Useful Handouts Index

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1 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 1 of 36 Useful Handouts Index Table # Title Page 1 Stages of Stand Development 2 2 Methods of Regeneration Toolbox 3 3 Stand Establishment Treatments Toolbox 3 4 Intermediate Treatments Toolbox 3 5 Application of Even Aged Methods of Regeneration 4 6 Application of Uneven Aged Methods of Regeneration 5 7 Seed-Tree & Shelterwood Overwood Density for Southern Pines 6 8 Stocking densities for newly regenerated stands 6 9 Sowing Rates for Direct Seeding Southern Pines 7 10 Costs of Common Site Prep Treatments in East Texas 7 11 Costs of Pine Seedlings 8 12 Costs of Hardwood Seedlings 8 13 Site Preparation Prescription Guidelines 9 14 Quantitative Silviculture 9 15 Max SDI for Common Southern Forest Types Max Stocking by Silvics Thinning Effects on d/d Typical Stocking and Growth Rates for Southern Forests Minimum Requirements for Thinning in Southern Pines Product Classes and Stumpage Prices in East Texas Approximate Loblolly Pine Thinning Schedule for East Texas Characteristics of the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides Application Information for the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides Information for Nine Less Commonly Used Forest Herbicides Control Spectra for the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides Pre-Mixed Herbicide Products Used In Forestry Fertilizers Used in Southern Pine Plantation Silviculture Timber value of bottomland hardwoods by shade tolerance Timber value of bottomland hardwoods by flood tolerance Timber value of bottomland hardwoods Texas Forest Service Volume Conversion Factors Pine Sawtimber Volume Table Hardwood Sawtimber Volume Table Pine Pulpwood and Chip-N-Saw Volume Table Hardwood Pulpwood Volume Table Pole classification for standing southern yellow pines 23 Figure # Title Page 1 Site index curves for naturally regenerated loblolly pine stands 24 2 Site index curves for naturally regenerated longleaf pine stands 25 3 Site index curves for naturally regenerated shortleaf pine stands 26 4 Site index curves for naturally regenerated slash pine stands 27 5 Site index curves for unmanaged loblolly pine plantations 28 6 Site index curves for unmanaged slash pine plantations 29 7 Site index curves for naturally regenerated green ash stands 30 8 Site index curves for naturally regenerated sweetgum stands 31 9 Site index curves for naturally regenerated water oak stands Modified Gingrich-style stocking guide for loblolly pine stands Modified Gingrich-style stocking guide for yellow pine stands Gingrich stocking guide for bottomland hardwoods QMD < 9 in Gingrich stocking guide for bottomland hardwoods QMD > 9 in 36

2 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 2 of 36 Table 1. Stages of Stand Development Stage Key Processes Key Structures Stand initiating disturbance(s) Establishment of new cohort Live trees Stand initiation o Colonization by new seed Disturbance or harvest debris o Germination from seed bank Legacy trees Little nutrient limitation 100% live crown ratios Rapid growth Canopy closure Competitive exclusion of understory Crown differentiation <100% live crown ratios Stem exclusion Density DEPENDENT mortality Vertically differentiated canopy Lower canopy tree loss Heavily shaded understory Self pruning Nutrient limitations develop Density INDEPENDENT mortality Understory herbaceous layer Canopy gap initiation Shade tolerant cohort Understory redevelopment Understory Few smaller gaps Establishment of shade tolerant spp. reinitiation Some standing dead trees Maturation of pioneer cohort Some large woody debris Canopy elaboration Some uproots Nutrient limitations persist Large diameter live trees Old growth Large branches Canopy gap expansion Rich epiphyte communities Uprooting Continuous vertical foliar profile Live tree decadence (poor form) More standing dead trees Development of large branches More large woody debris Pioneer cohort loss More uproots Nutrient limitations decline as Horizontally patchy forest organic matter accumulates Large gaps Dense establishment in old gaps Stages from: Oliver, C. D., and B. C. Larson Forest Stand Dynamics, update edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY. pp: 520. Processes and structures modified from: Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, R. V. Pelt, A. B. Carey, D. A. Thornburgh, D. R. Berg, D. B. Lindenmayer, M. E. Harmon, W. S. Keeton, D. C. Shaw, K. Bible, and J. Chen Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:

