Minimizing the Carbon Footprint of Buildings. Learning Objectives. Copyright Materials. Jim Bowyer Dovetail Partners, Inc.

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1 Minimizing the Carbon Footprint of Buildings Jim Bowyer Dovetail Partners, Inc. Minneapolis The Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-aia members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. The Wood Products Council 2010 Learning Objectives At the end of this program, participants will be able to: To gain insights into calculation of a carbon footprint and CO 2 equivalency. To understand carbon issues related to building products To become aware of available tools for assessing carbon liberation in building construction. To learn how to minimize carbon and carbon dioxide emissions in building construction.

2 Minimizing the Carbon Footprint of Buildings The carbon cycle, the carbon issue Kyoto, Cancun, and global carbon markets Fossil carbon vs. atmospheric carbon Sequestered CO 2 where did it come from, how long ago? Forests, forest growth, and carbon Materials comparisons Carbon tracking in buildings through LCA/Project case studies Save carbon use wood! The Carbon Issue Greenhouse Gases (GHG s) The Carbon Cycle/ The Carbon Issue Gases in the atmosphere that contribute to elevated atmospheric temperature and global climate.

3 Greenhouse Gases (GHG s) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) HFCs CFCs Sulfur hexafluoride The Heat Trapping Efficiency of Various Greenhouse Gases is Not Equal Heat Trapping Compound Efficiency Compared to Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 1 Contributors to Global Warming Nitrous Oxide Ozone Methane Methane (CH 4 ) 23X Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 296X Chlorofluorocarbons CO2e HFCs ,000X Carbon Dioxide CFCs 5,700-11,900X Sulfur hexafluoride 22,200X

4 Kyoto, Cancun, and Global Carbon Markets The Protocol was initially adopted on December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on February 16, Global Carbon Markets Annex I countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1991 level. Voluntary Market Mandatory Market

5 Carbon Cap and Trade Programs Fossil vs. Atmospheric Carbon Emissions $ $ C The Carbon Cycle/ The Carbon Issue Sequestered Carbon Fossil Fuels Petroleum Sequestered Coal millions of Natural gas years ago Limestone (CaCo 3 ) Fossil Forests Carbon Trees Sequestered, Litter released, and Forest soils re-sequestered as part of Other plants ongoing carbon Shrubs, grass, ag. crops cycle. Algae Atmospheric Carbon Forests, Forest Growth, and Carbon

6 Million Acres Trends in U.S. Forestland Area Source: USDA Forest Service, 2009 U.S. Timber Growth and Removals, Billions of cubic feet/ year Source: USDA - Forest Service Net Growth Removals Billion Cubic Feet Standing Timber Inventory U.S Hardwoods Softwoods U.S. Population, Wood Harvest, and Net Forest Growing Stock Volume 1952 and Millions U.S. Population X 100 Million ft 3 Annual Wood Harvest Source: USDA-Forest Service, Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007; USDA-Forest Service, 2007.

7 U.S. Population, Wood Harvest, and Net Forest Growing Stock Volume 1952 and Millions 0 U.S. Population Billion ft Annual Wood Harvest Billion ft 3 Net Growing Stock Volume Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007; USDA-Forest Service, Billion Tons Carbon Carbon in Above-Ground Portion of Standing Trees, U.S Aboveground Biomass Source: USEPA (2010). Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, , p Forest Soil Carbon Inventory, U.S Billion Tons Carbon Soil Organic C Litter Dead Wood Belowground Biomass Aboveground Biomass Wood stores vast quantities of carbon. Source: USEPA (2010). Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, , p

8 Growing trees capture carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. CO 2 O 2 Carbon Species Ash C H O N % % % % % Douglas Fir Hickory Maple Ponderosa Pine Western Hemlock Yellow Pine White Fir White Oak BARK Proximate Analysis of Wood Douglas Fir bark Loblolly Pine bark Source: Biomass Energy Foundation (2009) ( Carbon in Wood Products in Use, U.S Billion Tons Carbon Wood is produced using solar energy. Source: USEPA (2010). Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, , p

