Expanding of Tuber melanosporum truffle in culture - case study

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1 Volume 18(), 0-, 201 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology Expanding of Tuber melanosporum truffle in culture - case study Cântar I. C. 1 *, Merce O. 1, Cadar N. 1, Simon-Cernescu Nicoleta 1 1 Forest Research and Management Institute *Corresponding author. cantar.cosmin@yahoo.com Abstract The main objective for this work is to develop the technologies for planting and care of forest cultures specialised in truffle production in Romania. Preparation the ground for the installation of culture involved: plowing of soil on the entire surface, correction of soil acidity by application of amendments, shredding of soil and incorporation and mixing the amendments on soil. Planting scheme used, was of X m, in rows with 8 sapling on each. Also, this paper show some aspects about care of young forest culture mycorrhized with truffle and growth of saplings in the first vegetation season. Key words Truffle, Tuber melanosporum, area of culture This case study on extending the Tuber melanosporum truffle in culture aims to present the technology of planting and care in the early years, for forest cultures specialized on truffle production in Romania, developed following the establishment of such a culture in Moldova Noua, Caras Severin county. Elaboration of this technology was performed following the establishment of a such culture in Moldova Noua, Caras-Severin county. Black truffle or Périgord truffle, Tuber melanosporum Vittadini is found naturally in the lowlands of the Alps (France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia), but by plantations was spread to other areas with mild winters in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, Chile etc. (). In last years, in Romania has been installed in several experimental plantations (Chira et al 2012). It has an intense and very personal aroma. Natural areas began to be depleted by harvesting and the market is supplied from cultures. The truffles growth associated with the roots of oaks (especially pubescent oak, in stands with low level of consistence, even isolated trees), oak, poplar, hazel, lime, hornbeam, beech, walnut, pine, willow. He needs a climate with hot summers, but with constant rainfall (including summer), at altitudes between 0 and 1000 m. Tuber melanosporum prefer well-drained soils rich in calcium (and other alkaline salts), aerated, porous. Are winter truffles, which ripen from November to March (in France and Italy) (). Knowing that Tuber melanosporum has a natural range that may exceed the east of France, Switzerland and the west of Italy, if the plantation is successful, we can make a big jump (almost 100 km) on the distribution of this species of truffle. Using Quercus cerris inoculated with Tuber melanosporum from Italy, plantations were performed (2012) at Moldova Noua, a region with temperate-continental climate with Mediterranean influences. Choise of the land for truffle culture Choosing of the land on which has followed the settings of experimental forest culture, mycorrhized with truffle, was based on several considerations described below. Influence of sub-mediterranean climate which is found on Moldova Noua area was paramount in choosing a land in such climate, that allows the better development of the wood species mycorrhized and the truffle, both originary from Italy. Land ownership influenced its choice, because the agricultural land used needs to be privately owned and stable, compared to the long time needed to obtain results that removing this area from classical agricultural production. Land security is also important, because one fenced area ensure a perfect protection against wild animals, cattle and various individuals. Positioning of the land toward the forest, was also important, a great distance to it ensuring a low probability of mycorrhizing with other fungi or contacting diseases and pests. The ph of the soil required by the crop is the basic ph, in this case being necessary to apply correction amendment. A satellite image of the terrain chosen satisfying the above conditions can be analyzed in Figure 1. 0

2 Fig. 1 Satellite images of the terrain (Google Earth) Soil preparation For planting seedlings of Quercus cerris mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum, it was necessary to prepare the ground by plowing, by applying of calcium carbonate to correct ph and its incorporation into the soil and picketing the land for planting seedlings. Plowing done was spring plowing with depth of 2 cm on the total surface of 10 sqm (0.1 ha). Prepared land is rectangular with dimensions of 0 m x m. In Figures 2 can be observed plowed field and applying amendments. Immediately after plowing, in order to correct ph, lime from the trade was applied as an amendment in amount of 0. kg/m² and a total of 00 kg for the whole area was necesary (1 bags of 2 kg each). To control the uniformity of applying on whole surface, was desingned a grid on the land with dust lime. Using this method was designed 1 rectangular surfaces and on each surface was applied the quantity from one bag of lime. Fig. 2 Applying of amendments on newly plowed field Incorporate the amendments on soil was made by passes with the harrow, perpendicular twos, on all surface. For mechanical work, both, plowing and incorporation of amendments was used U tractor. In addition to incorporating the amendments, passage harrow aimed and shredding soil after plowing, removing the roots and leveling the surface. The last step in preparing the ground for the installation of culture is represented by land picketing. Picketing was conducted for planting 0 saplings on planting scheme m x m. In Figure is shown the area ready for planting. 1

3 Fig. Land picketed and ready for planting Maintenance of plantations Well known that Tuber melanosporum needs a warm climate and constant precipitations, the care of plantations especialy in summer, consist first in ensuring constant needs of water. In the case of Quercus cerris plantation mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum from Moldova Noua, the frequency of watering in dry periods in summer was 2 times weekly (Fig. ). Fig. Watering of Quercus cerris mychorrhized with Tuber melanosporum (Sapling protected against rabbits) Another important aspect that can endanger the viability of seedlings in the first years of life, is the damage on them produced by rabbits. So, is necessary to protect each sapling separately, against rabbits, through cylinder fence (Fig. ). A special attention, especially in the first years of life should be given to diseases and pests of sampling planted in the field, pests and diseases that can debilitate them. In the plantation from Moldova Nouă, after finding the culture of Lymantria dispar caterpillars on foliage of sapling, we intervened to combat this caterpillar very fast. For a good supply of soil around the seedling may be necessary to mobilize soil around the seedling which, if done, must be done on a very small depth, in practice, only breaking the soil crust to facilitate its water supply. 2

4 September saplings on row ( m distance between saplings on row) May saplings on row ( m distance between saplings on row) Measurements done In order to determine the growth of saplings on the first year, we made measurements on height and diameter on May 2012, after planting and on September 2012 at fine of vegetation season. These sapling dimensions are presented below in the table 1. Sapling dimensions after planting (may 2012) and at fine of vegetation season (September 2012) H [cm] d [mm] rows with sapling ( m - distance between row) 1 2,,, ,1, 2, 0 2, 2, 2 1 2, 2,9, 2 2, 2,, ,2 2,9, , 1 2 2,, 2 2,,,, 2,, 2 2, 0 2 2,,,, , 2 8,, , Table 1 Analyzing the table presented bellow observed an average growth of sapling of, cm in height and 2, mm in diameter. The maximum growth of trees is 8 cm on height and mm on height. Need to mention that on the first year of vegetation this forest plantation was attacked by Lymantria dispar caterpillar. Conclusions Analyzing this culture on the first year of vegetation we find the following: Despite the dry periods, the survival rate of seedlings is 100%, due to prompt actions of watering. Development of seedlings established from measurements revealed a significant growth compared to the dimensions of seedlings at installation. Development of leaves of seedlings is good, despite the attack of Lymantria dispar, thanks to the quick combating intervention. Sapling protection against rabbits was ensured, removing the risk of injury at an early age, growing stagnation or destruction of saplings. References 1.Cântar, I Raport de activitate privind lucrările efectuate în cazul culturii de la Moldova Nouă

5 din cadrul Temei P.N , ICAS Staţiunea Timişoara; 2.Cântar, I. 201 Expanding the area of culture and determining cultivation potential of Tuber melanosporum in Moldova Noua area (Romania), Oral presentation at Training School on Modelling Non-Wood Forest Products, El Escorial (Madrid, Spain): th September rd October 201;.Chira, D., Chira, Florentina 2012 Micorizarea puieţilor forestieri cu specii de Tuber, Revista de Silvicultură şi Cinegetică, Anul XVII, Nr. 1, 1.