3 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 3 of 36 Table 2. Methods of Regeneration Toolbox Favors shade intolerant spp. Favors shade tolerant spp. Even Aged Clearcut Seed-tree Shelterwood Two Aged Deferment With reserves Uneven Aged Patch selection Group selection Single tree selection Table 3. Stand Establishment Treatments Toolbox Category Objective Treatment Site Preparation: Slash Management: Shear Chop Rake Pile Windrow (not recommended) Prescribed Burn Soil Physical Manipulation: Bedding Disking Ripping Subsoiling Combination Plowing Site Resource Manipulation: Table 4. Intermediate Treatments Toolbox Scarification Fertilizer Application Herbaceous Competition Control Woody Competition Control Prescribed Burn Natural Regeneration: Regenerate Site: See Methods of Regeneration Artificial Regeneration: Direct Seeding: Broadcast Seed Application Row Seed Application Spot Seed Application Planting: Machine Plant Hand Plant Category Objective Treatment Density Management: Thinning: Geometric Thin Low Thin High Thin Selection Thin Free Thin Timber Stand Improvement: Resource Management: Midrotation Fertilizer Application Herbaceous Competition Control Woody Competition Control Prescribed Burn Sawlog Improvement: Pruning

4 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 4 of 36 Shade tolerance of species to be regenerated Table 5. Application of Even Aged Methods of Regeneration CLEARCUT SEED-TREE SHELTERWOOD Intolerant Very intolerant Very Intolerant Intermediate Intolerant Intolerant Tolerant Number of Cuts Cut 1 Clearcut Seed-Tree Cut Preparatory Cut Cut everything except Remove undesirable Cut 1 Goal Regenerate stand evenly spaced, high species, improve health of quality seed-trees to seed-trees, remove hazard achieve regeneration trees or snags Cut 1 Residual BA (ft 2 /ac) <5 (all noncommercial) Cut 1 Residual TPA <20 (all noncommercial) Cut Final / Removal Cut Establishment Cut Cut 2 Goal --- Remove seed-trees from regenerated and fully stocked stand within five years Leave high quality seedtrees to achieve regeneration and moderate the light environment Cut 2 Residual BA (ft 2 /ac) --- 0; new cohort established Cut 2 Residual TPA --- 0; new cohort established Cut Final / Removal Cut Cut 3 Goal Remove overwood from regenerated and fully stocked stand within 5 years of establishment cut Cut 3 Residual BA (ft 2 /ac) ; new cohort established Cut 3 Residual TPA ; new cohort established Common Modifications to Method Cleancut Overstory Removal Clearcut with reserves (2 aged) Uniform, Group Seed-tree deferment Seed-tree with reserves ( 2 aged) Uniform, Strip, Group, Modified, 1-Cut, Irregular, Shelterwood deferment, Shelterwood with reserves (last two are 2 aged) Clearcutting*: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, and/or advance reproduction. In the clearcutting system, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of the individual clearcut stand. When the primary source of regeneration is advance reproduction, the preferred term is Overstory Removal. Seed Tree*: An even-aged regeneration method in which a new age class develops from seeds that germinate in fully exposed microenvironments after removal of all the previous stand except a small number of trees left to provide seed. Seed trees are removed after regeneration is established. Shelterwood*: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops beneath the moderated microenvironment provided by the residual trees. The sequence of treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings: (1) an optional preparatory cut to enhance conditions for seed production; (2) an establishment cut to prepare the seed bed and to create a new age class; and (3) a removal cut to release established regeneration from competition with the overwood. Cutting may be done uniformly throughout the stand (Uniform Shelterwood), in groups or patches (Group Shelterwood), or in strips (Strip Shelterwood). *Definitions from: Adams, D. L., J. D. Hodges, D. L. Loftis, J. N. Long, R. S. Seymour, and J. A. Helms Silviculture Terminology with Appendix of Draft Ecosystem Management Terms. Silviculture Instructors Subgroup of the Silviculture Working Group of the Society of American Foresters. Located at: Accessed on: 7/29/2011.