9 And, it takes little additional energy to convert wood into useful products. Materials Comparisons Material Carbon Emitted in Manufacture Total Process Emissions (tons C/ ton of product) Total Process Emissions Including Carbon Storage Within Material (tons C/ ton) 3/ Framing lumber Concrete 0.034* Concrete block 0.038* Medium density fiberboard (virgin fiber) Brick Glass Recycled steel (100% from scrap) Cement (Portland, masonry) Recycled aluminum (100% recycled content) Steel (virgin) Molded Plastic Aluminum (virgin) / Values are based on life cycle assessment and include gathering and processing of raw materials, primary and secondary processing, and transportation. 2/ Source: USEPA (2006), Exhibit 2-3. *Data for concrete from Flower and Sanjayan (2007); 10% increase in energy consumption assumed for production of concrete block. 3/ Carbon content of 49% of moisture free weight assumed for wood. Carbon Emitted in Manufacture Material Total Process Emissions (tons C/ ton of product) Total Process Emissions Including Carbon Storage Within Material (tons C/ ton) 3/ Framing lumber Concrete 0.034* Concrete block 0.038* Medium density fiberboard (virgin fiber) Brick Glass Recycled steel (100% from scrap) Cement (Portland, masonry) Recycled aluminum (100% recycled content) Steel (virgin) Molded Plastic Aluminum (virgin) / Values are based on life cycle assessment and include gathering and processing of raw materials, primary and secondary processing, and transportation. 2/ Source: USEPA (2006), Exhibit 2-3. *Data for concrete from Flower and Sanjayan (2007); 10% increase in energy consumption assumed for production of concrete block. 3/ Carbon content of 49% of moisture free weight assumed for wood. Net Product Carbon Emissions: Wall Structure (kgco 2 /ft. 2 of wall) Wood studs/osb/plywood Wood Studs/plywood/plywood KD wood studs/osb/vinyl KD wood studs/plywd/vinyl AD wood studs/osb/vinyl AD wood studs/plywd/vinyl KD wood stud AD wood stud OSB Plwood Vinyl Concrete block/stucco Steel/OSB/vinyl Steel/Plywood/vinyl Concrete block Steel stud Assemblies Components Process Emissions Less Carbon Stored Source: Lippke and Edmonds, Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (2009).

10 Net Product Carbon Emissions: Wall Structure (kgco 2 /ft. 2 of wall) Wood studs/osb/plywood Wood Studs/plywood/plywood KD wood studs/osb/vinyl KD wood studs/plywd/vinyl AD wood studs/osb/vinyl AD wood studs/plywd/vinyl KD wood stud AD wood stud OSB Plwood Vinyl Concrete block/stucco Steel/OSB/vinyl Steel/Plywood/vinyl Concrete block Steel stud Assemblies Components Carbon Tracking in Buildings Through LCA/Project Case Studies Process Emissions Less Carbon Stored Source: Lippke and Edmonds, Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (2009). Project Case Studies Home New Orleans School California Residential/Commerical Kamloops, B.C. Olympic Facility Vancouver, B.C. High Rise London Apartment Building - Minneapolis Raised Floor Home New Orleans Built following hurricane Katrina to demonstrate that raised floor construction is ideally suited to resisting high winds, floods, and other natural forces.

11 Raised Floor Home New Orleans Construction: Driven piles topped with slab on grade. Twelve piles rise 8 feet above grade to support the first and second floor living areas. Wood-frame construction using treated southern yellow pine. Strong, building-code approved connections between walls, floors, and other parts of the home. Raised Floor Home New Orleans Volume of wood used 15 m 3 Carbon sequestered and stored (CO 2 30 metric tons Avoided greenhouse gases (CO 2 60 metric tons Total potential carbon benefit (CO 2 90 metric tons Raised Floor Home New Orleans Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one building are equivalent to: 16 passenger vehicles off the road for a year Enough energy to operate a home for 8 years Harada Elementary School, Corona, CA Two-story classroom building, administration building, kindergarten building, covered kindergarten play area, multipurpose building, cafeteria, media center, exercise courts, student gathering area, and outdoor classroom/ amphitheater.

12 Harada Elementary School, Corona, CA Construction: Wood-frame walls, roofs, and second-level floors Features: include self-contained classrooms featuring nine-foot ceilings; pullout workrooms and other moveable elements. Harada Elementary School, Corona, CA Volume of wood used 4,012 m 3 Carbon sequestered and stored (CO 2 3,493 metric tons Avoided greenhouse gases (CO 2 7,431 metric tons Total potential carbon benefit (CO 2 10,924 metric tons Harada Elementary School, Corona, CA Library Square, Kamloops, BC Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one project are equivalent to: 2,087 passenger vehicles off the road for a year Enough energy to operate a home for 929 years

