GE NETIC ANAL Y SIS OF IM POR TANT MORPHO-ECO NOMIC TRAITS IN PIGEONPEA (Cajanus Cajan)

Transcription

1 Progressive Research 9 (Special) : (2014) Society for Sci. Dev. in Agric. and Tech. GE NETIC ANAL Y SIS OF IM POR TANT MORPHO-ECO NOMIC TRAITS IN PIGEONPEA (Cajanus Cajan) R.S. Singh 1, M.N. Singh and Sandeep Saroj De part ment of Ge net ics and Breed ing, In sti tute of Ag ri cul tural Sci ences, B.H.U., Varanasi In dia. 1 Pres ent ad dress: Col lege of Hor ti cul ture Noorsarai, Nalanda Bihar In dia. singhrscoh@gmail.com Key Words : ABSTRACT A line X tester analysis involving three promising germplasm lines and four testers having wider genetic base was carried out for yield and yield attributing traits in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Genetic components of variances revealed prevalence of dominance gene effect for the expression of all the traits except for days to pod and seeds pod. MAL-17, BHUA and NDA 49-6 were best general combiners for yield and few yield traits. The crosses, BHUA X NDA 99-1, BHUA X NDA 49-6, MAL-17 X NDA 49-6, BHUA X NDA 49-6 and NDA-1 X MAL-19 were good specific cross combinations for seed yield and few yield traits. Pigeonpea, com po nent, vari ance, gca, sca, yield. Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is a grain legume belonging to the Cajaninae sub-tribe of the economically important leguminous tribe Phaseoleae. Besides high protein content, pulses are also rich source of certain essential amino acids which are lacking in cereals. Among the pulses, pigeonpea observed to be a major source of protein for about 20 cent of the world population [1] and are rich source of minerals and vitamins [2]. Despite its importance little concerted research activities have been diverted towards crop improvement and consequently the production of pigeonpea has remained static over the last several decades. The major thrust on pigeonpea research is concentrated on increasing yield unit area through the development of high yielding, disease and pest resistant varieties. Being an often-cross pollinated crop, out-crossing has been observed up to 70 cent [3] which may be useful for the production of hybrid seed. In a hybrid breeding programme, the prime objective is to identify a genotype that when crossed with other parents, may produce hybrids with suior formance. Since combining ability analysis is frequently employed to identify the desirable parents and crosses. Hence, Line X Tester analysis [4] was formed to gather the information on general and specific combining ability of the parents and at the same time, also to estimate the various types of genetic variances besides identifying best heterotic crosses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials used for line X tester analysis comprised of three lines (NDA 99-1, NDA 49-6 and BHUA ) and four testers (NDA1, MAL 17, BHUA and MAL 19) were obtained from the All India Co-ordinated Pulse Improvement Project, Department of Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. These genotypes were grown in a crossing block at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during Kharif, and Twelve crosses (NDA-1 X MAL-19, NDA-1 X NDA 99-1, NDA-1 X NDA 49-6, MAL-17 X MAL-19, MAL-17 X NDA 99-1, MAL-17 X NDA 49-6, BHUA X MAL-19, BHUA X NDA 99-1, BHUA X NDA 49-6, BHUA X MAL-19, BHUA X NDA 99-1and BHUA X NDA 49-6) were made in a Line X Tester fashion and corresponding 12 F1s along with seven parents were grown in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif, Each of the parents and F 1 s were grown in single row of 4 m and row to row and to distances were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. All recommended agronomic practices were followed to raise a good crop. Observations were recorded on 10 randomly selected s from each of parents and F1s, replication excluding border s on 50 %,, (cm.), Number

2 564 Singh et al., Table 1 : Analysis of variance for combining ability for eleven characters in line x tester analysis in pigeonpea. S ources d.f. Mean sum of square s Days to 50 % No. of No. of s pod yield R eplication F emale * * * * 0.79* * * * * * * * M ale * * * * * F emales M ale s * * * * * * * E rror T able 2 : Analysis of variance of parents and hybrids for eleven characters in line x tester analysis in pigeonpea. S ource d. f Mean sum of square s Days to 50 % P od seeds pe r pod yield R eplication P arent * * * * * * * * * * * * F emale (Testers ) * M ales (Lines ) * * * F emale x Male * * * * * * * * * * H ybrid * * * * * * * * * * * P arent Vs Hybrid * * * * * * * * * * E rror

3 Genetic analysis of important morpho-economic traits in pigeonpea 565 E stimates of components of variances and degree of dominance ( σ 2 2 D / σ 2 A). : 3 Table yield/ 100 seed s pod Height C omponents Days t o 50 % σ 2 F emale σ 2 M al e σ 2 F emale X Mal e σ 2 g c a σ 2 s c a σ 2 g ca / σ 2 s c a σ 2 A σ 2 D σ D / σ A of primary, Number of secondary,, (cm.), Number of seeds pod, (g.), (%) and yield (g.) and mean values were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance for combining ability (Table-1) showed that variances among females and males genotypes in respect of general combining ability were found to be significant for different traits except for days to, number of primary and secondary and seeds pod. Therefore general combining ability effects were not entertained for these four traits. Similarly, variances due to interaction of females X males in respect of specific combining ability exhibited significant values for only five traits viz., days to 50 %, days to, pods, harvest index and seed yield. The estimates of genetic component of variances (Table-2) viz. 2A and 2D were worked out from combining ability analysis for respective traits. The estimates of 2D were greater than the 2A for all the traits except for days to, pod and seeds pod indicating the prevalence of dominant component as also observed [5, 6, 7] for most of the above traits studied. In contrary, significance of additive gene effects for the expression of most of the aforesaid traits are also on record [8]. However, the importance of both additive and non additive gene effects for the inheritance of these traits has been also realized by others [9]. The nature and magnitude of gene actions as observed in present study can provide a crucial guideline in deciding the breeding methodologies for improvement of this crop. The conventional breeding procedures like pedigree method which mostly exploits the proportion of genetic variability are due to the additive and additive X additive type of gene actions. Adoption of specific population improvement schemes such as biparental mating or recurrent selection may be an effective method over conventional approaches of breeding, as it utilizes other gene effect as well. In the present investigation, MAL-17 was good general combiner for days to 50 %, number of secondary, pods, harvest index and

4 566 Singh et al., Table 4 : Estimates of general combining ability effects for seven parents from a line x tester design in respect of seven characters in pigeonpea. Testers Parents 50 % yield NDA ** 11.97** ** -3.75** ** MAL ** ** -0.32** ** 15.22** BHUA ** 0.72** ** BHUA ** ** ** ** Lines MAL ** NDA * ** ** ** undnda * * ** S.E. (g i ) lines ± S.E. (g j ) Tester ± S.E. (g i -g j ) lines ± S.E. (g i -g j ) Tester ± *Significant at P =0.05, **Significant at P = 0.01 Table 5 : Estimates of specific combining ability effects for 12 crosses of eleven characters. S. No. Crosses 50% yield 1. NDA-1 X MAL ** * 3.24* 8.41** 2. NDA-1 X NDA * -7.61** * NDA-1 X NDA ** * * 4. MAL-17 X MAL * ** ** 5. MAL-17 X NDA ** MAL-17 X NDA * ** 7. BHUA X MAL ** ** 8. BHUA X NDA ** ** -4.32** ** 9. BHUA X NDA ** ** 10 BHUA X MAL BHUA X NDA * 3.72* 68.60** 5.07** 18.08** 12. BHUA XNDA * -3.70** ** S.E (Sij) S.E (Sij - Skl) seed yield whereas BHUA for number of secondary, pod, and seed yield. Similarly, NDA 49-6 for days to 50 %, pods and seed yield ; BHUA and NDA 99-1 for dwarfer and MAL-19 for higher test were observed to be good general combiners. Based on the above observations, it is quite obvious that three parents namely, MAL-17, BHUA and NDA 49-6 were the best general combiners for seed yield and few important yield traits and can be involved in single, three way or even complex crosses and may be handled through intermating early segregating generations i.e. F2, a sort of population improvement approach would be more efficient to isolate desirable segregants in advanced generations. From the usal of the Table-5, it appeared that high se formance was by and large associated with high gca effects especially for days to 50 %,, pods, pod, and seed yield whereas for

5 Genetic analysis of important morpho-economic traits in pigeonpea 567 other traits, such association was not clearly visible. Therefore, for sorting out the desirable parents for hybridization, it is advisable to give due age for both se formance and gca effects during selection. It was observed that best F 1 s were not the cross combinations which showed maximum sca effects (Table-5). This may be so, as it is a comparison of an absolute and relative value. Absolute value (formance of F1s) being similar, the relative value (sca effects) would increase with a decrease in the formance of the base (mean of two parents) population. It may be noted here that the hybrid BHUA X NDA 99-1 having highest sca values for seed yield was endowed with the significant (desirable) sca effects for harvest index and pods. A critical observation of the results with respect to significant (desirable) sca effects for yield and yield traits indicated that BHUA X NDA 99-1, BHUA X NDA 49-6, MAL-17 X NDA 49-6 and NDA-1 X MAL-19 offer the greatest promise as Banu et al., [5] also observed. It is interesting to note that two crosses namely, MAL-17 X NDA 49-6 and BHUA X NDA 49-6 indicating high sca effects for yield also involved both the parents having high gca effect for yield and yield traits which was in conformity with the report of Rama devi et al., [10]. In contrary, one hybrid namely, BHUA X MAL-19 having high sca effect for seed yield involved one good and other poor general combiners [11] whereas, two hybrids viz. BHUA X NDA-99-1 and NDA-1 X MAL-19 exhibiting high sca effect for seed yield involved both parents as poor general combiners. Normally, sca would not contribute tangibly in the improvement of self pollinated crops except where the commercial exploitation of heterosis is feasible. However, if the crosses showing high sca effects involved either both or at least one parent having good gca effect, they could be exploited for practical breeding. Such cross combinations might be a fruitful proposition for the selection of desirable recombinants for developing high yielding varieties as these crosses were under the greater control of additive and/or additive X additive gene effect which are fixable. However, the crosses showing high sca effect involving low X low general combiner may be due to non-allelic interaction of complementary type and thus may be utilized in heterosis breeding. REFERENCES 1. Thu T. T., Mai T. T. X., Dewaele E., Farsi S., Tadesse Y., Angenon G. and Jacobs M. (2003). In vitro regeneration and transformation of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Molecular Breeding, 11: Saxena K. B., Kumar R.V. and Rao P.V. (2002). Pigeonpea nutrition and its improvement. In: Basra A.S., Randhawa I.S. (eds), Quality Improvement in Field Crops. Food Products Press, Saxena K. B., Singh L., and Gupta M. D. (1990). Variation for natural out-crossing in pigeonpea. Euphytica. 46: Kempthorne O. (1957). An Introduction to Genetic Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York. 5. Banu M. R., Muthiah A. R. and Ashok S. (2006). Combining ability studies in pigeonpea. Crop Research, 31 (3) : Phad D.S., Madrap I.A. and Dalvi V.A. (2006). Combining ability analysis in pigeonpea under different environments. Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 19 (2): Baskaran K. and Muthiah A. R. (2007). Studies on combining ability in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Legume Research, 30 (1): Singh J. and Bajpai G. C. (2005). Analysis of gene effects for yield and yield attributing traits in interspecific crosses of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.]. Indian Journals of Genetics and Breeding, 65 (2): Lohisthawa H. C. and Dharmaraj P. S. (2003). Implication of heterosis, combining ability and se formance in Pigeonpea. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 16 (3): Rama devi S., Prasanthi L., Hari Prasad Reddy K. and. Baskara Reddy B.V. (2011). Gene action for yield and yield contributing characters in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Current Biotica 5(2): Vanniarajan C., Rangasami P., Ramalingam J. and Nadarajan N. (1999). Genetic analysis of yield and important yield traits in hybrid pigeonpea. Crop Research (Hisar), 18 (2):