5 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 5 of 36 Table 6. Application of Uneven Aged Methods of Regeneration Shade tolerance of species to be regenerated PATCH SELECTION GROUP SELECTION SINGLE TREE SELECTION Very Intolerant Intolerant Tolerant Intolerant Intermediate Very Tolerant Intermediate Tolerant Individual Selection Unit > 2 dominant tree height < 2 dominant tree height Single trees Size Typically 1-5 acres Typically < 1 acre Typically < 1/20 acre Method Advantages Periodic timber income Periodic timber income Periodic timber income Harvests more practical Mimics dens. ind. mort. Mimics gap disturbances Least damage to residuals Record keeping simplest Record keeping simpler Easy to mark Risk of highgrading Method Disadvantages Regulation Technique 1 Technique 1 Goal Examples Regulation Technique 2 Technique 2 Goal Examples Regulation Technique 3 Technique 3 Goal Examples Common modifications or other names of method Frequent entries Difficult record keeping Frequent entries More damage to residuals More difficult to mark Frequent entries Most damage to residuals Most difficult to mark Structural (Diameter Distribution) Regulation To create an all-aged stand with specified structural attributes or diameter distribution. Most commonly applied to single tree selection, more difficult to apply to the other methods given the spatial distribution of trees of different sizes. BDq: Basal area, Diameter limit, q-factor Volume Regulation To manage on a sustained yield basis and maximize periodic income by removing the allowable growth each cutting cycle from a balanced all-aged stand. Most commonly applied to group selection, could be applied to patch selection, difficult to apply to single tree selection. VGDL: Volume Guiding Diameter Limit Area Regulation To manage on a sustained yield basis by harvesting a specific percentage of the area of a stand in each cutting cycle. Very easy to apply to patch or group selection if stand is large enough to allow a merchantable harvest for the desired cutting cycle and rotation length. Patch or Group Area = cutting cycle / rotation length Patch Clearcutting w/ Reserves w/ Reserves Patch Selection: A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established, in large groups. The maximum width of groups is greater than twice the height of the mature trees, with large openings providing microenvironment suitable for intermediate to very intolerant regeneration. In the Patch Selection System, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of a landscape containing an aggregation of patches. Group Selection*: A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established, in small groups. The maximum width of groups is approximately twice the height of the mature trees, with small openings providing microenvironment suitable for tolerant regeneration and the larger openings providing conditions suitable for more intolerant regeneration. In the Group Selection System, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of a landscape containing an aggregation of groups. Single Tree Selection*: A method of creating new age classes in uneven-aged stands in which individual trees of all size classes are removed more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to achieve desired stand structural characteristics. *Definitions from: Adams, D. L., J. D. Hodges, D. L. Loftis, J. N. Long, R. S. Seymour, and J. A. Helms Silviculture Terminology with Appendix of Draft Ecosystem Management Terms. Silviculture Instructors Subgroup of the Silviculture Working Group of the Society of American Foresters. Located at: Accessed on: 7/29/2011.

6 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 6 of 36 Table 7. Recommended Stand Density for Establishment Cuts of Seed-tree & Shelterwood Methods of Regeneration for Southern Pines SEED-TREE SHELTERWOOD Species DBH Density Basal Area Basal Area (inches) (TPA) (ft 2 /acre) (ft 2 /acre) loblolly shortleaf slash longleaf** **Perform cone count prior to establishment cut (1000 cones / acre; cones / tree; 50,000 seeds / acre) Modified from: Beaufait, W., Laird, P.P., Newton, M., Smith, D.M., Tubbs, C.H., Wellner, C.A., Williston, H.L., Silviculture. In: Wenger, K.F. (Ed.), Forestry Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp Table 8. Suggested Acceptable Stocking Densities for Common Types of Newly Regenerated Stands in the South Regen Initial Acceptable Age Species Source Spacing (ft) Stocking (TPA) (year) Source Loblolly, Slash, Shortleaf Pine Natural 1,000 2,500 1 (NRCS 2008) (NRCS 2008) Loblolly Pine Artificial 6 x (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 7 x (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 6 x (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 8 x (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) Longleaf Pine Natural 3,000 6,000 1 (Franklin 2008) 1,000 1, * (Franklin 2008) Artificial various (Franklin 2008) Bottomland Hardwoods Natural (Belli et al. 1999) *Free to grow longleaf pine seedlings that begin height growth. Belli, K., L., Hart, C. P., Hodges, J. D., & Stanturf, J. (1999). Assessment of the regeneration potential of red oaks and ash on minor bottoms of Mississippi. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 23, Franklin, R. M. (2008). Stewardship of longleaf pine forests: A guide for landowners Longleaf Alliance Report No. 2 (pp. 63). Clemson, SC: Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. NRCS. (2008). Natural regeneration of southern pines (pp. 2): Alabama Job Sheet No. AL 612A. USDA-FS. (1981). The Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie flood prevention project: Reforestation procedures for erosion control: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area.

7 Planting Weed Control Site Prep Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 7 of 36 Table 9. Recommended Sowing Rates for Direct Seeding Southern Pines 1 Species Seeds / lb Sowing Method Sowing Rate Per Acre Number Number Pounds* Broadcast 15, longleaf 4,700 Rows** 2, Spots*** 4, Broadcast 14, slash 14,500 Rows** 2, Spots*** 4, Broadcast 12, loblolly 18,400 Rows** 2, Spots*** 3, Broadcast 20, shortleaf 48,000 Rows** 4, Spots*** 5, * Weights based on stratified repellent-treated seed that are 100% sound. ** Rows 10 feet apart for all species. Spacing within rows: 1.5 feet for longleaf & slash, 2.0 feet for loblolly, and 1.0 feet for shortleaf *** Spots spaced 6 x 10 feet, 6 seed per spot for longleaf and slash, 5 per spot for loblolly, 8 per spot for shortleaf 1 Source: Campbell, T.E Guidelines for direct seeding. In: How to help landowners with forest regeneration. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Forestry Commission; and Atlanta: USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, State and Private Forestry. pp Table 10. Costs of Common Site Prep Treatments in East Texas in 2014* Treatment Cost / Acre Notes 3-1 Plow $160 One Pass: Rip, Disk, Bed Shear $145 D8 V-Blade No Plow Shear + Bed $250 Two Pass Roller Chop $150 Only if slash extremely abundant Prescribed Burn $50 Variable due to fire line length Pile Burn $25 Good option on erodible soils Spring Herbaceous Control Hardwood Control $25 Aerial application $40 Ground application $65 Aerial application $85 Ground application Establishment Fertilizer $100 Aerial application, DAP for phosphorus Hand Plant $45 Machine Plant $80 Can sometimes also shear in one pass *Costs are based on economies of scale realized by large landowners. Costs are often higher when managing smaller tracts.