13 Library Square, Kamloops, BC Six story structure (Five stories of wood over podium slab). Combined residential/commercial. 140 condo units 14,000 ft 2 street level commercial 20,000 ft 2 library Underground parking Volume of wood used 2,927 m 3 Carbon sequestered and stored (CO 2 Avoided greenhouse gases (CO 2 Total potential carbon benefit (CO 2 Library Square, Kamloops, BC 2,124 metric tons 4,520 metric tons 6,645 metric tons Library Square, Kamloops, BC Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one project are equivalent to: 1,269 passenger vehicles off the road for a year Enough energy to operate a home for 565 years Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C. The largest structure built for the 2010 Olympic Games. Certified LEED Gold. Designed to house a 400 meter speed-skating track and temporary seating for 8,000 spectators, the building now serves as a multi-purpose arena capable of hosting a wide range of sporting events.

14 Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C. The building has three levels, the highest of which is a vaulted sports hall with a great arched roof. Anchored in inclined concrete buttresses, the main arches are comprised of twinned glulam members held at an angle to each other by a steel truss. They span the 330-foot width of the arena and support a total of 452 structural wood panels. Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C. The structural wood panels used in the roof panel system is composed of 1 million board feet of SPF (spruce, pine, fir) construction-grade dimension lumber and 19,000 sheets of Douglas-fir plywood. Virtually all of the lumber used in the roof was harvested from certified forests impacted by the mountain pine beetle. Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C. Volume of wood used 4,755 m 3 Carbon sequestered and stored (CO 2 Avoided greenhouse gases (CO 2 Total potential carbon benefit (CO 2 3,771 metric tons 8,021 metric tons 11,792 metric tons Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C. Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one building are equivalent to: 2,252 passenger vehicles off the road for a year Enough energy to operate a home for 1,002 years

15 Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C Olympic Carbon Footprint CO2e ~ 8,394 m tons sequestered ~ 16,788 m tons avoided emissions Time period needed for North American forests to replace the volume of wood used in this structure at current net growth rates: 14 minutes Source: Peter Moonen 2010 Stadthaus Building, London The world s tallest mixed-use wood building constructed of crosslaminated timber. The result of a public/ private partnership involving Telford Homes and the Metropolitan housing Trust, the building has 19 private apartments, 10 social housing units, and a residents office. Stadthaus Building, London The upper eight stories are made of cross-laminated timber panels that comprise a cellular structure of loadbearing walls, including stairways and elevator cores, and timber floor slabs.

16 Stadthaus Building, London The upper eight stories are made of cross-laminated timber panels that comprise a cellular structure of loadbearing walls, including stairways and elevator cores, and timber floor slabs. The building uses a platform configuration, with each floor set on the walls underneath with joints secured by screws and angle plates. The ground floor is made from cast concrete with a short pile foundation. Stadthaus Building, London The exterior cladding is a mixture of wood pulp and cement tile and includes 5,000 individual panels in a design to mimic the shadows on the site, thus creating texture without the use of brick. Stadthaus Building, London Volume of wood used 950 m 3 Carbon sequestered and stored (CO 2 Avoided greenhouse gases (CO 2 Total potential carbon benefit (CO metric tons 320 metric tons 1,080 metric tons Stadthaus Building, London Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one building are equivalent to: 1,615 passenger vehicles off the road for a year Enough energy to operate a home for 803 years

17 Copperfield Hill Apartments, Robbinsdale, Minnesota Copperfield Hills Apartments Robbinsdale, Minnesota Copperfield Hill Apartments Volume of wood used 1,259 m 3 Carbon sequestered and stored (CO 2 1,071 metric tons Avoided greenhouse gases (CO 2 2,279 metric tons Total potential carbon benefit (CO 2 3,350 metric tons Copperfield Hill Apartments Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one project are equivalent to: 640 passenger vehicles off the road for a year Enough energy to operate a home for 285 years

18 Summary: Carbon and carbon management has become a major societal issue. Forests, and the wood residing within them, contain vast stores of carbon. Managed forests in the U.S. are gaining carbon, while storage of carbon in harvested wood products are also increasing. Summary: Wood is renewable, and produced using solar energy. Wood is converted to useful products using relatively little additional energy, much of which is bio-energy. Wood is a carbon storehouse (half of wood is carbon), sequestering massive quantities of carbon for long time periods. Wise use of wood is clearly part of the Carbon Solution! Course Evaluations In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page.

19 Questions? This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Contact Information: