SPINEACLIMA: Eurasian Wide Climate Change Research,

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2 SPINEACLIMA: General Outlines for Eurasian Wide Climate Change Research, Based on the Networks of Scots pine Chronologies Mauri Timonen

3 THE SPINEACLIMA PLAN FOREWORD: TREE-RINGS AND CLIMATE CHANGE... 4 I CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH PRACTICES IN METLA... 5 II INTRODUCTION: SPINEACLIMA... 5 III DRIVING PILES INTO THE PLAN... 6 IV WHY EURASIAN WIDE PLANNING?... 7 V MILESTONES OF SPINEACLIMA PLANNING... 7 VI SPECIAL ACTIVITIES TO BE CONSIDERED... 8 VII THE COORDINATION LEVELS IN SPINEACLIMA... 9 VIII PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION... 9 IX PLANNING OF METLA S NEW PRODUCTIVE SYNERGIES IN TREE-RING AND CLOSELY RELATED RESEARCH I Exciting views in European-Siberian tree-ring research II Some recent comments and suggestions from MKH III Productive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov B. Personal exchange and communications C. Proposal activity D. Other activity SOME WORDS ABOUT THE INSTITUTE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ECOLOGY (IPAE)

4 FOREWORD: EURASIAN WIDE CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH This outline plan applies a dendrochronological approach for suggesting, how Metla should arrange its international climate change research. It is principally based on the ideas presented in the negotiations between Metla, VN Sukachev Institute of Forest, the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology and the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research of the University of Arizona. But that is not the whole case: the general question setting of this climate change research approach has presupposes The plan s scientific multidisciplinary basis comes from the existing European wide network of Scots pine tree-ring chronologies and the distribution map of Scots pine. The plan reflects much of the experience and know-how, gained first in Metla s traditional growth and yield research and then, since 1993, in international tree-ring research. Remarkable progress in Metla s tree-ring science started at Professor Malcolm K. Hughes two-week visit in Finnish Lapland in summer His help and support for establishing the Finnish-Russian tree-ring science launched a process that seems to have joined successfully the synergies of the both countries in tree-ring research. This outline plan in process is the first indication of it. Metla s activity in international tree-ring science has opened us projects that were not technically possible earlier. Especially Metla s environmental and climate change research have received much benefit from the multidisciplinary approaches and the related special tools built in dendrochronology. I am responsible for preparing this document. This year (2006) shows much of the direction, where planning takes its course after discussions with you, Colleagues in participating countries, and after getting Your feedback. I hope things would advance in favourable conditions so that we, professor Kari Mielikäinen and I, have a possibility to talk face-to-face with as many colleagues as possible. Preparing a scientifically logical, individually inspiring and financier-appealing research activities plan from such kind of wide subject as climate change research, is indeed challenging. But we, however, hope to be productive in this work and also be successful in driving piles for the next internationally cooperated, basically dendroclimatic, but practically multidisciplinary climate change research approach. I hope this work also helps Metla s layout in planning and establishing its own climate change program within the next few years. Cheers! Vantaa, Wednesday, 01 February 2006, Kari & Mauri 4

5 I CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH PRACTICES IN METLA Metla s climate change studies can be classified at least into four categories. Three of them (Fig. 1) use mainly national and one international data. The Dendroclimatic group, led by professor Kari Mielikäinen, uses multiproxy data (mainly tree-rings of Scots pine), macro climate data and instrumental data provided by FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute). The Forest Inventory Group, led by professor Erkki Tomppo, uses data provided by the national forest inventory system). The Carbon Group, led by Docent Risto Sievänen uses carbon-based data. The Spineaclima Group, led by some EABS 1 -professor, is a combination of all the three previous activities, however, with the exception that it is international and its basic argumentation comes from the dendroclimatic and denroecological science. This paper concentrates on describing only the last item, the SPINEACLIMA project. Metla is planning to establish a research programme for climate change research within a range of 1-2 years. I think the best way to arrange Metla s climate change research programme is to mix together all the four approaches. The SPINEACLIMA research programme in this context has special international importance, because a group of world-class scientists like Academician Eugene A. Vaganov, Professor Stepan G. Shiyatov, Professor Ernst-Detlef Schulze and Malcolm K. Hughes, Professor of Dendrochronology, and professor Heinrich Spiecker, the President of the Association for Tree-Ring Research, belong to its international advisory board EABS 1. II INTRODUCTION: SPINEACLIMA The word, or the acronym, SPINEACLIMA, originates from the keywords ScotsPINe in EurAsian wide CLImate Change Monitoring and Analysis. The starting point of the SPINEACLIMA planning is to build a sound basis for Metla s 1 EABS = Eurasian Advisory Board, see page 10. international dendroclimatic 2 climate change research. The ongoing process is possible because of the favorably advanced Metla s treering science during the last 13 years. The new progress started in 1993, when a group of Metla s growth researchers, all working in professor Kari Mielikäinen s research project called Variation and trends in tree increment 3, decided to renew and diversify Metla s traditional growth and yield science. Since then lots of development work and also Metla s continuous support were needed to build the present international state-of-the-art of tree-ring science. One should, however, remember that there was already, before 1993, notable work carried out in developing Metla s tree-ring science. For example, 75 % of the development work with the Finnish tree-ring research system, called KINSYS 4, was already done. The process, however, has not been finished yet. The Lustia project continues to complete by the end of 2008 over 50 separate tasks that will finally set up Metla s international tree-ring science. This SPINEACLIMA planning project is one of Lustia s internationally important activities that aim at the highest level of tree-ring science. The whole SPINEACLIMA planning is based on the official agreements between 1) Metla and VN Sukachev Institute of Forest and 2) Metla and Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology. The reason I am engaged to writing this plan, is based on my and Dr. Pavel Moiseev s 5 discussions in autumn 2005 in Ekaterinburg, Russia. We agreed to develop joint Finnish-Russian timberline and climate change research. We considered also to ex- 2 dendroclimatology = tree-ring based climate (change) research. 3 in Finnish Kasvun vaihtelu, more details in 4 The KINSYS is a managing and statistical analysis multiple English/Finnish software developed for managing and the utilizing the Finnish treering data structures and the data bank. The Fortran code needed to run the KINSYS is probably the largest ever written in Metla: about 1230 subroutines, more than code lines, corresponding about 2650 full A4 pages (2000 digits/page). More details: find Lustia project Plan , pp , appendix 4: KINSYS tree-ring data system. 5 Dr. Moiseev works in the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology in Ekaterinburg 5

6 Fig. 1. Metla climate change research has to serve two main dimensions: national and international The SPINEACLIMA project planning aims at Eurasian wide macro climate research using dendroclimatic approach, in cooperation with a top-scientist group led by RAS Academician, professor Eugene A Vaganov and professor of Dendrochronology (Univ. of Arizona) Malcolm K. Hughes. pand our planning to Middle-Europe s and other region s mountainous areas. As a result of our discussions the project will be carried out in the whole Eurasia. This wide continental approach gives the advantage of studying macroclimate events in each specific region. This overall research planning outlines the main principles in Eurasian wide climate change research. Further planning is based on feedback and scientific contribution of the involved partners. I, however, hope to be successful in driving piles into the basic program so that it will serve as a meta project, or as a wide theoretical frame of reference linking all the research projects of the program to the jointly accepted goals defined by the EABS. How to do it, is not easy. That is why I prefer to listen carefully, what members in the Eurasian Advisory Board of SPINEACLIMA6 (EABS) recommends to be done. 6 I think the final plan will take several, maybe three years to complete. There will be many necessary phases in the planning process. Because of the large research area there is a need for meetings, seminar discussions, mutual meetings of researchers, field work planning and other related things. The rather long planning time span, does not prevent us from preparing funding applications at any convenient moment. III DRIVING PILES INTO THE PLAN This outline paper is originally based on the three basic reports: Professor Malcolm K. Hughes: Productive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov. Rovaniemi, April Professor Eugene A. Vaganov: Projected joint activities based on discussions Krasnoyarsk, Sebtember 2005 Researcher Mauri Timonen: A research plan for developing Metla s International climate change and timberline research. EABS = Eurasian Advisory Board (see page 4). 6

7 Trying to bring all the suggested joint activities presented in the papers under the same theoretical frame of reference is not possible, and not even necessary. But the principle of joining the activities into higher level groups so that as many as possible of them can be logically mapped to the total planning, is useful. I have listed here some basic thoughts as elements for a more detailed setup of the program. The basic principles list help defining the total plan. The restrictions list helps defining the population for the plan. The working packages list sets some tools and goals for the projects to be developed in the projects. BASIC PRINCIPLES: - keep things simple and logical; - focus on climate change studies; - use the Eurasian wide Scots pine chronology network as our basic linking tool - favor biodiversity and phenology observations - apply also carbon based studies - use also other proxies (isotopes, sediments, pollen, flora, fauna) - use effectively satellite information RESTRICTIONS: - Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) will be the only species to be investigated; - geographical restriction: Eurasia WORKING PACKAGES: - timberline climate change analysis package - climate change identifier package - forestry actions package in changing climate - GIS analysis package The three types of lists will be completed in the progress of plan development. The list becomes scattered in this form and conflicts with the basic idea of simplicity. That is why we have to keep the basic idea in this planning sound and we can build around it a wellworking theoretical frame of reference. I already have some ideas, how to do it. The acronym SPINEACLIMA defines several keywords: Scots pine, Eurasia, climate change, monitoring and analysis. Scots pine includes a very important feature: the Eurasian wide treering chronologies (of Scots pine). We can build around this fact a multidisciplinary approach that lets us to link almost any annually accumulating material with it. IV WHY EURASIAN WIDE PLANNING? This Eurasian wide climate change research is based on geographical and macroclimate factors that interfere the whole large climatic environment. If we think e.g. the effects of prevailing westerlies (active NAO), they are greatly influenced by topographical structures, e.g. mountain ranges (e.g. the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Scandinavian Mountains, the Urals etc.). Considering to explain variations and trends in the Finnish macro climate, we should actually know, how climate is generally behaving between the Scandinavian Mountains and the Urals. One interesting question is, how the Arctic Ocean influences the Finnish climate. I think we should develop some new arctic climate indices that would provide us with new views compared to those of the existing NAO or AO indices. There are some existing Eurasian wide climate change projects. But I am sure there will be space also for a new project, and for even research programs. I think macro climate subjects have not so been well been studied so far. The results what e.g. we (Macias & al. 7 ) have presented, need further investigations on much wider areas than done. I think many relevant scientific topics can be linked to this research context that build, based on their contents, a logical frame of reference covering all the most important questions. What those other topics would or should be, needs more brainstorming. V MILESTONES OF SPINEACLIMA PLANNING The history of SPINEACLIMA research planning is already one and a half year long. The following milestones have been processed: 2004/07/ ROVANIEMI. Malcolm K. Hughes visits Lapland and first time talks about Metla s US-Russian contributed climate change research. SPINEACLIMA planning starts from this moment. 2004/12/Week 52. Director General Hannu Raitio launches preparations for arranging a high-level climate seminar in Pallasjärvi. My task to arrange academician Eugene A. 7 Macias, M., Timonen, M., Kirchhefer, A., Lindholm, M., Eronen, M. and Gutierrez, E Growth variability of Scots pine along a West-East Gradient across Northern Fennoscandia: A Dendroclimatic Approach. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 36 (4):

8 Vaganov and professor Malcolm K. Hughes as keynote speakers there. 2005/03/29. Pallas Climate Seminar successfully arranged. 2005/03/30. Meeting in Rovaniemi. Team Hughes-Vaganov-Timonen negociate the first paper called Productive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov (appendix 1) 2005/04/30. Mauri Timonen finishes his climate change report Ilmastonmuutos ja Lapin metsät. Pallas Climate Seminar successfully arranged. 2005/09/Week 36. Metla (Director General Raitio)and VN Sukachev Institute of Forest (Director Vaganov) sign an agreement Memorandum of understanding ISFBRAS 2005/09/ Metla s Research Director Kari Mielikäinen and Researcher Mauri Timonen make a two-week visit to Russia: 1) VN Sukachev Institute of Forest. Wide negotiations with professor Vaganov and his research group lead to a paper called Projected joint activities based on discussions (appendix 2) 2) Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology. Negotiations with professor Stepan G. Shiyatov and his research group lead to an agreement Memorandum of understanding IPAE and to a decision to develop joint climate change and timberline research. 2006/01/09. In the annual activities plan of Rovaniemi unit, Mauri Timonen was named, as a responsible person for advancing Metla's US-Russian research activities. 2006/01/Week 2. Metla (Director General Raitio) and the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (Director Bolshakov) sign an agreement Memorandum of understanding The following milestones are in progress: 2006/01/26. VANTAA. First version of SPINEACLIMA published. 2006/02/13. VANTAA. Feedback from Metla s climate change meeting in Vantaa. 2006/02/13-17 SPAIN/MALLORCA. 1) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by the Swansea Millennium group led by Dr. Iain Robertson. 2) Further negotiations concerning the SPINEACLIMA plan 2006/03/04-09 GERMANY/JENA. 3) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by professors Vaganov and Schulze (Max Planck Institute). 4) Further negotiations concerning the SPINEACLIMA plan 2006/06/05-08 RUSSIA/EKATERINBURG. 1) International climate change meeting: presentation 2) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by professor Shiyatov and his researcher group (Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology) 3) Further negotiations concerning the SPINEACLIMA plan 2006/06/11-17 CHINA/BEIJING. 1) Ínternational Conference of Tree-Ring Research 2) Session leader responsibility in the metadata archiving project. 3) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by the conference group. 4) Further negotiations concerning the SPINEACLIMA plan 2006/07/ USA/AZ/TUCSON. 1) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan and further instructions by the professor team Hughes, Swetnam, Dean, Vaganov (?). 2) Field work and chronology building methods seminar by the team Harlan, Adams and Munro. 3) Evaluation of the results of the Lustia Metadata archiving project. 2006/07/ USA/CA/WHITE MOUNTAINS. 1) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by the Swansea Millennium group led by Dr. Iain Robertson. 2) Further negotiations concerning the SPINEACLIMA plan 3) data collection work at Bristlecone pine timberline (need for reference material in SPINEACLIMA) VI SPECIAL ACTIVITIES TO BE CON- SIDERED One interesting project that should be linked to this planning is Vaganov s and Schulze s Zotto project 8. The so called Zotto system deals with climate change, carbon fluxes, greenhouse gases and related things. 8

9 VII THE COORDINATION LEVELS IN SPINEACLIMA If the Spineaclima plan is successful in implementation, there is a need for a coordinative staff for running the research processes in all levels. ASIA RUSSIA Krasnoyarsk : Eugene A. Vaganov (prof.) (y) Ekaterinburg : Stepan G. Shiyatov (prof.) (y) (y: yes,?: no confirmation so far) EUROPE GERMANY Freiburg : Heinrich Spiecker, professor) (?) Jena : Ernst-Detlef Schulze, professor (?) SPAIN Barcelona : Marc Macias (y) FINLAND Metla Joensuu Kolari Muhos Rovaniemi : Leena Finér, professor (y) : Timo Karjalainen, professor (?) : Esa Huhta, docent (y) : Climate change/ : Marja-Liisa Sutinen, prof. (y) : Biochemistry / Francoise Martz (y) : Forest growth /Mauri Timonen (y) : Forest regeneration/ville Hallikainen (y) VIII PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION : Forest pathology /Juha Kaitera (y) : GIS, GPS and satellite images: I EURASIAN ADVISORY BOARD (EABS) Kari Mikkola (?) Vantaa : Kari Mielikäinen, professor (y) Helsinki : Phenology /Risto Häkkinen (?) University of Helsinki Dep. of Geology : Seija Kultti (y) Dating laboratory : Högne Jungner, prof. (?)... University of Joensuu Mekrijärvi : Taneli Kolström, professor (?) Saima Center: Jouko Meriläinen, docent (?) Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki : Ari Venäläinen, Head of unit : Heikki Tuomenvirta... FRANCE Strassbourg : Francoise Martz (y)... UNITED KINGDOM Swansea : Iain Robertson (y) : Neil Loader (?)... NORWAY Tromso : Andreas Kirhchefer (?) : Ari Laakso (y)... SWEDEN Umeå : Leif Kullman, professor (?)... SCHWITSERLAND USA Birmensdorf/SWL: Frits Schweingruber, professor) (?) ARIZONA Tucson, AZ1 : Malcolm K. Hughes (prof.) (y) : GIS-based animal ecology: Ari Nikula (?) This group forms the highest scientific level of the research program. It defines the main scientific questions and outlines, how climate change research in the whole Eurasian conifer zone will be arranged. Members of the professor board: EAV, MKH, SGS, EDS, Spiecker, Mielikäinen, others? II SCANDINAVIAN ADVISORY BOARD (SABS) The group coordinates activities in Scandinavia, based on the instructions given by the EABS. The SABS is also responsible for preparing funding applications. Geological Survey of Finland Rovaniemi: Raimo Sutinen, docent... III NATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD (NABS) The group is responsible for national level administration and partly also for research 9

10 activities. The NABS is also responsible for preparing funding applications. IV SPINEACLIMA RESEARCHERS The researchers in this group concentrate on research activities without responsibilities in administration: Finland Samuli Helama (Univ of Helsinki) Jari Holopainen ( (Univ of Helsinki)) Risto Häkkinen (Metla HE) Heikki Kauhanen (Metla KO) Markus Lindholm (Saima Center) Kari Mikkola (Metla RO) Harri Mäkinen (Metla VA) Pekka Nöjd (Metla VA) Mauri Timonen Norway Andreas J. Kirchhefer (Univ of Tromso)... Spain Marc Macias-Fauria (Univ of Barcelona)... Russia V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Anastasia Knorre Olga V. Sidorova Alexander V. Kirdyanov Mukhtar M. Naurzbaev Vladimir Shishov Vladimir Mylan... Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ludmila A. Gorlanova Marina Gurskaya Rashit M. Khantemirov Valeri S. Mazepa Pavel A. Moiseev Vladimir Goryachev Ilya Shevchenko Sweden... Leif Kullman United Kingdom Iain Robertson(Univ of Swansea)... 10

11 IX PLANNING OF METLA S NEW PRODUCTIVE SYNERGIES IN TREE-RING AND CLOSELY RELATED RESEARCH MT I EXCITING VIEWS IN EUROPEAN- SIBERIAN TREE-RING RESEARCH Malcolm K. Hughes and Eugene A. Vaganov paid, during their recent visit to Finland, plenty of attention to Metla s many-sided and regionally representative data networks. Unfortunately the majority of these wellreplicated and nationwide networks have been planned for internal use, which causes some difficulties in applying them to wider global network systems. But while Metla is now generally focusing to specific topics in climate change research, it is a good time to consider the global integration of our permanently maintained data. Some of the data networks, such as Forest Focus 9, VMI 10, INKA and the tree-ring data administered by the Lustia project, seem to fit directly or with minor adjustments to research needs defined by Hughes and Vaganov. If we in Metla are successful in adopting the ideas presented in the Hughes-Vaganov paper, it may have great influence not only on our tree-ring research, but also on our whole spectrum of Finnish growth and yield studies. And considering climate change research in Metla, exposing our data networks and our methods to the suggested Finnish- Russian-US cooperation would bring together several top scientist groups. I believe, accompanied with outstanding research expertise and the unique Finnish network data sets, these groups might be successful in starting the next phase in building global data network systems and also making scientific breakthroughs in understanding climate and environmental changes. It is also exciting to note that our freeform research alliance have control on three over 7000 years long chronologies, each of them being developed by their own 9 ByUnique/ADC18F784E680BD480256FA40054F research teams. As these chronologies actually cover almost the whole northern hemisphere, we have a special data for screening global changes. A very tempting idea is to apply the Finnish data sets to Vaganov- Shaskin s growth process models, which probably will give a lot of further value to our Finnish forest modelling. I have discussed the Hughes-Vaganov paper tentatively with Director of Research, professor Kari Mielikäinen, Dr. Kari Korhonen, Dr. John Derome and acting professor Jari Hynynen. It seems there is general interest to work with the suggested subjects. As Kari (Mielikäinen) returns back to his former position as a professor of Growth and Yield, one of his main topics will be climate change studies. That s great, because then there will be at least two Metla s researchers working with the cooperation planning. I think the thoughts of the Hughes and Vaganov paper, are sensible from Metla s point of view and will also fit to our renewing research strategy. I am confident with the future of our Finnish- Russian-US cooperation. I hope things will be advancing about the way the Hughes-Vaganov paper puts it. We (MT, KM) hope to learn more in autumn 2005, as we visit the Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS in Krasnoyarsk, led by professor Vaganov, and the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), in Ekaterinburg, hosted by professor Shiatov. MKH II SOME RECENT COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS FROM MKH The topics will emerge strongly during your TransSiberian journey this fall. Of course, at the base is just fundamental dendrochronology in the North, and Finland and Russia represent two great traditions in this that really should interact. I strongly urge you to make sure to meet with Stepan Shiyatov and get him talking about their collections as well as their very important dendroclimatological and dendroecological work in Ekaterinburg, especially his wonderful repeat photography from the Polar Urals. if you need some specific project title to begin, I think the most exciting to Gene and me was the possibility of combining the very good array of well-recorded plots with detailed environmental data de- 11

12 scribed in the afternoon up on Pallas mountain (Forest Focus) - this could be a superb opportunity to test ideas about modeling control of tree-ring variability. "Testing of process-based model of tree-ring formation in northern Finland"? Maybe you need a topic that mentions both countries - if it's OK to go a little beyond METLA, involving the Eronen group in an examination of forest density and climate over the Holocene would be wonderful link between all three groups, and of course a major part of our forthcoming workshop. Just a few random thoughts... MKH & EAV and MT (Memorandum: text by MKH, minor edits by MT) III PRODUCTIVE SYNERGIES SUG- GESTED BY M.K. HUGHES AND E. A. VAGANOV During our visit to METLA s Rovaniemi station, in our discussions with Mauri Timonen and other colleagues, and from the meeting at Pallas, we heard many interesting ideas, and saw a number of potential opportunities for productive research collaboration. Three possibilities seemed especially exciting to us, each strongly likely to produce very productive synergies. They concern: 1) Inventory/growth monitoring/dendrochronology 2) ICP/micrometeorology/ dynamics of tree-ring formation 3) Long tree-ring chronologies/holocene environments/modeled climate. In each case, the scientific value to be derived from the superb infrastructure provided by the ongoing work of METLA, Metsähallitus and the Finnish Meteorological Institute could be enhanced by combination with modern dendrochronology and high-resolution paleoclimatology. These fields in turn would benefit greatly from integration with the existing Finnish activities and resources. The first two of these could well provide useful tools for the assessment of, for example, the role of the forest as source or sink in the carbon cycle under various climate scenarios. The third could help improve understanding of preindustrial climate, its mechanisms and local expression in Finland, and hence provide challenges and inspiration for attempts to model future forest-climate interactions. We give a very short introduction to each of these ideas so that you might see how it might be pursued, and what benefit might be gained: 1) Inventory/growth monitoring/dendrochronology. As we understand it, METLA maintains a large number of plots for inventory, and a subset of these is also used for the monitoring of growth. Systematic dendrochronological sampling of this subset, from all age classes of trees, and indeed of all other plants with annual structures, would provide information on interannual variability that could be a) linked to statistical and process-based models of the climatic control of tree-ring growth; b) tested for association with remotely sensed estimated of the interannual and interdecadal variability of biological production and hence carbon sequestration (Biondi, 1996; Biondi et al., 1992; Osawa et al., 1992). Having established such links it would be possible to develop predictive tools for the detailed results expected from future measurements of the plots, the differences between predicted and measured providing estimates of whether the same mechanisms continue to operate. Such studies would also provide a test of the potential utility of dendrochronological sampling as a complement to existing methods of growth monitoring. 2) ICP/micrometeorology/ dynamics of treering formation. The existing ICP monitoring sites offer a wonderful opportunity to clarify the nature and underlying mechanisms of inter- and intra-seasonal growth dynamics. Supplementing the growth bands and existing microclimate measurements with observations of shoot and cambial phenology and repeated within-season microcores for microanatomical analysis would provide an excellent test-bed for process-based models of tree-ring formation, for example those of Vaganov, Misson and others (Misson, 2004; Vaganov, 1996; Vaganov et al., 1999). Each of these models calculates intermediate quantities, such as transpiration rate which are being or could be measured at these sites, as well as the final products such as radial increment or cell numbers and dimensions. The more thoroughly tested such models are for specific Finnish conditions, the more appropriately they may be used, for example, in the consideration of the growth im- 12

13 plications of various future climate scenarios, or in the diagnosis of observed variability. A pilot project in this area might be a tractable first specific collaborative project between IF (Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk) and METLA. 3) Northern Fennoscandia (especially Finland), the western United States and the northern territories of the Russian Federation contain remarkable concentrations of very long treering records, permitting the detailed examination of conditions at high temporal resolution through much of the mid- and late Holocene. Each of these records represents a very considerable investment of time and other resources over decades, and everything possible should be done to extract maximum scientific benefit from them. Because of their annual resolution, the long tree-ring chronologies offer a chance to examine the changing character of climate variability through much of the Holocene as well as the related environmental fluctuations. In the Finnish case, these studies are already well-embedded in a rich tradition of studies of Holocene environments. This provides the key to the effective exploitation of these records the regional integration of independent kinds of records, for example, tree rings, varved sediments, and paleolimnological records, in a physically consistent framework probably derived by the use of both output from forced runs of Global Climate Models (Graham et al., in prep.), and from Models of Intermediate Complexity (Crucifix et al., 2002). We have discussed holding a small workshop in Rovaniemi in 2006 to develop ideas for this approach, including representatives of the main groups who have developed such multi-millennial chronologies in northern Eurasia and North America, colleagues who are experts in other records such as treelines, lake sediments and glaciers, and those concerned with the relevant climate models. 2. Biondi, Franco; Klemmedson, James O., and Kuehl, Robert O. Dendrochronological anaylsis of single-tree interactions in mixed pine-oak stands of central Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 1992; 48: Crucifix, M. Loutre M. F. Tulkens P. FIchefet T. Berger A. Climate change during the Holocene: a study with and Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Climate Dynamics. 2002; 19: Graham, N. E. ; Hughes, M. K.; Cobb, K. M.; Ammann, C.; Wigand, P. E;. Kennett, D. J; Kennett, J. P., and Stott, L. Tropical/mid-latitude teleconnections at the Medieval Climate Epoch - Little Ice Age Transition. In preparation. 5. Misson, Laurent. MAIDEN: a model for analyzing ecosystem processes in dendroecology. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2004; 34: Osawa, A. Abaimov A. P. Zyraynova O. A. Reconstructing structural development of even-aged larch stands in Siberia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2000; 30: Vaganov, E. A. Analyses of seasonal treering formation and modeling in dendrochronology. in: Dean, J. S. Meko D. M. and Swetnam T. W., editors. Tree Rings, Environment and Humanity, ; Tucson, AZ. TUcson, AZ: Radiocarbon; 1996: Vaganov, E. A.; Hughes, M. K.; Kirdyanov, A. V.; Schweingruber, F. H., and Silkin, P. P. Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia. Nature. 1999; 400: Reference List: 1. Biondi, Franco. Decadal scale dynamics at the Gus Pearson Natural Area: evidence for inverse symmetric competition? Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 1996; 26(8):

14 APPENDIX 2. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES (METLA - IFSBRAS) Krasnoyarsk /Eugene A. Vaganov: X PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES BASED ON DISCUSSIONS Working group: Eugene A. Vaganov, Kari Mielikäinen and Mauri Timonen A. CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS, TRAINING, FIELDWEEKS I. Finnish-Russian workshop with proposed title "Basic research and practice in boreal forests: advances, perspectives and limitations" - Time Place (Krasnoyarsk, Ekaterinburg) - Main directions: a) basic research in inventory and productivity of b) biodiversity of forest ecosystems and its protection and improvement; c) long-term studies of forest dynamics and productivity; d) towards to better management; e) international exchange of practical management (application of Finnish experience to manage Siberian forests). - Advisory committee:... (will be defined) - Financially supporting sources: IF SB, RFBR (Russian Fund for Basic Research), Local administration, Fieldweek for PhD students and undergraduate students with the title "Towards to improvement of forest inventory methods: comparison of Russia and Finnish ground and remote sensing methodologies". - Time - Summer of 2006 or Place: Zotino (Krasnoyarsk) - Number of participants: 20 (10+10). - Duration: 3 weeks-1 month - Financial sources: (IF and METLA,...) B. PERSONAL EXCHANGE AND COM- MUNICATIONS 1. METLA member (?) Topic: application and improvement of process-based model to describe current and projected climatically induced changes of tree radial growth in Finland. - Time: winter 2005/2006, spring Duration: 1,5-2 months working in IF - Financial support: partly from IF (accommodation). 2. Dr. A.Knorre (IF) fellowship to METLA Topic: extended analysis of ecosystem's productivity in boreal forests: comparison of Siberian and Finnish north forests. - Time: will be defined. - Duration: 3-4 months. - Financial sources: INTAS (proposal will be submitted if suitable for METLA as hosting institute) and IF. 3. METLA member (PhD student?) training In IF. - Topic: analysis of long-term trends in tree growth (inventory and tree ring data from Finnish and Siberian database). - Time: will be defined - Duration: about 2 months in Krasnoyarsk (IF) - Financial sources: partly from IF (accommodation). 4. METLA member (PhD student?) training in IF. - Topic: Climate and seasonal variations in pine growth in Finland last during centuries inferred from anatomy of tree-rings. 14

15 APPENDIX 2. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES (METLA - IFSBRAS) - Time: will be defined - Duration: 3-5 months - Financial sources: Partly from IF (accommodation) 5. IF member (PhD student) - Topic: Seasonal and interannual variations in photosynthesis and respiration measured by direct methods (towers) and seasonal growth and wood structure of annual rings (3-4 woody species). - Time: will be defined - Duration: 1,5-2 months - Financial sources: Partly from METLA (accommodation) 2. Exchange of teaching professors (short courses of exactly defined topics; total uncertainty in financial sources) 3. NATO workshop (possible source), international, exact title, participants, publication as a book in series. C. PROPOSAL ACTIVITY There are several topics of joint interest to prepare the proposals for funding: a) Improving of aboveground inventory data: from trees to ecosystem b) Climatic trends and trends in productivity and biodiversity c) Climatic variations in northern Finland and northern Siberia on a millennial scale (aggregations of tree-ring chronologies, pollen data and lake sediment data) d) Pollution and ecosystem stability and succession e) Climatic change and northern forests acting as sink or source of carbon (natural and managed) f) Forest resources in Siberia as potential for Finnish investments. g) Genetic forest resources for Finnish management. D. OTHER ACTIVITY 1. METLA could be a partner of ZOTTO (International Laboratory of High Tower in Zotino)... must be discussed preliminary with Prof. E-D. Schultze. 15

16 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences Some Words about The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) is a regional association of research and designing institutions, pilot and medium-scale production of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as the services maintaining the functioning of the infrastructure of Siberian research centers located in seven regions, 2 territories and four republics (i.e. the general territory of about 10 million square kilometers) 11. There are research centers of the SB RAS in Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, Kemerovo, Tyumen, Omsk, individual research institutes are located in Barnaul, Chita, Kyzyl. (see Scientific Potential of Siberia). There are 75 research institutions in SB RAS and 11 designing bureaus and pilot plants carrying out research in mathematics and physics, engineering and technology, chemistry and biology, Earth science, humanities and economics. (see Research Institute of SB RAS). About half of scientific potential of SB RAS is concentrated in Novosibirsk Research Centre. A wide network of biological and geological research stations carry out field and stationary research in biosphere and geosphere The research centers of SB RAS are integrated with Universities and other Siberian colleges forming regional research and educational centers (RREC) in Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Tyumen. Universities and colleges of Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk work in close contact with the research centers of the SB RAS. 11 Orignal text copied from and modified by Mauri Timonen (mauri.timonen@metla.fi) 16

17 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences SB RAS STAFF The staff of the SB RAS is people, as of January 1, % of them work at research institutions and (22,3%) are employed by nonscientific organizations. The distribution of researchers with respect to research centers and cities Novosibirsk (61,3%) Barnaul (+ Cherga) (2,1%) Irkutsk-4801 (11,9%) Chita -152 (0,4%) Tomsk-2970 (7,3%) Kyzyl -124 (0,Ç%) Yakutsk-2446 (6,0%) Krasnoyarsk-2397 (5,9%) Buryatia (Ulan-Ude) (2,4%) Omsk-506 (1,3%) Kemerovo (0.7%) Tyumen -198 (0.5%) In the general quantity of people employed by SB RAS decreased by 23.3% (in 1993 the decrease in researchersemployed by SB RAS was 1645, and decrease in parascientific employees was 1389). The dynamics of research staff of SB RAS. There are around researchers working at present at SB RAS (in Novosibirsk research centre there are 6 000) including 1258 Doctors of sciences and 5278 Candidates of sciences (in Novosibirsk research centre respectively 811 and 2951). The age of researchers is below %, %, over %. INFRASTRUCTURE The institutions and organization providing services and functioning of the infrastructure of research centres employ 29.5% of the general staff of SB RAS. This includes the personnel of pilot plants, experimental farms, geological field stations (8.4%); transportation, utilities, housing, repairs and supplies (8%), health service (6,6%) kindergartens and nursery schools (4.1%), cultural institutions (0.2%). FINANCING The basic budgetary financing of the SB RAS has been drastically reduced over last three years. The table below presents the per cent relation of the fundamental financing in comparable prices to The structure of financial support to research institutions of SB RAS has changed significantly. In 1990, the budgetary support was 39.2% of the general financing, 18.8% was special-purpose financing of the Ministry of Science, the institutes themselves earned about 42% from contracts with industry. Industrial crisis drastically reduced contracts with the institutes and they now represent about 10% of their financing. The loss of this source of income was offset, although by no means completely, by various grants and hard-currency earnings from contracts with foreign partners. Therefore, budgetary support, however reduced, constitutes the major part (65%) of the general financing of research institutions. 17

18 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The structure and content of SB RAS international relations have significantly changed over last three years. 18 International research Centres have been set up and are actively operating co-founded together with Siberian Branch of RAS by research institutions and Universities of European countries, the USA and Japan. These centres function as international non-governmental organizations (as open institutes or laboratories under the auspices of SB RAS) and carry out research on major interdisciplinary problems. In Institutes of the SB RAS held annually about international conferences and symposia. About 1500 foreign scientists visit annually the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The expenses of the foreign trips of Siberian researchers were covered mostly by the inviting parties or by Soros Foundation. Only due to this the decline in the number of foreign trips was insignificant (from 1805 in 1992 to 1756 in 1993). GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF SCIENCE ORGANIZATION Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established in order to form a regional component of the country's scientific potential and to promote the development of its eastern territories. Since the first days of its existence, the work of SB RAS has been based on the productive combination of fundamental and applied research and close relations of science and education. The specific features of SB RAS from the very beginning have been the following: research centres have always been complex (multidisciplinary); the research staff of the Institutes and their material resources have been widely used to promote higher education in the region; regional component in establishing research centres and determining the directions of their research and applications of their results have always been very strong; there is a variety of forms of cooperation with industry; there has always been necessity to support the infrastructure, utilities and social sphere of research centres. COMPLEXITY The principle of complexity (multidiscipline character) of research centres which helped them to obtain important scientific results owing to the close interaction of industry and research now proved to reflect the major trends in the development of the world science. This trend consists in shifting the emphasis from individually initiated scientific projects to special-purpose projects aimed at certain, often global projects whose solution requires joint efforts and multidisciplinary approach. At present the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a welldeveloped and territorially distributed system of complex research centres embracing practically all main urban, political and national centres in Siberia. A powerful research and experimental base has been formed including nationally important pilot and experimental plants, a well-developed network of geological and biological research stations carrying out systematic research for long periods of time. Unfortunately, recently organized Tyumen and Omsk research centres could not achieve fully-fledged development because of reduced financing. In order to concentrate our efforts on the most important interdisciplinary problems of the world science, major projects of the Russian Academy of Sciences and national scientific and technical programmes the following priority scientific and technological programmes have been worked out and pursued in SB RAS: fundamental and applied research in mathematics; fundamental laws of matter structure in micro-and macroworld; 18

19 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences theoretical study of solids intended for the development of new electronic development on their basis; molecular electronics; fundamental research in quantum optics and quantum electronics and development of new applications of results; mathematical modelling, information technologies and computing engineering; physic-technical and system studies of energy; mechanics, theoretical studies of machine building and machine reliability; theoretical studies aimed at the development of new materials and progressive technology; study of chemical composition and reactivity of compounds, kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions; new materials and substances for the creation of the new generation of mechanisms and technology; physic-chemical basis of the evolution of living organisms, problems of genetics and selection, plant physiology and biotechnology; environmental, genetic and evolutionary principles of rational utilization, reproduction and protection of biological resources; complex investigation in regional and global geological processes and theoretical studies of prospecting and mining; working out new methods of waste-free and complex processing and refining of mineral resources and y-products, oil, coal and timber; economic and social research; interrelation of general and regional process of historic development, scientific progress and culture of peoples and national groups in Siberia. COOPERATION OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION The experience of SB RAS in productive interaction of research and education represented first by Novosibirsk State University established simultaneously with SB RAS has been expanded to all the cities where research centres are located and facilitated establishing closer relations with already existing Universities (in Irkutsk, Tomsk, Yakutsk) and setting up new Universities such as Krasnoyarsk (first established as an affiliation of Novosibirsk University), Altai, Kemerovo, Tyumen, Omsk Universities. An affiliation of the Novosibirsk University has been recently set up in Ulan-Ude. The cooperation with other higher educational institutions such as, in particular, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Omsk Technical universities also has proved useful and productive. The integration of the research centres of SB RAS with Siberian Universities and colleges resulted in the creation of Regional Scientific and Educational Complexes (RSECs) in Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk and Omsk. Their efficient operation is hindered at present by the crisis of Russian science and higher education which can be attributed to insufficient financing as well as low prestige of higher education and learning especially in the field of natural sciences. PROGRAMME "SIBERIA'' Territorial distribution of research centres in Siberia and their close relations with national economy made it possible to work out in 1977 a regional scientific and technical programme "Siberia'' aimed at promotion and support of suggestions, feasibility studies and carrying out of scientific and technological projects, retraining programmes for experts for the solution of socio-economical, environmental, scientific and technical problems common to Siberia. This programme has from the very beginning brought closer and facilitated the coordination of operation of research, academic and industrial institutions of the region. As a result of its activity coordination councils were established, panel meetings and joint conferences were held which strengthened the ties of science and in- 19

20 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences dustry, accelerated the scientific progress in industry and oriented their joint efforts to the regional requirements and needs. The regional scientific and technical programme "Siberia'' is primarily supported now by Interregional Association "Siberian Accord'' which unites at present 19 subjects (i.e. major administrative and political units) of Russian Federation which is at the same time its main customer. The financing of the programme "Siberia'' comes from different sources main of which are: 1. budgets of Siberian Subjects of Federation; 2. investments of different companies (with state, private and mixed ownership); 3. special-purpose budget allocations of the Russian Ministry of Science supporting regional scientific and technical programmes; 4. allocations of other Russian Ministries for the support of national projects. In 1993 programme "Siberia'' embraced 53 projects with the total cost of 1934 million roubles. Previously, without expert opinion of SB RAS specialists having at their disposal a wealth of information on Siberian nature and economy no decision on major economic project in Siberia had been made. Now the scientific expertise in the eastern part of the country is mostly neglected which has already led to some hasty decisions. CONNECTIONS WITH INDUSTRY SB RAS has always been interested in the practical application of its scientific, technological and designing results and maintained close connections with industrial enterprises and ministries. The system of information propagation and "implementation'' support has proved efficient enough and was represented by special industrial departments of the SB RAS Presidium, coordinative programmes with leading Ministries, exhibitions and reports to the Soviet Government in the end of each five-year plan period, direct implementaional contracts with enterprises etc. In the course of reforms brought about complete disintegration of the previously existing system of interactions between scientists of the SB RAS and the industry of the country. As a result, SB RAS temporarily had to change its priorities and focus on relations with foreign partners. Many of its Institutes (e.g. Novosibirsk Institute of Catalysis, Institute of Thermal Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Unified Institute of Geology, geophysics and mineralogy etc) making use of already obtained results enter into contracts with foreign companies. SB RAS intended on the basis of scientific and industrial cooperation with foreign partners to expand existing research centres adding to their structure compact scienceintensive enterprises thus turning these research centres into a kind of technnoparks. An example of such an activity is setting up of a Russian-Thailand joint venture "Tyrus''specialized in the production of precious stones and the Russian-German Tomographic Centre in Novosibirsk research centre. Unfortunately, political and economic instability in our country make foreign investors who seem interested in this kind of business rather shy. The situation could be soon improved under two conditions: adequate legislative protection of foreign investments; parallel development of investment in science-intensive production in Russia itself. Technological and scientific parks seem promising because of the following: insufficient financing and necessity to attract investments retaining at the same time the existing schools of fundamental research; 20

21 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences possibility of creating new jobs for many researchers and higher-school professors as well as university and college graduates when many existing institutions are declaring redundancies to provide the inflow of young scientists and somehow to offset the "brain drain''; future requirements for restructuring the industry of the Russian Federation and CIS taking into account the concept of sustainable development and based on progressive technologies; the existing market relations must be developed and emphasis transferred to civilized production. The advantages of the research centres when under favorable economic conditions technoparks are established are as follows: research centres are already well-developed multidisciplinary research units with considerable scientific and technological experience, skill and established relations with similar organizations; there are complex designing bureaus and pilot plants and production within SB RAS research centres; there are experimental plants and their equipment and machinery can provide the primary material basis for future science-intensive joint ventures; availability of high-skilled labour force and retraining capacities of SB RAS and Siberian colleges and Universities; availability of working premises which could be provided by some of the Institutes and other institutions of SB RAS declaring redundancies. The technological parks seem a promising idea but they can be established only as a result of stabilization of economical and political life in Russia. Previously, budgetary financing covered only half of the costs of SB RAS and the rest was earned by the Institutes entering in contracts mostly with industrial enterprises. The recent economic crisis resulted in the fact that the real financing now is one fifth of what it was in 1990 (Fig. 6). The sharp decline in industry, especially military and industrial complex practically destroyed this source of financing. To a certain extent this has been offset by contracts with foreign firms. At present the proportion of budgetary and non-budgetary financing is 60:49, i.e. the real non-budgetary financing has reduced 5-6 times. Recently, the cost structure of the Institutes has changed significantly. The proportion of salaries and wages has grown from 1987 to 1993 from 37.5% to 64.5% and the proportion of costs of materials and equipment dropped from 27% to 5 %. The situation is deteriorating very rapidly. Many institutes have stopped purchases of equipment, conserved some larger plants, drastically reduced field works and some experimental research. Price hikes, especially with respect to energy, led to unheard of increase in overheads which was most painful to experimental basis and infrastructure (experimental plants, housing, nursery schools, health service etc.) The construction of resident houses for researchers must be now financed by researchers themselves and after a short period of optimism difficult financial situation made the scientific community in Siberia lose interest in such innovations. The faulty and insufficient budgetary financing made it necessary for SB RAS to set up a special bank "Sibakadembank'' allowing the Institutes of SB RAS to manipulate financial resources and be granted low-interest credits. Affiliations of the Bank have been opened also in Tomsk and Ulan-Ude. 21

22 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences LABOUR POTENTIAL, EQUIPMENT, LOOKING FOR NEW STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTITUTES The budgetary financing of the SB RAS is now one fifth or one sixth of what it used to be, say, in 1990 and the SB RAS is now on the verge of extinction. To declare more redundancies under conditions of decreased financing is senseless as it would mean the end of the Branch. Nevertheless, the number of people on the SB RAS payroll has reduced by 20.7% over last four years. It can be attributed to very small salaries, inadequate material and equipment supply, changes in housing policy of the country so that the Institute cannot now grant an apartment to a person working there. More and more scientists permanently or temporarily leave the country (about 160 researchers a year).russian scientists are in high demand in the West which is an indirect proof of the generally high level of our science. Most researchers have been employed by leading organizations and corporations in the USA (35%), Germany (20%), France (15%), Japan (7%) and other countries. In order to retain its basic labour potential SB RAS introduced a contractual system of payment to its leading researchers which provided a social protection to actively working scientists. In addition, special measures have been taken to support young researchers. Special scholarships and fellowships have been established for post-graduate students much greater that those offered by the Government, a system of bonuses has been introduced for researchers taking their Doctorate degree (younger than 40) and Candidate degree (younger than 30), some institutes cover some or all the costs of young scientists attending international scientific conferences, the decision has been made to create a special housing fund for young scientists etc. About researchers have left the SB RAS (200 Doctors and 1600 Candidates of Sciences). The measures taken by SB RAS helped it to some extent recover its scientific potential. Over the same period the general number of researchers reduced only by a thousand people whereas the number of Candidates decreased only by 420 people, and the number of Doctors even increased by 240 people. 16 international research centres set up by Siberian Branch of RAS and functioning as non-governmental organizations (as open institutes) to some extent helped us to deal with the problem of brain leakage. Some of our scientists come back. Foreign scientists come to Siberia attracted by unique natural objects, such as Lake Baikal, Altai mountains, Siberian taiga etc., pioneering experimental plants of the SB RAS and achievements of some of our scientific teams. One more difficult problem is the maintenance of the equipment and the largest experimental plants, such as solar radiotlescope and set of observatories in Irkutsk, experimental plant for the investigation of space particles in Yakutsk, system of unique accelerators of elementary particles in Novosibirsk etc. These plants help us to keep up to the world standards. It is quite evident, that the SB RAS will not be able to afford creating new centres. That is why we see our main task in operating and maintaining them and pin our hopes on the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation which could provide assistance also through federal research centrees created by it. The General Meeting of SB RAS approved the suggestion of the Presidium of SB RAS to centralize part of the finances in order to coordinate the solution of the problems common for many of the Institutes. SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND PRESERVATION OF RESEARCH CENTRES Siberian research centres were created in the sixties and represent almost perfectly the development trends of the world science. Novosibirsk research centre became the prototype of similar towns in Japan and France. Their emergence reflected the new multidis- 22

23 Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences ciplinary approach to the solution of global environmental, energy, technological and other vital problems of humanity. Unfortunately, the unique Russian experiment may perish because such a combination of research, designing, industrial and social infrastructure providing efficient functioning of the SB RAS over the entire period of its existence now threatens the very existence of science in the eastern part of the country. SB RAS cannot any more afford maintaining these complexes and their complete separation from scientific and designing activity destroy the unified system of research centres. The situation calls for original decisions on the state level. Siberian research centres are situated at a considerable (up to 30 km) distance from the city centres and SB RAS has to maintain the utilities and power structures (large boilers, 700 km of cable networks, 630 km of water communications and sewage etc.). Siberian Branch has also to maintain around 900 objects of social infrastructure (residential houses, utilities, health and educational institutions, recreational facilities etc. with total area over 2 million square metres. The difficulties are aggravated by the fact that the major part of residential houses of the SB RAS was built in the sixties and seventies and therefore require capital repairs and renovations which is practically impossible due to the absence of funds. In this connection the Presidium of SB RAS had to divert some money from research. One of the most serious problems is also the maintenance of public utilities. Built more than 30 years ago their facilities require renovation the cost of which would be billions of roubles. This problem has been discussed heatedly for several years. For closed cities the problem has been somehow solved by special legislation. For Novosibirsk and other research centres of SB RAS it is an unsettled question. [ Back] [SBRAS Home Page] Webmaster www@ wwwsbras. ict.nsk.s u 1996, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 23

24 Appendix 5. Krasnoyarsk Science CenterKKrasnoyarsk Science Centre Krasnoyarsk Science Centre The Krasnoyarsk region is one of the largest regions of Russia extending for nearly 3000 km from the mountains in Southern Siberia on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north 12. The southern part of the region is the best industrially and agriculturally developed in Siberia. Abundant natural resources, such as wood, non-ferrous and noble metals and coal, underlie the regional economy and industry. Highly developed are thermal and hydraulic power, machine engineering, metallurgy, petroleum chemistry and many others. Rich soils and favourable climate conditions provide efficient cattle breeding and high grain yield. Among the first academic institutions of Krasnoyarsk were the Institute of Physics, founded in 1956, and the Institute of Forest, moved from Moscow in The two institutes, together with the later founded institutes of Biophysics, Computational Modelling, Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, formed the Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences in A considerable part of studies performed by the Krasnoyarsk institutes is related to the biospheric role of ecosystems and rational land-use, which are central issues for the Sukachev Institute of Forest and the Institute of Biophysics. The Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station, a common-use centre for processing and analysing data on forests, provides information support of the studies. Since 1996, the Krasnoyarsk Regional GIS-Centre has been successfully operating as a part of the Distributed Siberian Network of Regional GIS-Centres. The fact that the greatest portion of world boreal forests is located in Siberia, as well as the high scientific potential of the Institute of Forest, became fundamental for successful work of the Siberian International Centre for Ecological Research of Boreal Forests. Siberian taiga is the main subject of studies of the Sukachev Institute of Forest and the Siberian International Centre for Ecological Research of Boreal Forests. (The photo shows dead forest.) The Institute of Biophysics was a pioneer in elaborating closed artificial survival ecosystems, and on its basis an International Centre for Closed Ecological Systems has been operating there since Original text copied from and modified by Mauri Timonen 12 24

25 Appendix 5. Krasnoyarsk Science CenterKKrasnoyarsk Science Centre The Kirensky Institute of Physics carries out fundamental studies in physics of magnetism and condensed media. Research results of the Institute are applied in designing new materials for electronics and advanced communication media. Research in the Institute of Computational Modelling focuses on intellectual information systems and methods of numerical modelling for a broad scope of problems from tsunami propagation to programmes of ecological safety for population and environment in emergency situations. In the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, scientific and technological fundamentals are being created for ecologically safe processing of ores and their concentrates, wood, coal, as well as renewable resources and non-traditional raw materials. The Special Design Office «Nauka» deals with pilot and industrial finishing of research results and their implementation. This is also the main focus of the departments of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Physics of Nano-Phase Materials, Industrial Ecology, and a number of other practice-oriented institutions founded by the «Nauka» Office and the institutes of the Centre, and affiliated to the Presidium of the Krasnoyarsk Centre. A holding, based on various marketing and commercial structures, monitors the activity of the technopark zone. The Krasnoyarsk Centre also involves laboratories of the Novosibirsk Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, and the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering. All academic institutions of the Krasnoyarsk Centre of the SB RAS, together with higher schools and industrial enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are among founders of the Regional Scientific and Educational Complex and participate in elaboration and implementation of research and development programmes funded from the federal and regional budgets. The Complex is responsible for finishing high technologies and attracting investments. 25

26 Appendix 5. Krasnoyarsk Science CenterKKrasnoyarsk Science Centre Scientist have worked out a high-resolution method for detection of forest fires with the use of images from NO- AA satellites. The window show forest fires in the Lower Angara Region in (left) Receiver for satellite monitoring that can work in hard conditions, including aboard a ship during storms, was designed in the Krasnoyarsk SC. Collaboration of the Krasnoyarsk Centre institutes with higher schools is developed in both research and education fields. About twenty joint chairs have been founded that are headed by scientists from the Centre, and some of them are located directly in the institutes. A recently created local information network provides an access to Internet for all institutes and major universities of Krasnoyarsk. The Krasnoyarsk Akademgorodok is sited in the suburbs, at the elevated bank of the Yenisei River. It comprises a number of institutes and laboratories with their logistic infrastructure, a residential zone with a scientists club, «House of Scientists», a hospital, shops and other social amenities. One of the University buildings, that used to be founded as a branch of the Novosibirsk University, is within the limits of Akademgorodok. There is a specialised secondary school that offers good training in physics and mathematics, humanities, chemistry, biology and arts. See also Short guide to the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 26

27 Appendix 6. V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS (SIFSBRAS) V.N.SUKACHEV INSTITUTE OF FOREST, SIBERI- AN BRANCH, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (SIF SB RAS) Director: Academician RAS, Professor, Dr. Vaganov Evgenii Alexandrovich The Institute staff numbers 401 people (including filials): 1 academician, 33 professors, 99 doctors, 76 Ph.D. course students, 18% research workers are young scientists (up to 33 age). The Institute has 4 sectors which contain 17 laboratories 13. STRUCTURE OF INSTITUTE: Academician Eugene A. Vaganov I FORESTRY DEPARTMENT Head of department - Prof. Anatoly Platonovich Abaimov 1. Laboratory of forestry Prof. Anatoly Platonovich Abaimov 2. Laboratory of forest genetics and breeding Prof. Elena Nikolaevna Muratova 3. Laboratory of forest inventory and forest management Prof. Vladimir Alexeevich Sokolov 4. Laboratory of forest pyrology Prof. Valentin Vasilievich Furyaev 5. Sector of artificial forest phytocoenosis Ph.D. Genady Sergeevich Varaksin II FOREST MONITORING DEPARTMENT Head of department - Ph.D. Alexandr Alexandrovich Onuchin 6. Laboratory of forest monitoring Ph.D. Alexandr Alexandrovich Onuchin 7. Laboratory of biogeocoenology Prof. Stanislav Petrovich Efremov 8. Laboratory of forest soil Prof. Yury Ivanovich Ershov 9. Laboratory of forest zoology Ph.D. Yury Nikolayevich Baranchikov 10. Laboratory of forest biophysics Prof.Vyacheslav Ivanovich Kharuk III DENDROCLIMATOLOGY AND HISTORY OF FORESTS DEPARTMENT 11. Head of department Academician Eugene Alexandrovich Vaganov IV PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF TREE PLANTS DE- PARTMENT 12. Head of department Prof. Sergey Redzhinaldovich Loskutov TOMSK'S FILIAL Director - Ph.D. Krivets Svetlana Arnoldovna 13. Laboratory of forestry and forest management Ph.D. Krivets Svetlana Arnoldovna 14. Laboratory of ecology and assessment of soil productivity Ph.D. Anatoly Grigorievich Dyukarev 15. Laboratory of growth and fruiting of trees Prof. Sergey Nikolaevich Goroshkevich 16. Laboratory of dynamic sand ecosystems stability Prof. Elena Eugenievna Timoshok WEST SIBERIAN FILIAL (NOVOSIBIRSK) 17. Director - Ph.D Valery Ivanovich Baranovsky - 13 Orignal text copied from and modified by Mauri Timonen mauri.timonen@metla.fi) 27

28 Appendix 6. V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS (SIFSBRAS) 12 Original text copied from and modified by Mauri Timonen ( mauri.timonen@metla.fi) VN Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS building in the scientist town called Akademgorodok, just beside the city of Krasnoyarsk. House of Scientists is a hotel for visiting scientists in Krasnoyarsk Akademgorodok. VN Sukachev Institute is located just at 10 minute s walking distance from House of Scientists. A bus ride to downtown Krasnoyarsk at the distance of 10 km departs every half an hour just beside the hotel. 28

29 APPENDIX 7. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES (METLA - IFSBRAS) Some Words about the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (IPAE) The Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology 202, 8 Marta St., Ekaterinburg, , Russia Phone (343) common@ipan.uran.ru Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology was founded in 1944 and now it is a leading organization in the field of ecology of land and freshwater ecosystems studies 14. The main elaborated problems are: - general mechanisms of development (functioning, dynamics, stability) of such natural ecosystems as populations and communities; - development of nature conservation fundamentals (ecological regulation, bioindication, ecotoxicology, radioecology); - climate reconstruction, structure and functioning ecosystems of Northern Eurasia during the last thousand years; - analysis of biodiversity on the territories of the Urals and Western Siberia The Institute incorporates 13 laboratories, a zoological museum, a biophysical station (at the town of Zarechny in the Sverdlovsk Region ) and a Scientific Research Center (at the town of Labytnangi in the Tyumen Region). The Institute also possesses a large herbarium of plants. There are 287 personnel on staff at the Institute, including 2 full members and one corresponding member of the RAS, 24 doctors and 77 candidates of science. Director is academician Vladimir Bolshakov. Akademician Vladimir Bolshakov The Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established on the 18th of June, 1944, under the name of the Biology Institute of the UB RAS. The first director of the Institute was a prominent physiologist and geneticist, professor V. V. Patrushev. The line of present-day research conducted by the Institute can be traced back to the scientific and administrative activities of academician S. S. Schwarz, who directed the Institute from 1955 to At that time, famous and outstanding scientists worked at the Institute, such as geneticist and radioecologist N. V. Timofeyev-Ressovsky, and botanist and geographer B. P. Kolesnikov. The Institute incorporates 13 laboratories, a zoological museum, a biophysical station (at the town of Zarechny in the Sverdlovsk Region ) and a Scientific Research Center (at the town of Labytnangi in the Tyumen Region). The Institute also possesses a large herbarium of plants. There are 287 personnel on staff at the Institute, including 2 full members and one corresponding member of the RAS, 24 doctors and 77 candidates of science. A principal area of scientific research is associated with the study of functioning, evolution and stability of living systems such as populations, communities and ecosystems at the 14 Orignal text copied from and modified by Mauri Timonen mauri.timonen@metla.fi) 29

30 APPENDIX 7. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES (METLA - IFSBRAS) super-organism level. The following scientific branches are studied: population ecology of plants and animals, historical ecology, radioecology, soil sciences, and applied ecology (such as environmental monitoring and expertise, standardization, recovery of biological resources, and sustainable development). In recent years, the following outstanding achievements have been made: principles of ecological mechanisms of evolutionary processes have been formulated as a result of the studies of population structure of different species under various environmental conditions; ecological peculiarities of plants and animals inhabiting mountainous and subarctic ecosystems have been revealed with demonstrations of both zonal and altitudinal adaptations to specific environments; the head of the dendro- Professor Stepan Shiyatov, results of complex studies (botanical, zoological, and hydrobiological) of ecosystems of the polar Urals and the Yamal Peninsula the IPAE, Ekaterinburg. chronological laboratory in have been summarized for the period of 40 years. A description has been given of the dynamics of ecosystems, and a forecast has been made of the changes in these systems under the conditions of large-scale exploration of fossil fuel deposits. Some important characteristics of the tundra biome have been summarized on a global scale; a cycle of radioecological and population studies has been completed in the field pertaining to impacts of radioactive contamination on the territories of a so-called East Ural Radioactive Trace and Totsky Nuclear Testing Site; some regularities have been described for transformation and stabilization mechanisms of populations and communities under the impacts of heavy metal contamination; For coniferous forests of the Middle Urals, methods of ecological standardization have been developed, critical toxic levels have been determined, and ecological standards have been established: theoretical and methodological principles have been formulated for dendrochronological monitoring in Russia. With the use of dendrochronology methods, anthropogenic and climatic changes in forest-tundra vegetation in various sectors of Ural and Siberian subarctic have been reconstructed for a 500 to 600 year period (in areas of Western The building, where professor Stepan Shiyatov s main office of his famous dendrochronological laboratory in Ekaterinburg locates. Dr. Pavel Moiseev (standing closest) and professor Shiyatov, coming out at the main door, ready to go home after the fruitful Finnish-Russian negotiations. 30

31 APPENDIX 7. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES (METLA - IFSBRAS) Siberia over a 4500 year period); studies have been conducted of population structure and dynamics of endemic and rare plant species of the Northern and Middle Urals and the northern part of West Siberia. Methodological principles of evaluation and protection of the species have been established; some regular features of population dispersion, such as direction, speed, scale, and the extent of reversibility, of mammalian faunas in the late Cenozoic have been found for all the natural zones of the Urals; a comprehensive survey of natural reproduction of populations of the semianadromous Coregonid fish is an example of a study in the Lower Ob basin. An evaluation system was developed for the ecological capacity of spawning locations; resulting from the long-term field studies of the nature of the Urals and adjacent regions of the subarctic, the following books have been prepared and published: "Red Data Book of the Middle Urals Sverdlovsk and Perm Regions", "The Nature of Yamal", "Ecology of the Chanty-Mansi Autonomous District", and "Red Data Book of the Yamalo- Nenetz Autonomous District". 31

32 Fig 1. Considering Finnish-Russian climate change research, we actually need the whole Eurasian data to be successful in detailed analysis. But in order to keep the research well-controlled, some restrictions have to be set: 1) we stay inside the conifer belt (or in Boreal humid and Boreal tundra zones) 2) we focus studying only Scots pine everywhere where possible. Some partners have already tentatively been marked on the map. 32

33 Fig 2. Climate change and timberline research will be concentrated mainly on Boreal Humid and Boreal Interfrost biomes (called also northern conifer zone or taiga). 33

34 Fig 3. Eurasian distribution of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris). (Scanned from Geographic distribution of the pines of the world, USDA Forest Service Misc. Publ. 991, 1966). See also 34