8 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 8 of 36 Table 11. Costs of Pine Seedlings for the Planting Season Company Species Description Cost ($/1000) bareroot (containerized) Arborgen Loblolly or Slash OP Advanced 57 (157)* OP Select 67 (170)* OP Elite 79 (179)* Loblolly MCP** Advanced 152 (252) MCP Select 179 (275) MCP Elite 215 (315) Varietal 320 (420) Longleaf OP Native N/A (225) OP Improved N/A (235) Shortleaf OP Native 60 (N/A) IFCO Loblolly OP Simple Start N/A (120) OP Essential N/A (160) CMP** Plus N/A (230) Slash OP Simple Start N/A (125) OP Essential N/A (135) OP Plus N/A (145) Longleaf OP Essential N/A (190) OP Plus N/A (215) Shortleaf OP Essential N/A (145) *Containerized for slash only for these genetic entries. **MCP and CMP are mass control and control mass pollenated, respectively Table 12. Costs of Hardwood Seedlings for the Planting Season Company Species Groups Common Name Cost ($/1000) cherrybark, northern red, Nuttall, pin, sawtooth, shumard, southern red, swamp chestnut, swamp 250 Oaks white, water, white, willow black, bur, chestnut, chinkapin, gobbler sawtooth, laurel, live, overcup 300 Arborgen Beautyberry, green ash, buttonbush, southern catalpa, southern crabapple, bald cypress, silky dogwood, elderberry, water hickory, mayhaw, red mulberry, persimmon, river birch, sugarberry, sweetgum*, sycamore, blackgum, swamp tupelo, water tupelo 250 chinkapin, cottonwood ⱡ, flowering dogwood, eastern Other redbud, cedar elm, American hornbeam, Drummond 300 maple, red maple, pawpaw, pecan, Chickasaw plum, waxmyrtle, wild pear, hybrid varietal poplar* ⱡ, Yellow-poplar, Eucalyptus benthamii*, 400 Hybrid sweetgum varietal (containerized)* 450 Varietal Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla* 600 *Improved ⱡ Cuttings

9 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 9 of 36 Table 13. Site Preparation Guidelines for Southern Pine Plantations Soil Drainage Soil Texture / Structure Prescription Guideline Coarse textured Bed: smaller beds may work Somewhat Bed: larger beds likely needed poorly, poorly Fine textured Fertilizer: P at establishment may be needed Fine textured, poor structure Subsoil, rip, or combination plow Pan layers, converted ag land Moderately Fine textured, good structure to well Coarse textured Replanted plantation Steep or highly erodible soils *Adapted from course materials prepared by Tom Fox. No soil preparation Table 14. Quantitative Silviculture Relating to Site Occupancy and Thinning Variable Stand Density Basal Area QMD Stand Density Index Relative Density Stocking d/d Description A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume. The area of the cross section of a tree stem, including the bark, generally at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground) The diameter of a tree of mean basal area. QMD= BA TPA BA: feet 2 acre -1 ; QMD: in. Stand Density Index = TPA*[(QMD/10) ] and represents the number of trees per acre that could be in the stand if QMD = 10 inches. Maximum SDI varies by species. The relationship between stand density and the maximum density that could occur at the same average tree size. Expressed as a percentage of maximum SDI.. For southern pine plantations: 45% max SDI can be considered overstocked and 30% max SDI can be considered understocked. An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard. Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and crown competition factor. (QMD of trees removed in a thinning) / (QMD of stand BEFORE thinning) If d/d < 1: small trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will increase (by a factor of 1.09 for a grade C low thinning) If d/d = 1: average trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will not change. If d/d > 1: large trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will decrease

10 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 10 of 36 Table 15. Max SDI Values Species SDI Loblolly 450 Shortleaf 400 Slash 400 Longleaf 400 Upland Oaks 230 Bottomland Oaks 485 Table 16. Usual Max Stocking* BA Silvics (ft 2 /acre) Tolerant Gymnosperm Intolerant Gymnosperm Tolerant Angiosperm Intolerant Angiosperm Table 17. Thinning Effects Thinning d/d Low <1 Mechanical =1 Crown >1, slightly Selection >1, significantly *Smith, D. M., B. C. Larson, M. J. Kelty, and P. M. S. Ashton The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology, Ninth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York. pp: 537. Table 18. Typical Stocking and Growth Rates for Common Southern Forests Type Loblolly or shortleaf natural stands Site Site Index Age Density Basal Area Stocking Mean Growth Mean Growth Quality (base (ft 2 / (tons / (tons / (bf / acre / (feet) age) (years) (TPA) acre) acre) acre / yr) year) Good Good Average Poor Loblolly Plantations Unthinned 545 TPA At planting Longleaf natural stands Good Good Average Average Poor Poor Good Good Average Average Bottomland Good Hardwoods Average Loblolly natural stand and longleaf data from: Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala, editors Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. pp: 877. Loblolly plantation data calculated using PTAEDA 4.0. Bottomland Hardwoods good site is cherrybark oak; all hardwood data from: Hodges, J. D The southern bottomland hardwood region and brown loam bluffs subregion. Pages in J. W. Barrett, editor. Regional Silviculture of the United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.

11 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 11 of 36 Table 19. Minimum Requirements for Thinning Southern Pines Variable Basal Area QMD Harvestable wood Stand size Minimum Value Typical for first Thin about 100 ft 2 / acre 6.5 inches tons / acre 20 acres Source: Modified for East Texas from Harrington, T. B Silvicultural Approaches for Thinning Southern Pines: Method, Intensity, and Timing. Georgia Forestry Commission Publication No. FSP002. Table 20. Product Classes and Stumpage Price in East Texas in Mar-Apr 2015 Product Class Minimum DBH (inches) Pine Value ($/ton) Hardwood Value ($/ton) Pulpwood 4.6 $9.46 $17.54 Chip-N-Saw 7.6 $ Sawtimber 9.6 Pine, 11.6 Hdwd $31.50 $37.67 Poles* > 12 with specific taper $ *No pole data was available from East Texas. Data are from 2014 in Mississippi. Table 21. Approximate Loblolly Pine Thinning Schedule for East Texas 1 Previous Site Index Current Site Index First Thinning 2 Second Thinning 3 Single Thinning Harvest feet feet years years years years Adapted from a system applied by the Campbell Group. 2. First thinning is row thinning + operator select. Typically 3rd, 4th, or 5th row, depending on stocking. 3. Second thinning is a thinning from below aimed at producing approximately 125 crop trees / acre. This represents a flexible system for deciding rotation lengths and thinning schedules of loblolly pine plantations in East Texas. All listed thinning are commercial and the primary management objectives of these systems are sawtimber. These guidelines are general and may not work for every site or situation. Current site index (base age 25) is five feet taller than the previous rotation s site index to reflect improvements in genetics over the last several decades realized through tree improvement programs. Options for both single and double thinning schedules are given. Rotation length may be shortened for some single-thinning entry rotations from the optimized harvest age shown for two-thinning rotations.

12 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 12 of 36 Trade Names (% Active Ingredient) Overview of typical applications Limitations Table 22. Characteristics of the Six Most Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone Garlon 3 (44%), Accord XRT II (50%), Arsenal AC (52%), Escort (60%), Forestry Garlon XRT Round-Up (41%), Chopper GEN II Oust (75%), Patriot (60%), Velpar L (25%), (84%), Razor (41%), (26%), Spyder (75%) Manor (60%) Velpar DF (75%) Tahoe (44%), Refuge (52%) Polaris AC (53%) Metsel VMF (60%) Pathfinder II (14%) Quick brown-out, especially of grasses and for site prep burns Do not apply to standing water unless labeled accordingly Sites with excessive hardwood competition; especially for hard to control species like yaupon and elm Do not plant conifer crop trees w/in 1-2 months, depending on rate Basis for virtually all forestry tank mixes; good for woody, herbaceous and grass control; add tank partners to cover "holes" in control spectrum; combined aquaticterrestrial labels for Arsenal & Polaris Do not apply to standing water; only release 2-5 year old slash and longleaf crop trees after Aug. 15. Grass / herbaceous weed herbicide of choice in forestry; generally mixed with imazapyr Do not apply to standing water; only apply to hardwood crop trees while dormant "Escort" means it goes with other herbicides, and should only be added to control elm, greenbrier, grape, other vines, or Rubus spp. when problematic Do not apply to longleaf crop trees; can damage lowvigor pine; low adsorption to clay Alternative to imazapyr, but rates are site-specific and attention must be paid to soil texture; mixed with sulfometuron it is ideal for longleaf pine site prep Water soluble; can leach on sandy soils; adsorbed by organic matter and clay Uptake Mode (Activity) Leaves, Cambium Leaves, Bark Roots, Leaves Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Soil Mobility Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate High Mode of Action Amino Acid Inhibitor Growth Regulator Photosynthesis Amino Acid Inhibitor Amino Acid Inhibitor Amino Acid Inhibitor (best hypothesis) Inhibitor Volatility Minimal High in esters Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Photodecomposition Minimal Major problem Only in water Minimal Minimal Slow (10%/week) Half-Life 47 days 30 days 27 days 24 days 30 days 90 days Signal Word none - CAUTION CAUTION - DANGER none - CAUTION none - CAUTION none CAUTION - DANGER LD-50 > 5,000 mg/kg 713 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 1690 mg/kg *It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).

13 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 13 of 36 Table 23. Application Information for the Six Most Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone Site Prep Rate 4 8 qt / ac 1 8 qt/ac oz/ac 2-8 oz/ac 1-4 oz/ac lbs/ac Pine Release Rate directed spray only directed spray only oz/ac oz/ac 1-4 oz/ac lbs/ac Rate Notes Use 1-2% solution for spray-to-wet; 5-10% for directed spray; % for cut stump Up to 8 qt/ac for site prep; 1-2% for directed spray; 20-30% for hack and squirt, cut stump, or basal bark applications Only oz/ac for slash pine site prep; 4-10 oz/ac for herbaceous weed control; lower rates on coarsetextured soils; cut stump, hack and squirt at % solution Use 2-4 oz/ac on coarse textured soils; 1-4 oz/ac for hardwood release; oz/ac for site prep for lob, long, or slash; pine release oz/ac for lob, long, or slash; 1-2 oz/ac for shortleaf Site prep and release of loblolly and slash only; do not use on sites with, or intended for, longleaf or shortleaf; can damage pine during release operations if they are low vigor Rate is soil texture dependent; lbs/ac on coarse textured soils, lbs/ac on medium, and lbs/ac on fine; cut rates roughly in half for release Solubility Water Water, Oil, Diesel Oil, Water, Dry Water Dry Water or Dry Hexazinone, Sulfometuron, Glyphosate, Sulfometuron, Imazapyr, 2,4-D, Picloram, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, Sulfometuron, Tank Mix With Metsulfuron, Glyphosate, Imazapyr Triclopyr, Sulfometuron, Metsulfuron Imazapyr Metsulfuron, Metsulfuron Hexazinone Atrazine Application Timing Leaves on weeds, early for annuals, later for perennials Leaves on weeds, any time for cut stump, hack & squirt Midsummer - Late Fall Late Fall - Spring Leaves on Weeds Late Spring - Early Summer Broadcast / Banded YES YES YES YES YES YES Individual Stem YES YES YES YES YES Foliar YES YES YES YES Hack and Squirt YES YES YES YES Basal Bark YES Cut Stump YES YES YES Basal Soil YES *It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).

14 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 14 of 36 Table 24. Characteristics and Application Information for Nine Less Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Trade Names (% Active Ingredient) 2,4 D Aminopyralid Atrazine Clopyralid Dicambia Fluazifop Fosamine Oxyfluorofen Picloram Hi-Dep Broadleaf (40%), Weedone (63% - 87%) Milestone VM Plus (2.22%) Aatrex 4L (43%), Aatrex Nine-O (88%) Transline (41%) Banvel (40%), Banvel CST (13%) Fusilade DX (25%), Ornamec 170 (1.7%) Krenite S (42%) Goal (22%) Tordon K (24%) Uptake Mode Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves, Roots (Activity) Leaves Soil Mobility Moderate Minimal Moderate Moderate High Minimal Minimal Minimal High Mode of Action Lipid Growth Growth Photosynthesis Growth Growth Growth Lipid Synthesis Growth Synthesis Regulator Regulator Inhibitor Regulator Regulator Regulator Inhibitor Regulator Inhibitor Volatility High in esters Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Photodecomposition Minimal Problem in water Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Problem Half-Life 10 days 34 days 60 days 40 days 14 days 15 days 8 days 35 days 90 days LD ,646 > 5,000 > 5,000 > 5,000 mg/kg 3,080 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 1,707 mg/kg 4,096 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Solubility Water, Oils Water Water Water Water Water, Oils Water Water Water Application Selectivity Notes Site Prep or Release Broadspectrum control of hardwoods and herbaceous; can damage pine; grasses resistant May leach on sandy soils Site Prep or Release Broadspectrum control of hardwoods and herbaceous; can damage pine; grasses resistant Labeled for use on CRP lands, wildlife management Site Prep Broadspectrum, but targets grasses Restricted use; leaches in water on sandy soils Site Prep or Release Broadspectrum control of hardwoods and herbaceous; pines and grasses resistant Used in Eucalyptus, poplar plantations Release Broadspectrum control of hardwoods and herbaceous; grasses resistant Labeled for individual stem treatments; range, CRP lands Release Controls grasses Used in Xmas tree plantations, nurseries, Eucalyptus, pecans Site Prep or Release Controls hardwoods and pines; broadspectrum woody control Will kill pines Site Prep or Release Broadspectrum herbaceous weed control; also controls grasses Used in Xmas tree plantations, nurseries, Eucalyptus Site Prep Broadspectrum woody control; kills vines; many grasses resistant *It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary). Not for release, will kill pines

