PLANT BREEDING: THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
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2 PLANT BREEDING: THEORY AND TECHNIQUES Editor S. K. GUPTA Senior Scientist Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu AGROBIOS (INDIA) i
3 Published by: AGROBIOS (INDIA) Agro House, Behind Nasrani Cinema Chopasani Road, Jodhpur Phone: , Fax: E. mail: AGROBIOS (INDIA) First Published, 2000 Impression All Rights Reserved (2008) All rights reserved. No part of the book or part thereof, including the title of the book and figures, be reprinted in any form or language without the explicit written permission of the author and the publishers. The copyists / photo copyists shall be positively prosecuted. ISBN No. (10): ISBN No. (13): Published by: Dr. Updesh Purohit for Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Laser typeset at: Shriya Computers and Printers, Jodhpur Cover Design by: Reena Printed at: Anmol Prints, Jodhpur ii
4 PREFACE The book on `Plant Breeding Theory and Techniques is the most modern and comprehensive book of plant breeding. Although, there are excellent text books/edited books for graduate, postgraduate and researchers, yet the need of a book having the theoretical background of each crop and various techniques involved in the crop improvement for the undergraduate and graduate students has long been felt. The frontline scientists of different parts of the country have contributed chapters relative to their specialization. The first part of the book contains up-to-date information on various crops viz., Wheat, Brassica, Linseed, Sesame, Sunflower, Isabgol (Plantago ovata) Celery, Safferon, Medics and forage Pennisetum, Tomato, Gardenpea, Cauliflower, Broccoli and Onion. The inclusion of topics like safferon, celery and isabgol marks the distinctness of the book. The various aspects of each crop viz., geographical distribution, origin and evolution, floral biology, selfing & crossing techniques; breeding objectives, methods and accomplishments have been beautifully discussed. The second part of the book deals with various techniques used in the crop improvement for the development of new cultivars have been presented. Quality parameters and their estimation, chromosome techniques, mutation breeding techniques and practical approaches to heterosis breeding have been presented for the students who are engaged in the laboratory work. The inclusion of topics like disease resistance, biotechnology and statistical techniques make the book up-to-date and informative. The present state of knowledge, breeding accomplishments and future strategies for each crop are highlighted. The principles and procedures for each techniques are discussed in stepwise manner so that the students could assimilate the matter very easily. It is hoped that students and practitioners of plant breeding will find this book very up-to-date and enjoy the diversity of the contents. I would like to thank several people for their contributions to this book.. I am extremely indebted to Prof. H.R. Kalia, former Vice-Chancellor of H.P. Agricultural University for the valuable help and encouraging me to edit this book. I am also thankful to Prof. B. Rai, Dean College of Agriculture B.H.U., Varanasi; Dr. K.B. Saxena, Sr. Scientist (Pigeonpea), ICRISAT; Prof. D. R. Sharma and Dr. R. Kaur, Department of Biotechnology UHF, Solan; Prof. S.K. Munshi, Department of Biochemistry, PAU Ludhiana; Prof. A.K. Koul, Department of Biosciences, Jammu University; Prof. S.K. Sharma and H.L. Thakur, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Prof. Pritam Kalia, Department of Vegetable Science, H.P.K.V.V. Palampur; Prof. Amirthadevarathinam, Head (Retd.), Deptt. of Agriculture iii
5 Botany, Madurai; Dr. B.L. Koul, Chairman and Dr. D.K. Choudhary, Sr. Scientist, Division of Botanical Sciences, RRL, Jammu; Dr. R.K. Raheja, Sr. Biochemist, Department of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana; Dr. Bhagmal, Director and Dr. S.N. Tripathi, Sr. Scientist, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (U.P.); Dr. Ashwani Kumar Pathologist and Daizy Basandari, Assistant Breeder, H.P.K.V.V. Palampur. Lastly, I am especially indebted to my wife-neena without whose co-operation and patience, I could not have completed this assignment. During my last three years, she kept me completely free from homely affairs. I would also apolozies to my children Kanav and Kavya, to whom I could not pay my attention during the course of editing this book. S. K. Gupta Editor iv
6 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Dr. A. Amirthadevarathinam Department of Agricultural Botany Agricultural College & Research Institute Madurai, Tamil Nadu Dr. A. K. Basandari Department of Plant Pathology Regional Research Station Dhaulakuan, Sirmaur (HP) Dr. A. K. Koul Department of Biosciences Jammu University, Jammu Dr. B. L. Kaul Department of Botanical Sciences Regtional Research Laboratory Canal Road, Jammu Dr. B. Rai Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics School of Agriculture Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Dr. Bhagmal Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi Dr. D. K. Choudhary Regional Research Laboratory Canal Road, Jammu Dr. D. R. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestory Nauni, Solan (HP) Dr. Daizy Basandari Regional Research Station Dhaulakuan, Sirmaur (HP) Dr. H. L. Thakur Oil seeds Research Station, Kangra (HP) Dr. H. R. Kalia Palampur (HP) Dr. J. S. Bijral Department of Plantbreeding & Genetics SKUAST, R.S. Pura, Jammu Dr. K. B. Saxena ICRISAT, Patancheru Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Dr. K. Kumar Department of Fruit Breeding & Genetic Resources Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) Dr. Leela Padha Department of Biosciences Jammu University, Jammu Dr. M. K. Dhar Department of Bioscience Jammu University, Jammu v
7 Dr. P.K. Kalia Department of Vegetable Sciences Palampur (HP) Dr. R. K. Raheja Department of Plant Breeding Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Dr. R. Kaur Department of Biotechnology Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) Dr. S. Jamwal Department of Biosciences Jammu University, Jammu Dr. S. Koul Regional Research Laboratory Canal Road, Jammu Dr. S. K. Gupta SKUAST, Regional Research Station Rajouri (J&K) Dr. S. K. Munshi Department of Biochemistry Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Dr. S. K. Sharma Department of Plantbreeding & Genetics Palampur (HP) Dr. S. N. Tripathi Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi Dr. T. R. Sharma Deaprtment of Plantbreeding & Genetics Palampur (HP) Dr. Tahir Hussain Department of Statistics SKUAST, Shalimar, Srinagar vi
8 CONTENTS PREFACE iii 1. NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN PLANT BREEDING... 1 S. K. Gupta and H. R. Kalia Achievements of Plant Breeders...1 Limitations of Conventional Breeding...2 Breeding Objectives in Molecular Terms...3 Techniques of Molecular Biology...3 Molecular Biology and Crop Improvement...4 Development of Herbicide Resistant Plants...4 Development of Insect-Pest Resistant Plants...5 Development of Virus Resistant Plants...5 Protein Quality...5 Hybrid Breeding...5 Prospects...6 References WHEAT... 8 J. S. Bijral Origin and Evolution of hexaploid...8 Evolution of Hexaploid Wheat...8 Floral Biology...10 Selfing and Crossing Techniques in Wheat...11 Pollination Procedure...11 Breeding Objectives...13 Breeding Methods...13 Introductions
9 Pure-line Selection...14 Mutagenesis...14 Hybridization...14 Pedigree Breeding...15 Bulk Method...15 Single-Seed Descent...15 Backcross Method...16 Multiline Cultivars...16 Hybrid Wheat...17 Reference BRASSICA S. K. Gupta Origin and Evolution...19 Floral Biology...20 Hybridization and Selfing Techniques...21 Pollination...21 Selfing...22 Breeding Objectives...22 Breeding for High Seed Yield...22 Breeding for Disease Resistance...22 Breeding for Insect-pest Resistance...22 Breeding for Winter Hardiness and Frost Resistance...23 Breeding for Shattering Resistance...23 Breeding for Better Oil and Meal Quality...23 Breeding Methods...23 Selection Methods...23 Bulk Method...24 Pedigree Method...25 Back-cross Method...26 Composite and Synthetic Varieties...27 Hybridization...28 Polyploidy...28 Mutation Breeding...28 Development of Hybrids...29 Breeding accomplishments...30 References
10 4. LINSEED H. L. Thakur Distribution...33 Origin and Evolution...33 Theory of Origin...34 Morphology...34 Selfing and Crossing Technique...35 Breeding Methodologies...36 Breeding Objectives...36 Breeding Approaches...37 Disease Resistance...39 Varietal Scenario in India...40 Pre-AICORPO Period...40 Post-AICORPO Period...40 Seed and Oil Quality...41 Linseed Fibre...41 References SESAME A. Amirthadevarathinam Introduction...45 Origin and Distribution...46 Floral Biology...46 Hybridization and Pollination Techniques...46 Emasculation...46 Pollination...47 Self-Pollination...47 Breeding Objectives...47 Inter-specific Hybridization...47 Breeding Methods...49 Selection...49 Mass Selection...49 Pure Line Selection...50 Back-cross Method...50 Mutation Breeding...50 References
11 Plant Breeding: Theory and Techniques Publisher : Agrobios Publications ISBN : Author : Gupta SK Type the URL : Get this ebook
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