Case Studies on Innovation and Development No

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1 Please cite this paper as: Innovation and Development Network, IDN (2011), "Modernization of ICT Infrastucture for Public Use in South Korea: The Case of the Electronic Government System in the 1990s and 2000s", Case Studies on Innovation and Development No Case Studies on Innovation and Development No Modernization of ICT Infrastructure for Public Use in South Korea : The Case of the Electronic Government (e- Government) System in the 1990s and 2000s Innovation and Development Network (IDN)

2 Published by Innovation and Development Network (IDN) Supported by Technology Management Economics and Policy Program (TEMEP), Seoul National University United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Republic of Korea Ministry of Knowledge Economy Disclaimer The case aims at sharing the experience of innovation among researchers and practitioners. Accuracy of information and views expressed represents exclusively the authors own responsibility and opinions, and do not necessarily reflect those of the editors and publisher. Revision history This paper was originally written in November 2011 by by Eunyoung Kim, a researcher at the Graduate School of International Studies(GSIS), Seoul National University (SNU, Korea). First revision was performed in September 2012 by Klaus Marhold, a researcher at Technology Management Economics and Policy Program (TEMEP), Seoul National University (SNU, Korea). Copyright 2011 Innovation and Development Network. All Rights Reserved. Seoul National University, Buliding , Gwanak-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel Fax innodev@snu.ac.kr

3 Modernization of ICT Infrastructure for Public Use in South Korea : The Case of the Electronic Government (e-government) System in the 1990s and 2000s Abstract The South Korean government began to implement the National Basic Information Systems Project in It computerized national databases and some of the government s administrative tasks. As the results of the Basic Plan for Korea Information Infrastructure (1993) and Framework Act on Informatization Promotion (1995) project, South Korea managed to be ranked as the country with the highest internet penetration rate amongst OECD member countries in In 1998, an official government homepage was launched with the aim of completing the framework of electronic government as well as executing 11 project initiatives for e-gov, standardizing the technology and operational management of the integrated system. Also, in order to enhance the nation s information literacy, the government subsidized computers and highspeed internet subscription for low-income households. Consequently, improved from rank 15 of the UN Global e-government readiness Index to the first place in 2010, and also managed to secure the top position in the UN Global e-participation Index (up from the twelfth place in 2003). Unexpectedly, paper consumption in government institutions has rather increased despite the high usage of electronic approvals (98.4%) in In addition, there were still other problems such as systemic defects due to troubles in the selection of SI companies and security issue related to user information. Keywords: National Basic Information System (NABIS), e-administration System, Public service innovation, e-government, informatization

4 1. Background 1.1 Advanced Nations Building of Telecommunications Infrastructure for the Governments Between the late 1990s and the early 2000, most advanced nations pursued e-government development, reforming their administrative system using information and communications technologies (ICT) such as the internet and computers. Advanced nations such as the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and Japan steadily established e-government using their national ICT infrastructure. Some of the projects and policies of those countries are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Global Trend in e-government Country Services Details United States e-government Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) Four portfolios: improve the delivery of government services to citizens (G2C), businesses (G2B), other government agencies (G2G) and Internal Efficiency and Effectiveness (IEE) Providing a framework to support pan governmental interoperability Canada epass Providing the mechanism for citizens to interact easily and securely with the government The Gov Online (GOL) Providing the opportunity for each department to implement its own on-line services while maintaining access for clients to traditional modes of service delivery. Japan e-japan strategy Building an ultra high-speed Internet network and providing constant Internet access at the earliest date possible, 2) establishing rules on electronic commerce, 3) realizing an electronic government in 2003 and 4) nurturing high-quality human resources for the new era e-japan strategy II A blueprint of the second phase of Japan s national IT strategy which presents various new policies for the practical application and implementation of Japan s IT infrastructure and advanced technology Australia Australian Government Information Management Office (AGIMO) Business entry point Providing advice, tools, information and services to help Australian government departments and agencies use ICT to improve administration and service delivery Providing whole-of-government access and services for small business Source: Websites of the respective governments

5 1.2 Digitalization of Administrative Affairs through the Construction of National Basic Information System The South Korean government sought to computerize public administration and improve the efficiency of administrative affairs by taking advantage of computers and computer networks set up through the National Basic Information System Project. The first phase of the Project ( ) covered five sectors including, administration, finance, education & research, national defense and public security. The second phase of the Project ( ) focused on the seven areas of public welfare, postal services, weather information, ocean freights, information on intellectual property rights, inventory information and fishing boats in addition to continuous improvement of what had been done during the first phase. In particular, the Administrative Information System is believed to have had the most significant influence on the digitalization of administrative information. The System stored government records and information in resident registration, real estate, vehicle, customs, employment and statistics in a digital format. 2. Context ~1998: Basic Plan for Promoting Information and the High-speed Information and Communications Infrastructure Project The Basic Plan for the Promotion of Information and the Super-speed Information and Communications Infrastructure Construction Project, which were implemented between 1993 and 1998, vitalized information sharing between government agencies and expanded Korea s national information and communications infrastructure. The Basic Plan prioritized the projects of each government s agency and its action plan formulated annually by each agency was implemented. Based on the Basic Plan for Informatization Promotion, the government built a system for patent application and electric payment of service fees (KIPOnet) and a customs and duties information network system for effective operations against illegal and smuggling trading activities. It also stored vital records of entry and clearance of vessels in a digital format to build a system helping importers and exporters reduce distribution costs with a single window services and offering a one-stop service for port logistics. In addition, it established an information sharing system that integrated databases of various governmental agencies. The results from the Highspeed Information and Communications Network Project made South Korea become the nation with the highest rate of broadband penetration among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in ~2003: Development of a Citizen-centered Government Services via the Internet The South Korean government led by President Kim Daejung began to develop Internet-based government services for its citizens (G4C). This effort spurred the country to actively use its

6 national information and communications infrastructure. Yet, considering the criticism that there was just technical infrastructure with not enough e-government services for citizens, the government needed to pay more attention to improving systems and services and promoting the use of e-administration rather than to simply distributing technologies or upgrading infrastructure. 3. Main Points Major E-Government initiatives The Special Committee for e-government set 11 major e-government initiatives with the aim of completely formulating an e-government framework by the end of To this end, the Committee promoted projects designed to offer citizen-based government services and increase the sharing of information across agencies. Given the importance of links between systems and agencies, the 11 major e-government initiatives were focused on recommending standardized technology, building integrated systems and deciding on a standardized link between the systems developed for the 11 e-government initiatives. Table major e-government Initiatives Objective Main Point Ministry Upgrade Governmentwide 1) Information sharing in 5 major government Ministry of services for services -resident, registration, real estate, vehicle Government citizens and private businesses (G4C & G2B) records, etc. Creation of Government for Citizen (G4C) system to establish government-wide service processing system Administration and Home Affairs 2) Establishment of the Social Insurance Information Sharing System (SIIS) for health insurance, pension insurance, unemployment insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance. 3) Building a Home Tax Service System that would enable online filing of tax returns, e-bill, e-payment tax consultation and issuance service for tax-related certificates. Ministry of Health and Welfare Ministry of Labor Ministry of Finance and Economy 4) Establishment of a Government e-procurement System to achieve transparent procurement processes Ministry Planning Budget of and Improve the effectiveness of the administration 5) Building National Finance Information System (NAFIS) for budget planning and allocation, accounting, settlement of accounts and making financial related information available via an interagency network. Ministry of Finance and Economy

7 Establish an infrastructure for e- Government 6) Building an National Education Information System for the electronic distribution and management of records across schools, offices of education and the Ministry of Education &Human Resources Development 7) Proceeding with the Local Government Information Network System Project in 21 service areas 8) Building Personnel Policy Support System (PPSS) to manage the hiring, promotion and compensation of civil servants in a fair and systematic way. 9) Expanding the use and distribution of e-approval and e-document between agencies. 10) Expanding the use of e-signature and the e-seal System to establish a reliable e-administration. 11) Constructing a government-wide integrated computer network in project-specific stages (since November 2002 the redesign plan for work processes and the strategic plan on information technology has been formulated) Sources: Special Committee for E-Government (2002), E-Government white paper Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs Civil Service Commission Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs Ministry of Information and Communication Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs 3.2 Evaluation of the 11 e-government initiatives According to the Report on the Completion of e-government Infrastructure,' released after the 11 e-government initiatives were completed, all 17 participating ministries CIOs (Chief Information Officer) pointed out the following issues: First, in terms of strategic issues,there was a lack of interrelations and unclear objectives due to the excessive number of projects concerning national informatization and e-government. Second, in terms of information technology, there was a lack of interoperability between the systems used in each agency. Third, in terms of organizations to promote informatization, there was a lack of strong control systems as well of clear definitions of the CIOs roles. Fourth, in terms of process, there was insufficient cooperation and participation of relevant users in the redesigning of work processes. Finally, in terms of services, there was no attempt to create communication channels between the public and the government with respect to the construction of a system. With the spread of informatization, South Korea became a knowledge-based society at an unexpectedly rapid pace. Moreover, increasing interagency projects requiring more cooperation between agencies caused fierce competition and conflicts among the actors to take the initiative in informatization areas. For example, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs and the Ministry of Information and Communication inevitably had a struggle for leadership in the building of the Integrated Computer Network as they had different

8 priorities, such as uniformity (MGAHA) and interoperability and compatibility (MIC). The two ministries, which once had a conflict over who would be in charge of e-signature, agreed that the minister of MGAHA would make the final approval of civil servants e-signatures (Egovernment white paper, 2003). Such dilemma was somewhat unavoidable because of the confusing implementation system but the Special Committee for E-Government is acknowledged for successfully minimizing conflicts. 3.3 Coordination of Interagency Conflicts over G4C Project The Government for Citizen (G4C) System is one of the 11 e-government initiatives set forth by the Special Committee for e-government in order to promote innovation in government-wide services for citizens. The MPB, MGAHA and MIC jointly executed the redesign plan for work processes and the informatization plan. As the project progressed, the MGAHA took charge of system development and operation. Meanwhile, the G4C System involved conflicts among government agencies from the beginning since it, by nature, integrates various government records into an information sharing system and combines a number of Internet-based government services offered by different government agencies into a single system. Since it was an innovative business that applied information communication technology on the existing tasks, naturally it also invited resistance from individuals or organizations with less ability to adapt the changes in their work process. As a national informatization project, establishing the G4C System caused conflicts among participating agencies as follows: 1) Organization of the project direction regarding selecting the supervising department, 2) conflicts over the single window of electronic government and the operational jurisdiction of the administrative information sharing system. In addition, major conflicts areas between the G4C System and administrative information sharing departments were as follows; 1) how to connect to citizen services regarding the Home Tax Services, particularly tax-related certificates, 2) how to provide citizen service for filing tax return forms, 3) payment for reading records residing in the Supreme Court and 4) online notification of address changes. Such conflicts were not resolved through consultations between agencies and departments but instead coordinated by the Special Committee for e-government. On some of the issues, such as payment for reading records residing in the Supreme Court,however, no agreement could be reached,. 3.4 Promotion of National Literacy To make the effects of the e-government Project reach Korea s citizens, it was necessary to distribute PCs to the public. Thus, the Ministry of Information and Communication took unprecedented action by allowing people to buy PCs - a diffusion model, the so called Internet PC for Citizen - at lower prices at post offices from October Internet PCs were available at retail

9 stores of 12 suppliers, 2,800 post offices nationwide and online malls, including the Internet shopping mall of the post office ( In fact, on September 20, post offices began to offer a financial product for those who planned to buy PCs, subsidizing depositors, who paid monthly deposits two or more times, to receive PCs within five days after submitting their purchase requests. Moreover, in order to avoid information alienation of low-income citizens, the government provided a three-month programme to teach 500,000 students from low-income families how to use computers and distributed 50,000 PCs for free to those students without imposing charges on Internet use. Table 3. Internet usage rates in South Korea Year Usage rate (%) Source: ITU Database 3.5 E-Government Roadmap (2003~2008) Based-on the e-government systems, the government established the e-government Roadmap for the utilization of the established infrastructure, innovating public services and increasing administrative efficiency. The e-government Roadmap was composed of four areas of innovation, 10 agendas and 31 projects focusing on appealing to the public, increasing citizens active participation in the government administration and driving the development of the IT industry. To this end, it was planned to allow citizens to file online applications of government services and access other information, expand information sharing and manage integrated information resources. The Roadmap planned to continue systems of the 11 major e-government initiatives which produced good results, and to take further action to improve other systems with so far relatively poor results. Table 4. The 31 e-government Roadmap Projects and Responsible Organizations Goal Agenda Project Organization 1. Establishing Electronic 1) Electronic Document Processing NARS Work Processes MOGAHA 2) Consolidated Financial Information MOGAHA System for Central and Local MPB Governments Innovating the Way the Government Works 3) Local e-government MOGAHA 4) e-auditing System BAI 5) e-national Assembly NAS 6) Integrated Criminal Justice Services MOJ 7) Consolidated Personnel MOGAHA

10 Innovating Civil Services Innovating Information Resources Management 2. Expanding the Administrative Information Sharing System 3. Service-oriented Business Process Reengineering 4. Enhancing Citizen Services e 5. Enhancing Business Support Services 6. Enhancing Online Citizen Participation 7. Consolidating and Standardizing Information Resources 8. Strengthening Information Security Systems Administration System CSC 8) e-diplomacy System MOFAT 9) Real-time System for National Policy President s Management Secretary s Office 10) Expansion of Administrative Information Sharing System 11) Government Business Reference Model (BRM) Development MOGAHA MOGAHA MOGAHA 12) Enhanced Online Citizen Services MOGAHA 13) Integrated National Disaster NEMA Management Services 14) Consolidated Architectural MOCT Administrative Information System MOGAHA 15) Consolidated Online Tax System NTS 16) Integrated National Welfare MOHW Services 17) Consolidated Food and Drug KFDA, MAF Information System MOMAF 18) Consolidated Employment MOL Information Services 19) Online Administrative Trial System MOLEG 20) One-stop Business Support Services MOCIE (G4B) 21) Consolidated National Logistics MOMAF Information Services KCS 22) Electronic Trading Services MOCIE KCS 23) Comprehensive Foreigner Support MOCIE, MOJ, Services MOL 24) Support for Exporting E- MIC Government Solutions 25) Expansion of Online Citizen MOGAHA, Participation NEC 26) Government-wide Consolidated MIC Information Resources Administration System 27) Enhancement of e-government MIC Communication Network 28) Establishment of Government-wide MIC Information Technology Architecture 29) Establishment of Information NIS, Security System MOGAHA, MIC Reforming the Legal System 9. Strengthening Information Security Systems 10. Reforming e- Government Related Systems 30) Restructuring of IT Personnel and Organizations 31) Reform of e-government Legal System MOGAHA MOGAHA

11 Source: e-government Annual Report (2006) *Note: BAI (Board of Audit and Inspection), CSC (Civil Service Commission), KFDA (Korea Food and Drug Administration), MIC (Ministry of Information and Communication), MOCIE (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy), MOCT (Ministry of Construction and Transportation), MOFAT- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, MOGAHA-Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, MOHW-Ministry of Health and Welfare, MOJ-Ministry of Justice, MOLEG-Ministry of Government Legislation Agency, MOMAF-Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, MPB-Ministry of Planning and Budget, NARS-National Archives & Records Service, NIA-National Information Society Agency, NEMA-National Emergency Management Agency, NIS-National Intelligence Service, NTS National Tax Service 4. Results 4.1 Enhancing the Inter-agency Administrative efficiency and Government-to-government Services (G2G) The government expanded electronic documents so that the usage of electronic approval reached 98.4% and the number of government agencies exchanging e-documents increased to 762 in Standard systems developed by the government prevented possible unnecessary development of other similar systems, avoiding the wasting of resources and made it easy for government agencies using the same systems to integrated their work and share administrative information. Now, 232 local governments at province, city, and district levels -share standardized systems for administration, transportation and environment. With electronic process management 665 kinds of documents are exchanged between local and central governments online, making the administrative working process more efficient. Table 5. Status of Administrative information sharing system utilization ~2012 No. of information-sharing services No. of Informatio n-sharing agencies Source: e-national Indicator Total Government Central Government Local Government Public agencies, Financial institutions, Educational institutions, Medical institutions, etc The administrative information sharing system was not confined to administrative departments, but expanded to other public organizations and financial institutions and as of organizations shared approximately million kinds of administrative data. 4.2 Government for Citizen (G4C) System

12 As of 2009, the government-wide information sharing system for around 46 million kinds of government records reduced the number of required documents that citizens had to submit together with their application form for requesting a government service by 42%. The G4C portal - provides service guidelines for 4,000 types of civil services and allows online application for 1,820 kinds of civil services. 500 kinds of civil certificates are now issued online and in particular, 33 kinds of civil certificates like the copy of the resident registration certificate are immediately issued online with no service charge for the convenience of applicants. The number of online issuance soared from 58,000 in 2003 to over 16 million in In addition, the Home Tax Service (HTS) allows taxpayers to process their tax affairs from their home or office in real-time without visiting the tax office to file tax return forms, receive tax notices and request tax-related certificates. As of December 2007, 5.92 million citizens were registered to use the Home Tax System and the rate of e-notice reached high record levels; 76.9% for VAT, 93.9% for corporate tax and 74.5% for civil certificate. Besides the tax system, various other portals were established for the comprehensive online administration of information as shown in the following Table: Table 6. Innovating Citizen Services Services Enhanced Online Citizen Services Integrated National Disaster Management Services Consolidated Architectural Administrative Information System Consolidated Online Tax System Integrated National Welfare Services Consolidated Food and Drug Information System Consolidated Employment Information Services Details G4C services became accessible since 2002 offering guidelines for approximately 4,400 kinds of civil services, and 393 kinds of civil applications through the web. The information delivery processes for emergency situations have been further simplified by establishing direct channels between the central agencies, and upper and lower local governments, which reduced processing time from 35 minutes to 5 minutes. The electronic processing of all aspects of administrative processes related to architecture, housing and management of construction, and it uses information gathered in the AIS processing to generate diverse documents such as building registers, search electronic blueprints, and provide information on related policies and statistics on a real-time basis. Facilitating the use of the Home Tax Service in a more convenient way, which enables taxpayers to take all proceedings related to tax notices, tax reference, tax payments and records online without the need to visit tax offices. Providing information on national welfare services efficiently, especially to socially vulnerable groups such as the disabled, children, women and the elderly. Integrating food and drug safety management work processes with data that was dispersed among the Korea Food and Drug Administration, central government agencies and local governments. Providing a base for the effective innovation of public service delivery to citizens and implementation of the government s unemployment measures by building an information system that provides comprehensive employment information. The primary networks for employment, including Work-net, an

13 Services Online Administrative Trial System Details employment insurance network and Hrd-net for job training were connected, which enabled citizens to search information within a one-stop portal. Ensuring a remedy for the violations when the rights of the people are infringed by government agencies, including unfair administrative procedures and official misconduct. Source: e-government Annual Report, Government Procurement (G2B) Service Through the establishment of a Single Window government procurement system, the entire process bid on public project, sign contract agreement and receive payment for services takes place via the Internet. As a result of connecting the system to other 107 related systems, the governmental procurement became more transparent and efficient. As of 2009, 180,000 businesses and 41,699 government agencies were registered as suppliers and buyers, respectively, the volume of e-procurement was KRW 84 trillion and 96.5% of government agencies used the G2B system to sign government contract agreements via the Internet. An online patent service system was also established to allow applicants to perform the entire processes related to patents, including patent application, patent examination, paten trial, progress checking, application of certificate issuance and payment of fees from their home or office. As of 2009, the rate of online patent application rate was 94% and the trial period for a patent was reduced from 12 months in 2004 to 8 months. In addition, the e-customs system increased convenience and reduced the time needed for customs clearance, import and export declaration and quarantine. Thanks to the full digitalization of customs clearance, South Korea is recognized as a country that delivers the fastest customs service among the 169 member countries of the World Customs Organization (WCO). The B4G services ( provide a one-step e-government service for businesses. As of 2009, there were 3,740 kinds of business related services and 193 kinds of services offered by government agencies connected to industrial information. When it comes to incorporation, an offline incorporation application usually took 17 days, proceeding 10 steps but an online application only takes 7 days while involving only four steps. 4.4 International Recognition of the Korean E-Government Efforts In the UN s e-government Survey, South Korea was highly recognized as a global leader in terms of the e-government development index and e-participation index, two indicators measuring the willingness and capacity of national administrations to use information and communication technologies to deliver public services. The country, once ranked 15 th in terms of e-government development index in 2001 and 12 th in terms of e-participation index in 2003,

14 became the world s top nation in both categories in Table UN Global e-government readiness Index, e-participation Index Rank e-government readiness Index e-participation Index Country Evaluation Country Evaluation 1 South Korea South Korea USA Australia Canada Spain UK New Zealand Netherlands UK Source: UN, e-government Survey 2010 South Korea s major electronic administrative system was referred to as an exemplary case chosen by other international institutions. Table 8. South Korean e-government systems: Awards and citations for best practices from international organizations Item Services Title Honored by Year Informational Awards Citations for best practices by international organizations Immigration Review Public Service Awards UN 2007 Information Network Village Korea Online E- Procurement System Electronic Customs Clearance e-hanaro, National Computing & Information Agency, e- Architecture Information System e-government Special Award e-asia Award WCO Trophy The World e- Government Forum The Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (AFACT) The World Customs Organization (WCO) e-asia Award AFACT 2007 First Prize in the Demonstration Area e-challenge 2010 Home Tax Good Practices of OECD 2006 Electronic Tax Administration e-people Top 10 e-government The World e Government Forum Electronic Trade World Advanced The APEC 2005 Report 2005 Urgent Disaster Good Practices The Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction 2006

15 Item Services Title Honored by Year International certificates and standards acquired Electronic Customs Clearance Korea Online E- Procurement System Patent Application Agricultural Food Safety Electronic Customs Clearance Source: e-government of Korea Best Practices (2009) Good Practices of Anti-corruption International Bidding Standard Information Technology Standard ISO Certificate The Global Forum on 2003 Fighting Corruption The 6th Forum of 2005 UN/CEFACT WIPO 2006 International Organization for Standardization 2006 ISO 9001 Certificate ISO 2005 ISO Certificate ISO 9001 Certificate ISO Limitations 5.1 Limitation in Technology Acceptance Claiming to create a paperless government, South Korea s government successfully pushed up the rate of e-approval to 98.4% in 2007 but paper consumption actually increased. That was because senior officials tended to use a copy of documents for correction before signing online. For this reason, expenses for purchasing copy paper did not decrease in government departments with high rates of e-approval. While the Minister of Information and Communication held a meeting on December 15, 1997, in which participants only used laptop computers without using paper, many officials said e-government is not related with paper consumption. 5.2 Trouble with SI Companies When it came to the selection of SI companies, the government did prioritize contract price rather than technological capacity, leading to system failures. In 2005, for example, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs and National Tax Services had to temporarily stop their services for citizens due to security problems. In addition, a number of SI companies refused to participate in e-government projects due to excessive workloads, an unreasonably small budget, frequent changes in work definition and contents. In 2004, for instance, as a series of rejection from SI companies resulted in repeated failures in bidding, the government had no choice but to sign a private contract. One example of a failed system was the Korea Land Management Information System (LMIS) that had been launched by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation and local governments in 1998 with an investment of KRW 93.1 billion provided inaccurate land registration maps. Out of 163 local

16 governments, 102 local governments were unable to use the provided maps. It is reckoned that the government undertook less efforts to improve methods and procedures and eliminate unnecessary factors but only focused on increasing the number of operating e- government systems as fast as possible. 5.3 Supplier-centered Promotion of Projects A lack of consideration for the opinions of parties concerned and the protection of personal information caused some troubles. For example, the Social Insurance Information Sharing System, which was a project for interconnecting the 4 major social insurances information systems - health insurance, pension insurance, unemployment insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance of each public corporation and agency faced labor unions objection. The National Education Information System (NEIS) had operational problems because of serious concerns over the leakage of information. It is also pointed out that there are too many related businesses and that the existing performance management systems were weak and had problems in delivering accurate and practical feedback.

17 References Im, J. J. H., & Seo, J.-W. (2005). E-government in South Korea: planning and implementation. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 2(2), ITU Statistics Database, (2011). Percentage of Individuals using the Internet. December 27, 2011, from National Archives & Records Services. (2011). e-goverment, Retrieved December 27, 2011, from Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, (2006), 2006 Annual Report for e- Government, Republic of Korea. Ministry of Public Administration and Security, Korea e-government, Retrieved December 27, 2011, from NIA (National Information Society Agency) (2009), e-government of Korea Best Practices, Republic of Korea. NIA (National Information Society Agency) (2007), Introduction to e-government, Retrieved December 27, 2011, from (in Korean).. NIA (National Information Society Agency) (2008), 2007 yearbook of information society statistics, Republic of Korea. NIA (National Information Society Agency) (2009), 2008 yearbook of information society statistics, Republic of Korea. NIA (National Information Society Agency) (2010), 2009 yearbook of information society statistics, Republic of Korea. The Chosun Ilbo. ( ). Paper report surge, E-Government is still long way to go. UN (2008). Global E-Government Survey 2008, Retrieved December 27, 2011, from UN (2010). Global E-Government Survey 2010, Retrieved December 27, 2011, from

18 Appendix Table A.1. History of e-government promotion in Korea Stage Beginning (1960s & 1970s) Infrastructure Building (1980s & 1990s) Full-scale Implementation (2000 s) Major Achievements Computers introduced for statistical analysis work in the Economy Planning Board (EPB) (1967) Five Year Basic Plan on Informatization of Public Administration established (1978, MOGAHA) Principles decided for National Basic Information Systems Project (1983) and the project implemented (1987~) Infrastructure secured through Computer Program Protection Act and Supply and Utilization of Computer Network Act (1986) Basic Plan for Korea Information Infrastructure announced (1993) Framework Act on Informatization Promotion enacted (1995) Informatization Strategy for Strengthening National Competitiveness announced (1996, President Kim Young-sam) Evaluation system for informatization projects introduced (1997) Official government homepage launched, Presidential executive orders for appointing CIOs (1998) Comprehensive e-gov implementation plan established, comprehensive statistical information system service launched (1999) e-government Act (2001) 11 project initiatives for e-gov selected and the Special Committee on e-gov began operation (2001) Source: Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, 2006 Annual Report for e-government Table A.2. E Government Development Index - Online Service Index of South Korea: stages of e- government evolution Stage I (Emerging Presence)* Stage II (Enhanced presence)** Stage III Stage IV (Transactional (Connected presence)*** presence)**** Achievement in Total % 91% 66% 62% 78% % 93% 50% 59% 73% Source: UN, e-government Survey 2010~2008 Note: *Emerging Presence is Stage I representing information, which is limited and basic. **Enhanced presence is Stage II in which the government provides regular updates of contents and information. ***Transactional presence is Stage III that allows two-way interaction between the citizen and his/her government. It includes options for paying taxes; applying for ID cards, birth certificates/passports, license renewals and other similar C2G interactions by allowing him/her to submit these online 24/7. ****Connected presence is Stage IV which represents the most sophisticated level in the online e- government initiatives. It can be characterized by an integration of G2G, G2C and C2G (and reverse) interactions.

19 Case Studies on Innovation and Development are available on our website at About us: The Innovation and Development Network (IDN) is a network of dedicated professionals that are interested in various issues related to innovation and development. The missions of the IDN are to analyze the contribution of innovation to socioeconomic development, to have a wider consensus on the role of policy to promote innovation, to share benchmarking information on successful innovation policy, and to devise and disseminate innovative policy proposals. Our series, Case Studies on Innovation and Development, aims at documenting innovation policy case from Korea and other developing countries in order to help policy makers understand the important relationship between innovation and development.