15 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 15 of 36 Table 25. Control Spectra for the Six Most Commonly Used Forestry Herbicides Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone Specificity Broad Broad Broad Narrow Narrow Broad Loblolly Pine S S R R R M Slash Pine S S R R R M Longleaf Pine S S R R S M Sweetgum S S S R R M Oaks M M S R M S Hickories R S M R R R Elms M S M R S M Hollies R S M R R R Cherries M M R R S M Maples M S S R S M Bays R S S R R R Blackberry S S R R S R Legumes S S R M R R Herbaceous S S S S R M Grass S M S S R M S = Susceptible, the herbicide will kill the weed if applied correctly; M = Marginal, the herbicide may offer some level of control; R = Resistant, the weed will likely be minimally impacted by the herbicide Table 26. Pre-Mixed Herbicide Products Used in Forestry Label Oustar Lineage Clearstand Tordon 101 Mixture Tordon RTU Pathway Banvel 720 Active Ingredients 63% hexazinone + 12% sulfometuron 63% imazapyr + 10% metsulfuron 40% 2,4-D + 10% picloram 21% 2,4-D + 5% picloram 21% 2,4-D + 5% picloram 25% 2,4-D + 13% dicambia Table 27. Fertilizers Used in Southern Pine Plantation Silviculture Chemical Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium %N %P 2 O 5 (%P) %K 2 O (%K) UREA Urea MAP Monoammonium phosphate (23) 0 DAP Diammonium phosphate (20) 0 OSP Superphosphate 0 20 (9) 0 TSP Triple Super Phosphate 0 45 (20) 0 CSP Concentrated Super Phosphate 0 45 (20) 0 ROCKP Rock Phosphate 0 8 (6.5) 0 POT Potash (50)

16 Undesirable Acceptable Desirable Preferred Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 16 of 36 Table 28. Timber Value by Shade Tolerance of Bottomland Hardwoods Very Intolerant Intolerant Intermediate Tolerant Very Tolerant Cottonwood White ash Pecan Populus deltoides Fraxinus americana Carya illinoinensis Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Black willow Salix nigra Black walnut Juglans nigra Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda Shumard oak Quercus shumardii Nuttall oak Quercus texana Silver maple Acer saccharinum Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica Swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora American sycamore Platanus occidentalis Water oak Quercus nigra Willow oak Quercus phellos Waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana Swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla Pin oak Quercus palustris River birch Betula nigra Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana Sassafras Sassafras albidum Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica White oak Quercus alba Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii Bottomland post oak Quercus similis Southern red oak Quercus falcata Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Mockernut hickory Carya alba Water hickory Carya aquatica Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia Overcup oak Quercus lyrata American elm Ulmus americana Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia Boxelder Acer negundo Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Hawthorn Crataegus spp. Red maple Acer rubrum Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Winged elm Ulmus alata Slippery elm Ulmus rubra Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata Possumhaw Ilex decidua Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Persimmon Diospyros virginiana American beech Fagus grandifolia Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana Roughleaf dogwood Cornus drummondii Planertree Planera aquatica American holly Ilex opaca Red mulberry Morus rubra *Adapted from The 1986 Service foresters handbook. USDA Forest Service; and Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:

17 Undesirable Acceptable Desirable Preferred Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 17 of 36 Table 29. Timber Value by Flood Tolerance of Bottomland Hardwoods Very Intolerant Intolerant Intermediate Tolerant Very Tolerant Swamp chestnut White ash Pecan Green ash oak Fraxinus Fraxinus americana Carya illinoinensis Quercus michauxii pennsylvanica Black walnut Juglans nigra White oak Quercus alba Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda Shumard oak Quercus shumardii Bottomland post oak Quercus similis Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Southern red oak Quercus falcata American beech Fagus grandifolia Post oak Quercus stellata Hawthorn Crataegus spp Sassafras Sassafras albidum. American sycamore Platanus occidentalis Mockernut hickory Carya alba Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Winged elm Ulmus alata Boxelder Acer negundo Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana American holly Ilex opaca Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana Red mulberry Morus rubra Cottonwood Populus deltoides Nuttall oak Quercus texana Silver maple Acer saccharinum Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Water oak Quercus nigra Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana Pin oak Quercus palustris American elm Ulmus americana Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia Slippery elm Ulmus rubra River birch Betula nigra Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Willow oak Quercus phellos Red maple Acer rubrum Water hickory Carya aquatica Waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia Overcup oak Quercus lyrata Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata Possumhaw Ilex decidua Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica Swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora Black willow Salix nigra Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Loblolly-bay Gordonia lasianthus Redbay Persea borbonia Planertree Planera aquatica *Adapted from The 1986 Service foresters handbook. USDA Forest Service; and Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:

