Insights from projects and initiatives

Transcription

1 Implementing REDD+ and adaptation in the Congo Basin Insights from projects and initiatives 1st IUFRO-FORNESSA Regional Congress Nairobi, Kenya, June 2012 Charlotte Pavageau, Anne-Marie Tiani, Denis Sonwa COBAM Project Center for International Forestry Research, Cameroon

2 Congo Basin and climate change Greenhouse gas concentrations Climate change billions of carbon are stored in Congo Basin forests (Hoare, 2007) Impacts Responses Specific vulnerabilities in forest areas to the impacts of climat change, climate variabilities and other stresses Mitigation Adaptation

3 Congo Basin and climate change A number of actors are involved in adaptation, mitigation and REDD activities within the region: In Africa as a whole, mitigation projects dominate current activity, and adaptation opportunities remain quite important Congo Basin countries captures most of REDD+ funds whereas few adaptation projects are developed 0 Amount approved (USD, mn) Rest of Africa Congo Basin CAR Gabon Eq. Guinea Cameroon Congo DRC Adaptation Mitigation REDD+ Mitigation general Fundings approved for adaptation and mitigation in Africa Source: Climate Funds Update,

4 Problematic Many barriers to develop projects on adaptation to climate change: Transaction costs of small-scale projects, often required in the poorest areas Difficulty of designing and implementing such programs (uncertainties about future risks, no clear objective about future adaptation) Political concerns Many limits of REDD+ initiatives: Risks for social and environmental safeguards Reduction of opportunities for local population and increased vulnerability What is the structure of actual climate change responses? Among REDD+ projects and initiatives, are there potentials for implementing adaptation?

5 Methodology Analysis based on projects and initiatives on REDD+ and adaptation in 6 Congo Basin Countries (Cameroon, DRC, CAR, Congo, Gabon, Eq. Guinea) Readiness activities with explicit REDD+ objectives 32 REDD+ projects Readiness activities Without explicit REDD+ objectives 8 Potential REDD+ projects 14 Exploratory projects 14 Other mitigation projects in the forestry sector 11 Readiness activities and global strategies ADAPTATION projects 8 National Adaptation programme 2 Local Adaptation projects 18 Planned Adaptation projects Local demonstration activities

6 Approaches and local strategies

7 Approaches and interventions in local projects % of projects Potential REDD+ Projets Exploratory or readiness projets for futur local REDD+ projects Other example of mitigation project in the forestry and agricultural sector % of projects Local adaptation projects Local adaptation strategy in national programme Planned adaptation projects Planned or implemented activities for REDD+ Planned and implemented activities for adaptation

8 Approaches and interventions in local projects % of projects Potential REDD+ Projets Exploratory or readiness projets for futur local REDD+ projects Other example of mitigation project in the forestry and agricultural sector % of projects Local adaptation projects Local adaptation strategy in national programme Planned adaptation projects Planned or implemented activities for REDD+ Planned and implemented activities for adaptation Integrated conservation and forest management

9 Approaches and interventions in local projects % of projects Potential REDD+ Projets Exploratory or readiness projets for futur local REDD+ projects Other example of mitigation project in the forestry and agricultural sector % of projects Local adaptation projects Local adaptation strategy in national programme Planned adaptation projects Planned or implemented activities for REDD+ Planned and implemented activities for adaptation Alternatives livelihoods and development

10 Approaches and interventions in local projects % of projects Potential REDD+ Projets Exploratory or readiness projets for futur local REDD+ projects Other example of mitigation project in the forestry and agricultural sector % of projects Local adaptation projects Local adaptation strategy in national programme Planned adaptation projects Planned or implemented activities for REDD+ Planned and implemented activities for adaptation Performance-based payments Direct investments, incentives

11 Emergence of hybrid approaches Set of similar interventions in adaptation and REDD+ projects : Based on historical approaches (Integrated conservation and development projects) (Sunderlin and Sills, 2012) No definitive framework for REDD+ and adaptation activities Reduce uncertainties and risks Diversify fund raising Potentials for synergies between A&M

12 Challenges of current hybrid strategies Funds diverted into more general conservation and development activities Fail to realize adaptation and mitigation goals No planned integration of adaptation and mitigation Specific to adaptation: No long term financial mechanism for adaptation No integrative approach for reducing societal vulnerabilities

13 Existing explicit synergies Expected benefits from REDD+ projects Watershed protection Environmental benefits Local capacities and alternative incomes Improved agricultural productivitiy and resilience Adoption of good practices Infrastructure and roads Rational and links with adaptation goals The protection of the forests will secure vital watersheds REDD+ activities will reduce soil erosion, mitigate water loss from runoff, avoide bush fires and their associated negative impacts on soils and ecosystems, prevente and mitigate the negative impacts of key threats to protected areas Alternative employments (forest management staff, tree nurseries ) but sometimes temporary; introduce long-term income enhancement mechanisms for local communities and encouraging entrepreneurship. Support to local communities so they can manage the forest in a sustainable way Integrated management system at the farm scale, improved farming techniques and agroforestry plantation by local administration and land management (agricultural, forestry, governance). This allow a better planification. Improved access of villages and new opportunities through better access to market, improved access to water sources

14 Frameworks, climate policies and processes

15 A complex landscape of climate projects Large initiatives reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience of key sectors (forestry, agriculture, water, energy, infrastructure, poverty reduction, development) Enabling activities on adaptation to climate change Local adaptation projects Large initiatives reducing deforestation, degradation or sustainable mangagement of forests (forestry sectors, mining ) Enabling activities on REDD+ ( capacity building, institutional support, research ) Demonstration activities (potential REDD+ projects) MDP/ PES REDD+ projects

16 Which pathway to mainstream adaptation and REDD+? % of initiatives National or regional programmes of adaptation REDD+ readiness initiatives Factors that limit/enable society to mitigate and adapt are similar: Domains that needs technical support, capacity building Needs for data, information and monitoring Financial issue (especially for adaptation, additional cost) Similar actors (NGO, Development bank, national institutions) Types of activities in readiness activities

17 Explicit synergies in the outcomes Among REDD+ readiness initiatives, some expected outcomes: Advocacy for a legislation promoting community based approaches to forest management, small forest enterprise, and mechanisms for paying ecosystem services. This can include ecosystem services useful for adaptation and improve local adaptive capacity Exploratory studies on synergies and conflicts between sectoral policies (including agriculture, infrastructure ) National climate plan in Gabon: overall objective to integrate adaptation and mitigation in national development strategy in order to reduce GES emission and reduce vulnerability Under recognition of synergies in national strategies

18 Challenges for accomplishing mitigation and adaptation goals simultaneously Greater institutional complexity Means and conditions not available Competition for funding Unwanted outcomes Disconnects in policy timing and sequencing (Moser, 2012)

19 Conclusion A&M: two parallel processes Under recognition of synergies in national strategies and local interventions Early planning of integration needed Better quantification of trade-offs as a priority

20 Thank you