Defining and Evaluating Ecosystem Recovery. Jeanne Chambers USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno
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1 Defining and Evaluating Ecosystem Recovery Jeanne Chambers USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno
2 Components of Ecosystem Recovery Eliminate invasive or reduce abundance to acceptable levels Restore or maintain sustainable ecosystems (native, native and introduced, agronomic)
3 Goal Sustainable Ecosystems Retain characteristic processes Geomorphic function Hydrologic balance Biogeochemical cycling (nutrient retention) Biological activity and productivity (from Chapin et al. 1996; Christensen et al. 1996) Exhibit resistance and resilience Supply ecosystem services
4 Defining Recovery Type of ecosystem (abiotic & biotic characteristics) Stage of invasion Ecological condition (or site potential) Control/restoration approaches
5 Control/Restoration Approaches Preventative - maintain/increase ecosystem resistance and resilience Remove stressor Reinstate natural disturbance regime Control Biological, chemical, etc. Control and Restoration Control, site modification, revegetation
6 Defining Recovery Stage of Invasion Management approaches and recovery measures vary depending on phase Phases of invasion Lag or delay Exponential increase Slowed growth as species reaches bounds of new range
7 Carrying Capacity Invader abundance Q 0 C 0 C 1 C 2 Preventative and Control Invasion Control and/or Restoration Time (Hobbs and Humphries 1995)
8 Defining Recovery Ecological Condition Species invasions are often triggered by disturbance or site degradation Alternative states and transition concepts can be used to - Identify ecological condition Evaluate current site potential Determine appropriate control and restoration procedures
9 Alternative States and Transitions For given ecosystem type, multiple alternative states can exist Change between states is often a result of natural and anthropogenic disturbance Thresholds exist between the different states When thresholds are exceeded changes in processes and/or structure result in new states adjusted to the altered factors or processes
10 Transition threshold controlled by biotic interactions 0 1 Recovery requires control & vegetation manipulation Transition threshold controlled by abiotic limitations Primary processes are mostly functional Recovery requires removal of stressor/ reinstatement of natural disturbance 2 Recovery requires modification of physical environment control & revegetation 3 4 Primary processes are nonfunctional or altered Degradation Modified from Whisenant 1999
11 A Demonstration Area on Ecosystem Response to Watershed Scale Burns in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands Joint Fire Sciences Program Rocky Mountain Research Sta. Humboldt-Toiyabe N.F ARS UNR Stanford Lafayette College
12 Cumulative Increase in Trees Over Time Cumulative Tree Density (%) Underdown Canyon, Nevada (n =15) Linear increase in tree density for all plots combined 2.0 trees/ac/year High tree density areas will increase from 3% to 45% in next 50 years Year
13 Live Fuel Loads Contributed by Pinyon Trees Tons/Acre Underdown Canyon, Nevada (n = 15) 2 Foliage Biomass 1-Hour Fuels 10-Hour Fuels 100-Hour Fuels 1000-Hour Fuels Fine Fuels 2.2 > 10 tons/ac Total Fuels 7.2 > 35 tons/ac 2 0 Low Mid High Stand Density
14 Effects of Trees on Understory Cover 100 Underdown Canyon, Nevada (n = 4) Trees 18 > 75% Total Aerial Cover (%) Forb Grass Shrub Tree Shrubs 35 > 2% Forb + Grass 15 > 5% 0 Low Mid High Tree Density
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17 Fire Grass - Forb Preventative Low-Mid P-J Oversory/ Sage - Grass Understory Tree Seed Source No Fire Sage Seed Fire Proper grazing Sage - Grass Increase in tree density and/or depletion of understory Mid - Late P-J Overstory And/or Depleted Understory Fire Fire/Invasive Seed Source Native annuals/ Residual Grass - forb Fire/Invasive Seed Source Revegetation Invasive Annual Grasses/ Perennial Forbs Control Revegetation Fire
18 Defining Recovery Ecosystem type Stage of invasion Site/recovery potential >>Alternative State
19 Evaluating Recovery - Reference Area or Standard of Comparison Ecosystems that exhibit the desired processes or Technical publications of the soils and vegetations of the ecological site Problem is that restored area is often in an early successional stage & species composition often differs Same environmental characteristics and site potential Similar soil physical and chemical properties (and biota) Comparable vegetation life forms Information about resident & migratory animal species Multiple years of data on variability and trend
20 Measures of Recovery Ideal is to examine ecosystem processes/ function in reality structure is measured Measures of recovery should provide information on - The invasive species The restored ecosystem -Abiotic characteristics -Biotic characteristics The annual variability and long-term trend
21 Information on the Invasive High abundance at any life stage is a good predictor of the ability to invade Seed Bank Number of individuals of seedlings, juveniles, and adults Abundance (density, biomass, cover) of invasive relative to species in the recovering ecosystem Spatial distribution
22 Information on the Restored Ecosystem Abiotic Surface infiltration; erosion Soil physical properties (texture, bulk density) Soil chemical properties (nutrient availability, site specific factors such as soluble salts) Soil microbiotic communities
23 Information on the Restored Ecosystem Biotic Vegetation Seedling emergence & survival; transplant survival Population turnover (natality and mortality) Biomass/productivity measures Cover Species composition Diversity
24 Information on the Restored Ecosystem Biotic Animals Single species or species groups Population densities and turnover rates Entire faunal community Total number of resident and nonresident vertebrate species Estimates of population and turnover rates within certain groups of species
25 Information on the Restored Ecosystem Environmental Precipitation records Disturbance events Management actions Land use activities Repeated treatments
26 Evaluating Recovery Measures of recovery - The invasive species The restored ecosystem -Abiotic characteristics -Biotic characteristics The annual variability and long-term trend Reference areas or other standards of comparison can be used to help define goal and assess recovery
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