18 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 18 of 36 Table 30. Timber Value of Bottomland Hardwoods Preferred Desirable Acceptable Pecan Carya illinoinensis Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Red maple Acer rubrum Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Water hickory Carya aquatica Cottonwood Populus deltoides Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis White oak Quercus alba Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica Mockernut hickory Carya alba Cow oak Quercus michauxii Sycamore Platanus occidentalis American beech Fagus grandifolia Nuttall oak Quercus texana Water oak Quercus nigra Waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica Shumard oak Quercus shumardii Willow oak Quercus phellos Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos Black willow Salix nigra Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia Overcup oak Quercus lyrata Winged elm Ulmus alata American elm Ulmus americana Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia Slippery elm Ulmus rubra Undesirable Boxelder Acer negundo River birch Betula nigra American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Hawthorn Crataegus spp. Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata Roughleaf dogwood Cornus drummondii Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana Deciduous holly Ilex decidua American holly Ilex opaca Red mulberry Morus rubra Planertree Planera aquatica Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana *From Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90: Table 31. Texas Forest Service Volume Conversion Factors Sawlogs - Veneer Logs Pulpwood & Chip-n-Saw MBF-International-1/4" X 0.74 = MBF-Doyle Pine 2.7 tons = 1 cord MBF-Scribner X 0.78 = MBF-Doyle Hdwd 2.8 tons = 1 cord MBF-USFS Scribner X = MBF-Doyle Pine 81 Cu. Ft. = 1 cord 2.37 Pine Cunits = 1 MBF-Doyle Hdwd 80 Cu. Ft. = 1 cord 1 Cunit = 100 Cu.Ft. Pine CNS 2.7 tons =1 cord Pine x Doyle BF = tons Hardwood x Doyle BF = tons Pine x Cu. Ft. = tons Hdwd x Cu. Ft. = tons

19 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 19 of 36 Table 32. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 80 Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Pine Sawtimber) Number of Usable 16-foot logs DBH (in.)

20 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 20 of 36 Table 33. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 78 Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Hardwood Sawtimber) Number of Usable 16-foot logs DBH (in.)

21 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 21 of 36 Table 34. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 80 Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Pine Pulpwood and Chip-N-Saw) Number of Usable 16-foot logs DBH (in.)

22 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 22 of 36 Table 35. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 78 Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Hardwood Pulpwood) Number of Usable 16-foot logs DBH (in.)

23 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 23 of 36 Table 36. Pole Classification Tables for Standing Southern Yellow Pines.

24 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 24 of 36 Figure 1. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Loblolly Pine Stands in the US South USDA-FS Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.

25 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 25 of 36 Figure 2. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Longleaf Pine Stands in the US South USDA-FS Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.

26 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 26 of 36 Figure 3. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Shortleaf Pine Stands in the US South USDA -FS Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.

27 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 27 of 36 Figure 4. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Slash Pine Stands in the US South USDA-FS Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.

28 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 28 of 36 Figure 5. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 25 Years) for Unmanaged Loblolly Pine Plantations in East Texas Coble, D. W. and Y.-J. Lee Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas. Pages in Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS 92.

29 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 29 of 36 Figure 6. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 25 Years) for Unmanaged Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas Coble, D. W. and Y.-J. Lee Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas. Pages in Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS 92.

30 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 30 of 36 Figure 7. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Green Ash Stands in the US South *Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age. Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.

31 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 31 of 36 Figure 8. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Sweetgum Stands in the US South *Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age. Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.

32 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 32 of 36 Figure 9. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated Water Oak Stands in the US South *Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age. Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.

33 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 33 of 36 Figure 10. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide Modified Using SDI for Naturally Regenerated Loblolly Pine Stands in the US South

34 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 34 of 36 Figure 11. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide Modified Using SDI for Naturally Regenerated Longleaf, Shortleaf, or Slash Pine Stands in the US South

35 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 35 of 36 Figure 12. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods up to a QMD of 9 Inches Goelz, J. C. G A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19:

36 Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 36 of 36 Figure 13. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods with a QMD Greater than 9 Inches Goelz, J. C. G A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19: