrical current to measure the resistance of the wood and thereby the presence of decay. Drilling is necessary for this method. Tools used by arborists to detect internal decay Shigo meter Rubber mallet Increment borer Drill bit & In addition to the above tools, arborists today often use the recently-developed resistograph. This is a boring instrument that uses a very fine needle to measure the resistance of the wood and records the variations on a printout similar to an electrocardiogram. The wounding created by a resistograph is far less than that caused by a drill. 37

41 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Visual observation is another important tool in the detection arsenal. Three common signs that signal serious problems are conks, cankers, and fungi. Conks are visible fruiting structures of wood decay fungi and indicate serious problems. Conks may appear on the external surface of an infected stem or trunk. 2. Cankers. After wounds and other signs of decay, cankers are the second problem indicator. Cankers develop from microorganisms and appear as localized dead areas on outside bark. Cankers kill the cambium, the growing layer just inside the bark. The continuing dieback of the cambium layer prevents the wound from closing. Problem #1: Conks Problem #2: Cankers Cankers injure trees in several ways: The open wound may provide entry for other microorganisms The trunk is weakened by the large dead area and may break at the canker face Multiple cankers lessen overall trunk flexibility, especially in windy conditions Conk Canker Fungi 38

42 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics 3. Root failure. The third problem that volunteers may encounter in trees is evidence of root failure. Three main causes of root failure are Severed roots - caused by construction excavation Shallow roots - caused by a wet site (from a high water table or nearby water body) Decayed roots Problem #3: Root failure Causes of root failure Indicator signs around the tree that may signal the presence of decayed roots include Soil erosion Paving over roots Soil compaction Flooding Recent filling Gas leaks Fungi that appear at the base of a tree trunk usually indicate the presence of root rot microorganisms. These microorganisms kill certain tree species and may cause even living trees to fall. Indicators of decayed roots Fungi 4. Weak forks in trunk or large branches. The fourth indicator sign of potential tree problems is a weak trunk or branch attachment, usually at less than a 40 angle. Pressure exerted from both sides of the fork during the growth process limits the formation of supporting wood on the inside of the narrow angle, making the fork structurally weak. Problem #4: Weak forks 39

43 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics As the branch or trunk grows larger and heavier, its increased weight makes it more prone to breakage. A weak fork may not split completely at first. The problem may start with a small fissure that leaves the tree open to invasion by microorganisms. HEALTHY WEAK The resulting decay further weakens the fork and eventually causes it to split apart. Large branches or trunks with weak forks pose significant safety issues and should always be evaluated by a professional arborist. 40

44 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics 5. Canopy density. A healthy tree will have a full crown, with few dead branches. Dead or dying areas in the crown may indicate that the tree is stressed and could be in decline. It is important to examine the overall canopy to look for dead or declining sections as possible indicators of underlying problems. Problem #5: Canopy density Full, healthy crown with few dead branches Dead areas in crown indicate underlying problems 41

45 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics 6. Balance. A leaning or lopsided tree may be more problematic than one that grows vertically. If a tree has always been growing off center, it is generally considered to be stable. Any sudden lean usually indicates weakening or breakage of support roots and should be cause for immediate attention. Problem #6: Balance Problem tree species. There are some species of trees whose inherent characteristics may pose potential problems. The following are common species encountered as street trees, and the characteristic(s) that may cause them to present problems. This information is offered to help volunteers assess tree condition by knowing to look for specific problems in these species. Tree species with inherent problems Common Name Scientific Name Problem Boxelder Acer negundo Weakwood Silver Maple Acer saccharinum Weakwood Poplar Populus spp. Weakwood/ forks Bradford Pear Pyrus calleryana "Bradford" Weak forks Willow Salix spp. Weakwood Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila Weakwood 42

46 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics Summary of trees that should be designated as requiring consultation includes those with: Summary Cavities, wounds, internal decay Cankers Signs of possible root damage Weak forks Sparse canopy or partial dieback Leaning or lopsidedness This presentation has been designed to teach volunteers how to recognize problems in trees. In the course of the inventory, volunteers should be able to Procedure for volunteers to inventory problem trees recognize those trees that may potentially affect the safety of people or property identify those trees by marking consult for those tree numbers on the Data Collection Worksheet or in your PDA unit record those trees on the List of Trees Requiring Consulting (see sample on pg. 87) As noted, the category Consult means that the tree should be evaluated by a Tree Warden or other trained professional arborist. 43

47 Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics MATCHING REVIEW WORKSHEET A. Tree that is in healthy condition with few or no defects. B. A tree that is typically weak wooded because of its rapid growth rate C. Union between two branches that has included bark D. Removing lower limbs of a tree to provide clearance for pedestrian or vehicular traffic CROWN CLEANING CONK WEAK FORK GOOD E. Common measurement of a tree CONSULT F. Tree that is in a general state of decline and may have severe insect, disease, or mechanical injury. G. Planting location that provides adequate room for tree height and root growth H. Typical of a containerized grown plant, it usually deters basal growth and eventually affects the tree s health I. Pruning out dead, diseased, split, and broken branches > 2 diameter J. A tree condition that requires further evaluation by a certified arborist. K. A fruiting structure of a fungus, visible on the lower trunk and indicative of internal decay L. Removing selected branches or reducing the overall mass, to clear canopy away from structures or overhead wires DBH SILVER MAPLE CROWN REDUCTION LAWN POOR GIRDLING ROOT CROWN RAISING 44

48 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES A tree is identified by both a scientific name and a common name. Scientific names are very precise. Each tree has only one scientific name. It consists of at least two parts, a genus name and a species name. Sometimes a tree is further identified by variety or cultivated variety (cultivar). How trees are named There are strict rules about how scientific names are written. For example, Scientific names Scientific name: Acer rubrum Genus: comes 1 st, is capitalized Species: is not capitalized Scientific name is underlined or italicized The underlining is interrupted between the two parts Common names are imprecise, and they often create confusion because their usage is not consistent. One common name may be used to describe two or more different trees or species of tree. Just as often, one tree species may be known by more than one common name. Common names An example of the confusion caused by common names occurs with two maple species. Acer rubrum is commonly (and almost equally) known by two common names, swamp maple and red maple. However, some people use red maple to refer to a red-leaved variety of Acer platanoides, Norway maple. Both are maples, but they have significant differences and Norway maple has invasive qualities as well. Example of confusion 45

49 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES The task of identifying a particular tree generally begins with the question Conifer or hardwood? There are readily noticeable differences between the two: Conifers and hardwoods Conifers Hardwoods - mostly evergreen -mostly deciduous - needles or scales -leaves - no flowers -flowers - seeds are in cones -seeds are in fruits To identify conifers, it is helpful to look at Identifying conifers Overall form (silhouette, habit) Type of foliage Needles or scales If needles, how many in a bundle Cones Shape, size, placement on twig To identify broad-leaved hardwood trees, it is helpful to look at Identifying hardwoods Overall form (silhouette, habit) Leaf shapes Flowers Fruit Bark and twigs Buds (leaf and flower) 46

50 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES The overall form of trees is an important identification tool. Trees grow in distinct patterns that differ from species to species. Some typical shapes are Oval to rounded Vase Weeping Pyramidal or cone (many evergreens) Columnar Growth habit or form Leaves are a key feature for identifying deciduous hardwood trees. The first items to be determined about leaves are Leaves LEAF TYPES Simple Compound LEAF ARRANGEMENTS Alternate Opposite 47

51 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES Compound leaves have leaflets and include three types: Types of compound leaves Feather-compound Pinnately Fan-compound Palmately Twice-compound Bi-pinnately Other distinctive features of leaves that aid in tree identification include Leaf edges and vein patterns Shape Margin (edge) Smooth, toothed, wavy Vein pattern Feather-shape, palm-shape LEAF MARGINS Entire Serrate VEIN PATTERNS Pinnate Palmate 48

52 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES Biologists sometimes use technical words to describe leaf shapes, such as lanceolate (lance-shaped, i.e. long and thin), ovate (egg-shaped), and obovate (wider at the leaf tip than at the leaf stalk). Some of the many different shapes of leaves are shown below. Leaf shapes Fruits are yet another feature that is useful to help identify a hardwood species. Types of fruits include Fruits on hardwoods acorns (oak) winged keys or samara single (elm) double (maple) pomes (apple, pear) drupes (cherry, plum) pod (locust, honeylocust) berry (holly, dogwood) capsule (poplar, willow) nut (beech, hickory, horsechestnut) 49

53 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES More detailed descriptions and illustrations of each of the above features are contained in tree identification manuals and field guides. Several titles are listed at the end of this section. Participants may find it helpful to borrow a field guide from the local public library or to purchase one (most are available in paperback). Tree identification field guides A process called keying out is a common method that is used to help identify a tree by using its leaves. Learning this method will help participants maximize use of the tree identification pages in this manual or any field guide. A species key is arranged in couplets. The two statements are written so that if one is true, the other must be false. Each statement in the couplet begins with the same number. To navigate through the species key read the pair of statements in the couplet determine which statement applies to the plant in question Using a key to identify broad leaved tree At the end of each statement there is either the genus of the plant identified, or direction to another numbered couplet When the genus of the plant has been identified, it is then possible to look up and read about that genus in a tree field guide. The Definitions for Tree Identification that follow will help you as you determine the type of tree you are inventorying. Definitions for Tree Identification 50

54 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES DEFINITIONS FOR TREE IDENTIFICATION Alternate leaves occurring singly along a stem in an alternating position (cf. opposite) Blade the broad part of the leaf Compound each leaf is divided into two or more segments called leaflets (cf. simple) Cultivar cultivated variety. May be included as a third word in a scientific name. Deciduous refers to trees that lose their leaves on a seasonal basis Double-toothed, double serrate the large teeth on the leaf edge bear smaller teeth within Entire Genus the margin of the leaf has no teeth or lobes the first word in a two-word scientific name Lanceolate - much longer than wide; lance-shaped Lobed Margin a projecting division of a leaf the edge of the leaf Opposite leaves situated at each node, across from each other on the stem (cf. alternate) Ovate egg-shaped in outline Palmate branching or radiating fan-like from a common point. Leaves can be palmately veined. Compound leaves can have palmately-arranged leaflets. Petiole the stem of the leaf (cf. stalk) Pinnate branching from a common axis; feather-like. Leaves can be pinnately veined. Compound leaves can have pinnately-arranged leaflets. Samara - seeds Simple Serrate Serrulate Species Stalk single (elm) or double (maple) winged keys that contain each leaf is composed of a single segment (cf. compound) the margin of the leaf has teeth; sawtoothed the margin of the leaf has minute teeth the second word in a two-word scientific name the stem of the leaf (cf. petiole) Variety subdivision of a species. May be included as a third word in a scientific name. 51

55 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES TREE IDENTIFICATION GUIDES: A SELECTED REFERENCE LIST Brockman, C. Frank Trees of North America: A Guide to Tree Identification. Western Publishing Co., Inc., Racine, WI and Golden Press, New York. Coombes, Allen J Trees. Eyewitness Handbooks. Dorling Kindersley, Inc., New York. 320 pp. Dirr, Michael A Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5 th Stipes Publishing L.L.C., Champaign, IL pp. ed. Elias, Thomas S The Complete Trees of North America: Field Guide and Natural History. Gramercy Publishing Company, New York. 948 pp. Gerhold, Henry D. et al., Editors Street Tree Factsheets. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA. Unpaged. Little, Elbert L National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees, Eastern Region. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 714 pp. Petrides, George A A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs, 2 nd ed. Northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 428 pp. Plotnik, Arthur The Urban Tree Book. Three Rivers Press, New York. 432 pp. 52

56 Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES 53

57 Presentation 4. MAPPING The two pieces of information needed about each tree are 1) the tree s location and 2) the data associated with the tree itself, i.e. its species, size, condition, and maintenance need. Mapping component of a tree inventory A critical part of the inventory process, therefore, is to pinpoint the real-world location of each tree. Tree location points and tree identification numbers can then be entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS) computer program and linked with the other data collected about each tree. Accuracy in both identifying and recording location is of key importance. For the inventory data collection process, volunteers need to know How to make an accurate determination of where the tree is located, relative to buildings and other landmarks around it How to transfer this information by marking the tree location on a map or aerial photograph Block plans are a type of map. Block plans show the physical layout of property parcels along streets and roads in a community. Block plans usually also include the outline of building footprints located on each property. About block plans 54

58 Presentation 4. MAPPING CB C ---- x-x- Catch basin Pole Street light Property line Fence or wall Swimming pool outline Tennis court outline Elements of block plans The various elements that may appear on block plans include Streets and roads Names of streets and roads Property lines and line lengths Building footprints Parcel sizes (square feet) Street address numbers Block Plan Number The diagram below illustrates some of the symbols commonly found on block plans. Confirm the tree's location; show location on map with (*) and I.D. number; Circle the (*) and the I.D. number, to confirm 55

59 Presentation 4. MAPPING Aerial photographs are taken by cameras precisely mounted on an airplane. Such photos give a complete view of buildings, roads, parking areas, vegetation, cars, and other elements visible from the air. It is possible to locate trees quite accurately using aerial photographs. About aerial photographs The process of assigning numbers to inventoried trees needs to be accurate and methodical, in order to ensure that each tree receives a unique identification number and that there are no duplications. The process runs smoothly using the procedure outlined below: A unique series of numbers is assigned to each volunteer team. This provides enough numbers unique to each team, and it prevents duplication of numbers among teams Numbering trees Procedure for volunteer teams Each volunteer team starts with the lowest number in its assigned series The team increases each tree number by one as it moves from tree to tree 56

60 Presentation 4. MAPPING The team is careful to enter the correct, sequential tree number on the Data Collection Worksheet The team is careful to enter the same number on the block map or aerial photo that it used on the Data Collection Worksheet to identify that particular tree MATCHING THE TREE ID NUMBER is an important cross-check. The tree identification number for any one tree should be the same in both places: Sample pattern of number assignments The itree software program The map or aerial photograph A sample pattern of number assignments might look like this: Team A Trees Example of team use of number assignments Team B Trees Team C Trees The teams would then proceed as outlined below. Team A records its first tree as 0001 In the itree software program On the map or aerial photograph Team A progresses numerically towards 3000, until it has surveyed every tree in its assigned area. 57

61 Presentation 4. MAPPING Team B records its first tree as 3001 In the itree software program On the map or aerial photograph Team B progresses numerically towards 6000, until it has surveyed every tree in its assigned area. Team C records its first tree as 6001 In the itree software program On the map or aerial photograph Team C progresses numerically towards 9000, until it has surveyed every tree in its assigned area. In order to ensure mapping accuracy, volunteer teams will need to Find where the tree is located in the real world, in relation to nearby building, roads, landmarks Mark the tree location on the map or aerial photograph Mapping accuracy The principal steps involved in a tree inventory are thus 1. Map the point of the tree location Three main inventory steps 2. Collect the tree data using the itree software 3. Record each tree s unique identification in the following two locations: In the itree software program (automatically advances to next value) with its point location on the map or aerial photo 58

62 Presentation 4. MAPPING The volunteer team procedure for marking tree locations on maps is outlined below in 10 easy-to-follow steps. 1. Record the date and names of the team members in the itree software program. Recording tree locations on maps (if required) 2. Locate the area that the localized map covers, using the master map found with the team s set of maps. 3. Go to a map location that the team can positively identify. Find it by using the street name, lot lines, and street intersections. 4. Locate a public tree nearby the place where the team is standing. 5. Find that tree/location on the map. 6. Place a on that point on the map. 7. Label the point with the first unique identification number of the team s assigned range. 8. Collect the data about the tree using the itree software program. 9. The itree program will automatically update the trees identification number. 10. Locate the next tree and repeat the procedure. 59

63 Presentation 4. MAPPING The volunteer team procedure for marking tree locations on aerial photographs is outlined below in 10 easy-to-follow steps. 1. Record the date and names of the team members on the aerial photograph. Recording tree locations on aerial photographs (if required) 2. Go to the area indicated on the aerial photograph, using the master map found with the team project packet. 3. Go to a location that the team can positively identify on the ground and in the aerial photograph. Find it by locating on the ground the recognizable elements in the photograph, such as buildings, street corners, edges of paved areas, ball fields, basketball and tennis courts, waterways, etc. Orient the team at the known location. Look around for other landmarks that will give an indication of real-world size, scale, and dimensions as they relate to the photo. 4. Locate a public tree nearby the place where the team is standing. 5. Find that tree/location on the aerial photo. 6. Place a at that point on the aerial photo. 7. Label the point with the first unique identification number of the team s assigned range. 8. Collect the data about the tree using the itree software program. 9. The itree program will automatically update the trees identification number. 10. Locate the next tree and repeat the procedure. 60

64 61

65 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION This module reviews the data collection process and the information that volunteers will enter in the itree software program. The presentation also outlines tree species codes which are used in the itree Software. Data Collection Process The system of codes was developed by the USDA for use in forest settings. Examples of these codes include ACCA Hedge Maple BEAL Yellow Birch FAGR American Beech Primary and secondary lists tree species are included as an Appendix to this manual. In the lists, the species are arranged alphabetically by scientific names. Tree Species Codes Derivation of letter codes SPECIES CODES ~ FOR COMMONLY FOUND STREET TREES PRIMARY LIST Code Scientific Name Common Name Code AG Acer ginnala Amur Maple AG AP Acer platanoides Norway Maple AP AR Acer rubrum Red (Swamp) Maple AR AS Acer saccharinum Silver Maple AS AM Acer saccharum Sugar Maple AM AH Aesculus hippocastanum Horsechestnut AH CS Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa CS CF Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood CF FA Fraxinus americana White Ash FA There will be cases where volunteers are unable to identify a tree s genus and species. There will be other cases where volunteers are able to identify the genus and species, but it is not listed on the codes list. The procedure for these cases is as follows: Troubleshooting tree species codes CASE #1 IF the species cannot be identified THEN record?? when prompted for the species code when using itree 62

66 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION CASE #2 IF the species is identified but is not listed on the codes list THEN record that tree on the Uncoded Trees List (Blank form is found in Appendix) Note: This procedure requires that volunteers record twice those trees for which there is no species code available. Each tree that has no code should be recorded in two places: 1. On the Uncoded Trees List using The unique identification number The species A tree species code assigned by the volunteer team Recording trees with no species codes 2. In the itree PDA Software The same tree species code assigned by the volunteer team and recorded on the Uncoded Trees List STREET TREE INVENTORY UNCODED TREES LIST This sheet is to be used to record a tree that 1. Has been identified and 2. Is not listed on the Primary or Secondary Species Code Lists. In the spaces below, record the identification number of the tree surveyed, the species, and the code that you have assigned the tree. (This code should be the same one you have used to record the tree on the Tree Inventory Data Sheet.) DATE: MAP #: INVENTORY TEAM MEMBERS: TREE I.D. # TREE SPECIES THE CODE YOU ASSIGNED 63

67 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION Several different formats of Data Collection Worksheets are used in inventory, offering each community the opportunity to select one that best meets its needs. Most of these forms generally present information presented in Module 2: Tree Characteristics. itree uses many of these variables including the following items: Items on the Data Collection Worksheet Unique tree identification number Tree species code Size (DBH) Condition Planting location Maintenance or pruning need Special conditions More specifics of this are outlined in the itree data collection manual which follows in the next section of this document. Presented below is a brief review of each of these items. For detailed discussion refer to Module 2. Tree # (Tree number) - the unique identification number assigned to a specific tree. Species Code - A unique code that identifies a tree s genus and species. Size (DBH) the diameter of the tree at breast height, taken at 4.5 above ground level. Condition - the condition of the tree at the time of the inventory. The condition rating will be Good, Fair, Poor, or Dead. Consult for each tree that exhibits any of the problems described in Module 2: Problem Trees, Check the consult box in itree Tree identification Number Species code Size (DBH) Condition How to record a tree that needs a professional assessment 64

68 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION Maintenance or pruning need - the options are generally Crown Clean, Crown Raise, or Crown Reduce. Some formats may also have a category for tree removal. Maintenance need Comments/Special conditions Special conditions and comments include dead wood, weak fork, heavy lean, significant mechanical damage, or cavity. All of the latter are descriptions of conditions that should also be given a consult designation. Other special conditions include the presence of overhead utility wires, a cable or brace, impervious material extending up to trunk, and other conditions that affect tree structure or health. 65

69 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION itree Software Suite User s Manual Draft Manual August, 2004 USDA Forest Service Davey Resource Group Bluejay Software Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board Minnesota Department of Natural Resources City of Minneapolis Tree Trust 66

70 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION I-TREE DESKTOP USER S MANUAL THIS IS THE MANUAL FOR RUNNING I-TREE DESKTOP. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY AND FOLLOW THEM TO SUCCESSFULLY RUN THIS PROGRAM. 1. Click the Start button, which is located at the bottom left hand corner of the screen. 2. A menu will appear. Place the pointed over the group named Programs. 3. Another menu should appear. Find the program named itree- Desktop, highlight the pointer over it and click the icon named itree-desktop in the new menu that appears. 4. The program should start in its own window. (See Figure-1) (Figure-1) 5. Click the button labeled Configuration. (See Figure-2) (Figure-2) 67

71 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 6. A new window will open with a series of tabbed menus. You can now choose specific specifications of the program such as whether or not to use English or Metric units under the tab labeled General. (See Figure-3) (Figure-3) 7. Also in that menu choose whether to use Stratum or MCTI defaults. Notice that clicking one of the buttons will disable some of the buttons that clicking the other button wouldn t. To start click the button labeled STRATUM Defaults. This will disable some buttons and enabled others. (See Figure-4) (Figure-4) 68

72 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 8. Move to the next tabbed menu labeled DBH by clicking on it. (See Figure-5) (Figure-5) 9. Choose the ratio of inches from the minimum to maximum value for what it will display on your PDA. Once all of that is entered click Save DBH Info (See Figure-6) (Figure-6) 69

73 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 10. Click the Maintenance tab to open up the new menu. In that menu determine the Maintenance Tasks and Recommendations in the given boxes. Once all of the proper information is entered click the Save Maintenance Info button. (See Figure-7) (Figure-7) 70

74 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 11. Click the next tabbed menu to the right labeled Wire Conflict Enter the wire conflict information that will display on the PDA. Once all of the requested information has been entered click the button labeled Save Wire Conflict Info. (See Figure-8) (Figure-8) 71

75 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 12. Click the next tab, which can be found above the beginning General tab. It will be labeled Condition A new menu screen appears similar to the Wire Conflict menu. Enter the requested information then click the button labeled Save Condition Info (See Figure-9) (Figure-9) 72

76 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 13. Once again, click the next menu tab to the right, named Land Use, and a new window will appear. Enter all of the categories the land use can be and when you are finished click the Save Land Use Info button. (See Figure-10) (Figure-10) 14. Move to the next menu named Location by clicking its tab. Enter the different location categories and then click Save Location info (See Figure-11) 73

77 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-11) 15. Click over to the next menu labeled Sidewalk and enter the different categories of sidewalks if they are not already labeled. Once all the information is entered click the Save Sidewalks Info (See Figure-12) (Figure-12) 74

78 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 16. Once more click to the next menu labeled Crown Diam. to put that new menu into focus. It will tell you what units of measurement you have chosen at the top of the screen. This will display the minimum to maximum measurements of the trees diameter at its crown (in feet). Once all of this information has been entered click the Save Crown Diam. Info button. (See Figure-13) 75

79 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-13) 17. If you notice the row of tabbed buttons is all disabled except for the one labeled Team ID. Click that one to open up the menu for Team ID s. (See Figure-14) 76

80 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-14) 18. There is a list of teams for doing the requested work. You can add another team by pressing the Add button. (See Figure-15) (Figure-15) 19. You can also edit a teams name by highlighting the team(clicking the name only once) and clicking the Edit button. (See Figure-16) (Figure-16) 20. To delete the name highlight the team (by clicking the team name only once) and click the Delete button. (See Figure-17) (Figure-17) 21. Click back to the General tab menu and click the button labeled MCTI Defaults. You will see now that some of the tab menus that were accessible before are now disable and some of the previously disable tab menus are now accessible. (See Figure-18) 77

81 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-18) 22. In the top row of tabs click the tab menu named Other 1 These menus are for other entries that may need to be entered in about the tree. Enter the title of the entry and all of the possible answers and then click the Save Other 1 Info button. (See Figure-19) (Figure-19) 23. Repeat step 22 with the tab menus Other 2 and Other 3 if any more entries are necessary. 78

82 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION ADDING AND REMOVING TREE SPECIES 1. Click the button labeled Tree Species A new window will appear. (See Figure-20) (Figure-20) 2. To add a new species click the Add Species button and enter the requested information. (See Figure-21) (Figure-21) 3. To delete a species or edit a species click the desired species only once to highlight it and then click Edit/Delete Species. (See Figure-22) (Figure-22) 4. If you want to use the new specie list you have to create a file for the PDA by clicking the button named Create File For PDA. (See Figure-23) (Figure-23) END OF SECTION 79

83 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION ADDING AND REMOVING STREET NAMES 1. Click the button labeled Street List. (See Figure-24) (Figure-24) 2. Check the streets that you want available on the PDA you or someone else will be using with this configuration. (See Figure-25) 80

84 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-25) 3. If you want to add a street click the button labeled Add (See Figure-26) (Figure-26) 4. If you want to delete a street click the button labeled Delete (See Figure-27) (Figure-27) 81

85 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 5. To import a list from another place click the button labeled Import a Street List From an Excel File (See Figure-28) (Figure-28) 6. To save any changes you have made to the street like click the button labeled Create File for PDAs This street will update during the next active sync. (See Figure-29) (Figure-29) END OF SECTION 82

86 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION itree POCKET PC USER S MANUAL NOW THAT YOU HAVE CONFIGURED THE DESKTOP YOU CAN NOW USE A PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA) TO RUN itree. FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. 1. For these updates and configurations that you made to have any effect on your PDA you need to have ActiveSync (See other manual) and your PDA must be connected and synchronized with your computer. 2. Once ActiveSync activates and is in Sync with your computer all of the configuration updates you have made will be automatically downloaded to the PDA. You may now unplug the PDA and use itree anywhere you like until more updates are needed. 3. Once all of that is complete click the start button on your PDA, which is located at the top left corner of the screen. A menu will drop down. 4. Click the category named Programs. A new window will appear. 5. Scroll down the list of given programs until you find the program named itree. Click on that to start the program. 83

87 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 6. The program will load and the itree main menu screen will appear. Click the button labeled Log In to be able to access all of the features of this program. (See Figure-30) (Figure-30) 84

88 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 7. A new window will appear. A Team ID is not required so click the button labeled Continue. (See Figure-31) (Figure-31) 85

89 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 8. Now that you are logged in you can access all of the features. Click the button labeled Add New Tree. 9. A new window will appear with information boxes. Enter the Tree ID. Enter the zone it is in along with the block. Click the drop down box labeled Species and choose from the list the specie of the tree you are adding. Also check the box next to it if you want to use a search value for the species. Doing this will mean you have to enter the code of the tree in the box below the species box labeled Species Search. You need to know the code (which is case sensitive) and enter it in the box. Then click search to find the tree. Enter whether or not it is a public tree, the land use, and the location by dropping down the boxes and choosing from one of the choices. (See Figure-32 & Figure-33) 86

90 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-32) 87

91 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-33) 10. Once all of that information is entered and completed click the button labeled Street Address/GPS (Lat/Long). 11. A new window will appear Enter the address number in the given box. Choose the street name by clicking on the drop down box labeled St. Name and choosing from the list of given streets. If the desired street does not appear on this list write it manually in the box given below. If the latitude and longitude of the area is know enter it. Also, if you want to hold the street name for the next entry then click the check box labeled so. (See Figure-34 & 35) 88

92 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-34) 89

93 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-35) 12. Once all of that is entered click the Save button to return back to the previous window. 13. On the bottom of this screen there are 5 tab buttons which will take you to different menus when clicked. Right now you are clicked on the button labeled Loc. Click on the next button labeled Dim. 90

94 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 14. A new menu will appear, with the title TREE DIMENSIONS at the top. (See Figure-36) (Figure-36) 91

95 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 15. Enter the class of the DBH in the drop down menu below that label. Also enter the crown s height. (See Figure-37) (Figure-37) 16. Click the next menu over which is labeled Mgmnt. 92

96 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 17. A new menu will appear, titled TREE MANAGEMENT. If available to do so, enter in the recommendation of maintenance, the maintenance task, the sidewalk damage, and the wire conflict. (See Figure-38) (Figure-38) 93

97 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 1. Once all of that is completed click the next menu button which is labeled Cond. A new menu will appear with the title TREE CONDITION. Choose the condition of the wood with the dropdown menu labeled Condition of Wood. (See Figure-39) 94

98 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-39) 2. Enter the leaf condition in the given drop down menu. (See Figure-40) 95

99 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-40) 96

100 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 3. Also enter the percent of deadwood in the given drop down menu. (See Figure-41) (Figure-41) 97

101 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION 4. Finally, enter whether or not there is a cavity or a weak fork in both of the given drop down menus. (See Figure-42 & 43) (Figure-42) 98

102 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-43) 5. Once all of that information is entered click the next menu button over, the one labeled MCTI. A new menu will appear. 6. Check whether to remove or maintain this MCTI and whether to clean, raise, or reduce it. If you need to evaluate the tree, check the labeled box and drop down menus next to all the categories following it will then be enabled. Any notes that need taking enter them in the specific box and specify if this tree needs to be noted and if consulting is needed. (See Figure-44) 99

103 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION (Figure-44) 7. Click Save/Exit to save all of the information you have entered when you are done. END OF SECTION 100

104 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION DELETING OR EDITING EXISTING ENTRIES 1. Now that you are back at the main menu click the next button below labeled Edit Tree. A new menu will appear. (See Figure-45) (Figure-45) 2. A list appears of all of the already stored tree files in the program. Click once on the tree you want to edit and click the button labeled Edit to edit the tree (which will bring you to the same screens as would adding another, yet all of the 101

105 Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION information you had added before will be filled in) or Delete to get rid of that file. END OF SECTION AND MANUAL ENJOY! 102

106 Appendix A. Species Codes Primary/Secondary SPECIES CODES ~ FOR COMMONLY FOUND STREET TREES PRIMARY LIST Code Scientific Name Common Name Code ACGI Acer ginnala Amur Maple ACGI ACPL Acer platanoides Norway Maple ACPL ACRU Acer rubrum Red (Swamp) Maple ACRU ACSA1 Acer saccharinum Silver Maple ACSA1 ACSA2 Acer saccharum Sugar Maple ACSA2 AEHI Aesculus hippocastanum Horsechestnut AEHI CASP Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa CSSP COFL Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood COFL FRAM Fraxinus americana White Ash FRAM FRPE Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash FRPE GIBI Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo GIBI GLTR Gleditsia triacanthos Honeylocust GLTR LIST Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum LIST MAFL80 Malus x spp. Flowering Crabapple MAFL80 PIST Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine PIST PLAC Platanus x acerifolia London Planetree PLAC PRCO Prunus spp. Flowering Cherry PRCO PYCA Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford' Callery Pear PYCA QUPA Quercus palustris Pin Oak QUPA QURU Quercus rubra Red Oak QURU SOAU Sorbus aucuparia Eastern Mountain Ash SOAU TICO Tilia cordata Littleleaf Linden TICO TSCA Tsuga canadensis Canadian Hemlock TSCA ULAM Ulmus americana American Elm ULAM ZESE Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova ZESE A-1

107 Appendix A. Species Codes Primary/Secondary SPECIES CODES ~ FOR COMMONLY FOUND STREET TREES SECONDARY LIST Code Scientific Name Common Name Code ACCA Acer campestre Hedge Maple ACCA AIAL Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven AIAL BEAL Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch BEAL BEPA Betula papyrifera Paper Birch BEPA BEPO Betula populifolia Grey Birch BEPO CEJA Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsura Tree CEJA CEOC Celtis occidentalis Hackberry CEOC CLLU Cladrastis kentukea Yellowwood CLLU COKO Cornus kousa Kousa Dogwood COKO CRLA80 Crataegus laevigata English Hawthorn CRLA80 FAGR Fagus grandifolia American Beech FAGR FASY Fagus sylvatica European Beech FASY (includes 'Cuprea' Copper Beech) LITU Liriodendron tulipifera Tuliptree LITU OXAR Oxydendron arboreum Sourwood OXAR PLOC Platanus occidentalis Sycamore PLOC PIAB Picea abies Norway Spruce PIAB PIGL Picea glauca White Spruce PIGL PIPU Picea pungens Colorado Blue Spruce PIPU PIRE Pinus resinosa Red Pine PIRE PINI Pinus nigra Austrian Pine PINI QUAL Quercus alba White Oak QUAL QUVE Quercus velutina Black Oak QUVE SABA Salix babylonica Weeping Willow SABA SYRE Syringa reticulata Japanese Tree Lilac SYRE TADI Taxodium distichum Baldcypress TADI THOC Thuja occidentalis American Arborvitae THOC TIAM Tilia americana American Linden/BasswoodTIAM ULPA Ulmus parvifolia Chinese or Lacebark Elm ULPA ULPU Ulmus pumila Siberian Elm ULPU A-2

108 EXERCISE 1. GIS Crossword Puzzle Solution 1. L A T 3. G 2. I T U D E 2. G P 5. S O N O U C F G R A O R V 6. S T R 3. D A T A E Y I M P O 4. L A Y E R S 5. M A P S H O T N T I N E 6. L I N K C G M O I 7. B O U N D A R Y T 8. Y U M 7. T D R 9. S A T E L L I T E E ACROSS 1. Angular distance, measured in degrees, north or south from equator 2. Global Positioning System 3. Fact or figures to be processed 4. Distinct data sets 5. Locations of features and attributes 6. Connection between maps and data 7. Line or thing marking a limit 8. Delicious 9. Object rocketed into orbit around earth DOWN 1. Position in space 2. Data, news, facts; knowledge acquired 3. Reference to descriptive science dealing with surface of the earth 4. Distance east or west on earth s surface, measured as an arc of the equator between the meridian passing through a particular place (usually Greenwich, England) 5. To examine for some specific purpose 6. Set of facts connected to form a unity 7. A woody stemmed perennial plant usually over 13 tall and with a single stem B-1

109 EXERCISE 1. GIS Crossword Puzzle Solution MATCHING REVIEW SOLUTIONS A. Tree that is in healthy condition with few or no defects. B. A tree that is typically weak wooded because of its rapid growth rate C. Union between two branches that has included bark D. Removing lower limbs of a tree to provide clearance for pedestrian or vehicular traffic I K C A CROWN CLEANING CONK WEAK FORK GOOD E. Common measurement taken of a tree J CONSULT F. Tree that is in a general state of decline and may have severe insect, disease, or mechanical injury. G. Planting location that provides adequate room for tree height and root growth H. Typical of a containerized grown plant, it usually deters basal growth and eventually affects the tree s health I. Pruning out dead, diseased, split, and broken branches > 2 diameter J. A tree condition that requires further evaluation by a certified arborist. K. A fruiting structure of a fungus, visible on the lower trunk and indicative of internal decay L. Removing selected branches or reducing the overall mass, to clear canopy away from structures or overhead wires E B L G F H D DBH SILVER MAPLE CROWN REDUCTION LAWN POOR GIRDLING ROOT CROWN RAISING B-2

110 Visual aids Species Distribution C-1

111 Visual aids Balanced range of tree species. OAK PEAR GINKGO ASH MAPLE C-2

112 Visual aids Tree located in a tree pit within a sidewalk. C-3

113 Visual aids Tree located within edge. feet of a curb or pavement C-4

114 Visual aids A map with roads. C-5

115 Visual aids A map with roads, buildings and water bodies. C-6

116 Visual aids A map with roads, buildings, water bodies and trees. C-7

117 Visual aids GIS Crossword Puzzle. C-8

118 Visual aids ACROSS 1. Angular distance, measured in degrees, north or south from equator 2. Global Positioning System 3. Fact or figures to be processed 4. Distinct data sets 5. Locations of features and attributes 6. Connection between maps and data 7. Line or thing marking a limit 8. Delicious 9. Object rocketed into orbit around earth GIS Crossword Puzzle Solution DOWN 1. Position in space 2. Data, news, facts; knowledge acquired 3. Reference to descriptive science dealing with surface of the earth 4. Distance east or west on earth s surface, measured as an arc of the equator between the meridian passing through a particular place (usually Greenwich, England) 5. To examine for some specific purpose 6. Set of facts connected to form a unity 7. A woody stemmed perennial plant usually over 13 tall and with a single stem C-9

119 Visual aids 3. G 1. L A T 2. I T U D E 2. G P 5. S O N O U C F G R A O R V 6. S T R 3. D A T A E Y I M P 4. L A Y E R S O 5. M A P S H O T N T I N E 6. L I N K C G M O I 7. B O U N D A R Y T 8. Y U M D 7. T R 9. S A T E L L I T E E C-10

120 Visual aids Measuring DBH C-11

121 Visual aids 4.5 Measure Here 4.5 Measuring a tree on a slope Measuring a tree with a growth such as a branch at 4.5 Tree on a slope. Tree that branches at 4.5'. C-12

122 Visual aids GOOD FAIR POOR DEAD Determining tree condition. C-13

123 Visual aids Cross-section of planting within sidewalk area (tree pit). C-14

124 Visual aids Overhead plan view of planting within sidewalk area (tree pit). C-15

125 Visual aids Road Open Lawn Area Open Lawn Area Road Cross-section and plan views of tree planting site in open lawn area. C-16

126 Visual aids.cross-section of planting strip (also called a tree lawn). C-17

127 Visual aids Overhead plan view of planting strip (also called a tree lawn). C-18