The Current Situa-on of Off- site Clean- up in Japan

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1 The Current Situa-on of Off- site Clean- up in Japan May 23, 2016 Kazumi Yoshikawa Director Ministry of the Environment, Japan

2 1.Current Situa-on of Off- site Decontamina-on 2. Interim Storage Facility

Decontamina-on based on the Act on Special Measures 1) Special Decontamina-on Area 2) Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area Designa-on of SDA by the Minister of the Environment Designa-on of ICSA by the

3 Decontamina-on based on the Act on Special Measures 1) Special Decontamina-on Area 2) Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area Designa-on of SDA by the Minister of the Environment Designa-on of ICSA by the Minister of the Environment (Areas where air dose rate is 0.23μSv/h or more) 0.23μSv/h is a criterion for designa-on of ICSA and not a decontamina-on target Development of the decontamina-on implementa-on plan in the SDA by the Minister of the Environment Implementa-on of decontamina-on by the na-onal government Survey measurement by the mayors of the municipali-es Development of the decontamina-on implementa-on plan by the mayors of the municipali-es Implementa-on of decontamina-on by the municipali-es, etc. (The na-onal government allocates budgets.) Note: The air dose rate 0.23μSv/h corresponds to a cau-ously es-mated individual exposure dose of 1mSv/y assuming that people spend 1 8 hours outside 2 16 hours in a wooden house with a low shielding rate in a day Decontamina-on and disposal of soil at NPS Implemented by the nuclear power sta-on opera-ng company in charge (TEPCO) 3

Progress in the Special Decontamina-on Area2 (As of the end of March, 2016) <Municipali-es in which evacua-on order were liyed> Kawamata Evacua-on order liyed Iitate Katsurao Tamura Minami- Soma

4 Progress in the Special Decontamina-on Area2 (As of the end of March, 2016) <Municipali-es in which evacua-on order were liyed> Kawamata Evacua-on order liyed Iitate Katsurao Tamura Minami- Soma Namie Futaba Okuma Fukushima Dai- ichi NPS Municipality Tamura city A part of Kawauchi village (former areas to which evacua-on orders are ready to be liyed ) Naraha town Evacua-on order was lioed on April 1, 2014 October 1, 2014 September 5, 2015 Decontamina-on completed Residen-al areas completed Implemen-ng Kawauchi Tomioka Special Decontamina-on Area Areas where it is an-cipated that residents will face difficul-es in returning for a long -me Naraha 4

5 Progress in the Special Decontamina-on Area 3(As of the end of March, 2016) Main Topic Decontamina-on in progress with max. 11,700 labor per day (Feb. 16 Mar. 31, 2016) Decontamina-on has completed in Minami- Soma and Tomioka (residen-al area), Futaba (whole area) 1. Municipali-es implemen-ng whole area decontamina-on(aimed to complete all the decontamina-on by March 2017) Securement of TSS Note 1,3 Consent on decontamina-on Note 3 Residen-al area Execu-on rate(%) Note 2,3 Farmland Forest Road Iitate Secured almost completed Minami- Soma Mostly secured approx. 90% (53) 39 Namie approx. 90% almost completed 48 (44) 37 (36) 75 (61) 68 Tomioka Secured Completed 100 (93) 98 (85) (98) 2. Municipali-es completed decontamina-on Time of Comple-on Note 4 Tamura June 2013 Naraha March 2014 Kawauchi March 2014 Okuma March 2014 Katsurao December 2015 Kawamata Futaba December 2015 March 2016 Note 5 Note 1: The ra-o shows: Contracted TSS area / Necessary TSS area. It might change because of increase and decrease of the necessary area depending on the progress of decontamina-on construc-on Note 2: Implementa-on ra-o: Decontamina-on- completed area / Target decontamina-on area. They might be both revised with future inves-ga-on. Areas where it is an-cipated that residents will face difficul-es in returning for a long -me are basically not included Note 3: Numbers in () are the numbers in a previous month. Numbers without () have not been changed from the previous month Note 4: Time of decontamina-on comple-on means the -me which decontamina-on is completed in the area with resident s consent. If the area is not decontaminated, it will be eventually decontaminated once the consent is obtained Note 5: A part of farmland struck by heavy rain disaster is not included 5

Progress in the Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area 1 Number of municipali-es designated as the Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area: 104 (at the start) 97 (at present) The designa-on was liyed in seven

Municipali-es that formulated decontamina-on implementa-on plans: 93 municipali-es (all that had intended to do) Municipali-es that have completed or almost completed their plans (and con-nued

6 Progress in the Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area 1 Number of municipali-es designated as the Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area: 104 (at the start) 97 (at present) The designa-on was liyed in seven municipali-es because of the radia-on dose decrease, etc. Municipali-es that formulated decontamina-on implementa-on plans: 93 municipali-es (all that had intended to do) Municipali-es that have completed or almost completed their plans (and con-nued monitoring of air dose rates). 49 municipali-es Municipali-es in process of implemen-ng decontamina-on based on the plans: 44municipali-es In most of the decontamina-on plans, ending -me period is set between FY2015- FY2016. Municipali-es for which designa-on of ICSA has been liyed Municipali-es that completed planned decontamina-on Municipali-es that have formulated decontamina-on plans based on the Act Other municipali-es of ICSA Inside the orange frame is the SDA Fukushima Miyagi Iwate Fukushima Dai- ichi NPS The progress of decontamina-on In Fukushima Pref. (as of the end of March 2016): Public facili-es: approx. 90% Residen-al houses: approx. 80% Roads: approx. 50% Forests in living area: approx. 50% Outside Fukushima Pref. (as of the end of Dec. 2015): Schools & nurseries/ parks, sports facili-es / residen-al houses: almost completed Roads: approx. 90% Farmland & meadows/ forests in living area: completed Gunma Saitama Tochigi Ibaraki Chiba 6

7 Progress in Intensive Contamina-on Survey Area 3 Within Fukushima Prefecture (As of the end of March 2016) Ordering Ra-o (Number of ordering/number of planning Execu-ng Ra-o (Number of actual achievement/ Number of planning) Public facili-es, etc. mostly ordered approx. 90% Residen-al houses approx. 90% approx. 80% Roads approx. 70% approx. 50% Farmlands & meadows mostly ordered approx. 90% Forests(in living areas) approx. 70% approx. 50% Note: The number of planning areas have been con-nuously revised, based on the inves-ga-on result made by Fukushima Prefecture Outside Fukushima Pref. (As of the end of Dec. 2015) Ordering Ra-o (Number of Ordering/number of planning) Execu-ng Ra-o (Number of actual achievement/ number of planning) Schools and nurseries mostly ordered almost completed Park, Sports facili-es mostly ordered almost completed Residen-al houses mostly ordered almost completed Other facili-es approx. 90% approx. 80% Roads mostly ordered approx. 90% Farmlands & meadows ordered completed Forests( in living areas) ordered completed Note: The number of planning is the total number un-l the end of Dec. 2015, which might be increased in future depending on each municipality s status. 7

Effects of Decontamina-on Work in Kawauchi Air dose rate at the height of 1m from the ground at en-re Kawauchi village* Air dose rates at residen-al areas : decreased approx.

63% comparing before decontamina-on to post- decontamina-on monitoring and the effects of decontamina-on have been retained *en-re Kawauchi village: indicates both former

8 Effects of Decontamina-on Work in Kawauchi Air dose rate at the height of 1m from the ground at en-re Kawauchi village* Air dose rates at residen-al areas : decreased approx. 45% comparing before decontamina-on to aoer decontamina-on decreased approx. 63% comparing before decontamina-on to post- decontamina-on monitoring and the effects of decontamina-on have been retained *en-re Kawauchi village: indicates both former Areas in Which Residents are not Permiied to Live and former Areas to Which Evacua-on Orders are Ready to be LiYed Before decontamina-on AYer decontamina-on Post- decontamina-on monitoring Air dose rate (μsv/h) Farmland Residen-al areas Forest near residen-al area Road 8 8

9 1. Current Situa-on of Off- site Decontamina-on 2. Interim Storage Facility

10 What is an Interim Storage Facility (ISF)? In Fukushima Prefecture, large quan--es of contaminated soil and waste have been generated from decontamina-on ac-vi-es. Currently, it is difficult to clarify methods of final disposal of such soil and waste. Un-l final disposal becomes available, it is necessary to establish an Interim Storage Facility (ISF) in order to manage and store soil and waste safely. The following materials generated in Fukushima Prefecture will be stored in the ISF. 1. Soil and waste (such as fallen leaves and branches) generated from decontamina-on ac-vi-es, which have been stored at the Temporary Storage Sites. * In principle, combus-ble materials will be incinerated, and incinerated ash will be stored. 2. Incinera-on ash with radioac-ve concentra-on more than 100,000 Bq/kg. 10

11 Process regarding the Interim Storage Facility TIME Oct April Dec Feb May- June, 2014 Sep. 1, 2014 Sep Oct. - Nov Dec Jan.2015 Feb. 3, 2015 Feb. 8, 2015 Feb. 25, 2015 March, CONTENTS MOE announced the Basic Principles of the roadmap of the Interim Storage Facility (ISF). MOE started the field survey including boring survey, obtaining the consent from the local communi-es.. MOE requested that Fukushima Prefecture and the 3 towns (Futaba, Okuma and Naraha) accept the establishment of the ISF. The Governor of Fukushima requested the na-onal government to consolidate the ISF in Okuma and Futaba. The Government held explanatory mee-ngs for residents. (16 -mes in total: 10 -mes in Fukushima, 6 -mes outside Fukushima) The Governor of Fukushima accepted the construc-on of the ISF, and both mayors of Okuma and Futaba agreed that the government would explain to the landowners. At the same -me, the Governor asked confirma-on of the five condi-ons of the na-onal government before its acceptance of transporta-on of soil. MOE held explanatory mee-ngs for landowners (12 -mes in total: 9 -mes in Fukushima and 3 -mes outside Fukushima). The amendment bill for the Japan Environmental Safety Corpora-on (JESCO) Law in order to legislate the final disposal of contaminated soil and waste outside Fukushima Prefecture was approved by the Cabinet and submiied to the Diet in Oct. The law was enacted in Nov. and put into effect in Dec. Both Okuma and Futaba accepted the construc-on of the ISF. The construc-on of stock yards in the ISF started. The Minister of the Environment and the Minister for Reconstruc-on explained to the Governor of Fukushima the progress related to the five condi-ons which should be confirmed before the transporta-on of soil to the ISF. The Governor of Fukushima and both mayors of Okuma and Futaba conveyed the acceptance to the Minister of the Environment and the Minister for Reconstruc-on. Transporta-on of soil from temporary storage sites to the stock yards started in Okuma on March 13, in Futaba on March 25, and sequen-ally in other municipali-es. 11

12 Planned Site for the Interim Storage Facility SDA Fukushima Prefecture ICSA Former ICSA ICSA without decontamina-on plan ( ) Futaba Fukushima Dai- ichi NPS Okuma 12

13 10mil. Es-mated Storage Volume in the Interim Storage Facility (m 3 ) Es-mated volume of removed soil and waste being generated (in the case of 22 million m3 ) The amount of soil and waste is es-mated to be approx. 16 to 22 mil. m 3 ayer volume reduc-on (incinera-on) 5mi l. appro x mil. m 3 appro x mil. m mil. <8,000 Bq/kg 8, ,000 Bq/kg approx. 10,000 m 3 >100,000 Bq/kg (*1) approx mil. m 3 ash from waste approx. 20,000 m 3 >100,000 Bq/kg (*2) (*1) Soil and waste (*2) Wastes from the countermeasure area

Facili-es and Disposal Process at the Interim Storage Facility The Interim Storage Facility consists of several facili-es with various func-ons. Temporary Storage Sites, etc.

14 Facili-es and Disposal Process at the Interim Storage Facility The Interim Storage Facility consists of several facili-es with various func-ons. Temporary Storage Sites, etc. Acceptance & Separa-on Facility To classify the soil and waste transported by measuring the weight and radia-on dose. Image Other Facili-es Acceptance Separa-on Screening Water treatment Stock yard Admin. Office R&D Soil Storage Facility To store soils ayer classifica-on by radioac-ve cesium concentra-ons and other features Image Volume Reduc-on Facility To reduce the volume of stockpile by incinera-ng the combus-bles (branches and plants, etc.) Image Waste Storage Facility To store waste (incinera-on ash, etc.) measuring more than 100,000 Bq/kg Image 14

15 Pilot Transporta-on / Stock Yards In order to confirm safe and secure delivery towards the transporta-on of a large amount of decontamina-on soil, MOE implemented pilot transporta-on approx. 1,000 m3 each from 43 municipali-es in Fukushima Prefecture from Pilot transporta-on period: March 13, 2015 March 28, 2016 <Actual achievement of the pilot transporta-on> Stored volume: 45,382 m3 in total Stock Yards in Okuma: 23,266 m3 Stock Yards in Futaba: 22,116 m3 (Incombus-bles: 40,034m3, Combus-bles: 5,348m3 ) * Calculated on the assump-on that the volume of a large bag is 1 m 3 Total number of trucks used: 7,529 in total Stock yards in Okuma: 3,868 trucks Stockyards in Futaba: 3,661 trucks Results of truck screening Surface doses of all the trucks from the Stock yards have been screened and proved to be below the standard of 13,000 cpm. Facilita-on of bags at Stock Yards Sceening opera-on Opera-on of a truck screening 15

16 Measures towards the Final Disposal of Decontamina-on Soil outside Fukushima Pref. 8 steps towards the final disposal and technological review 8 Steps towards the Final Disposal ISF start 30 years from ISF start Measures will be processed according to 8 steps towards the final disposal MOE established a mee-ng with experts reviewing development and concept of volume reduc-on and recycling technologies, and sequen-ally proceed them from the possible field MOE shall plan final disposal volume, radioac-ve concentra-on, structure and dimension of the site based on technological review and measures, then discuss inves-ga-on and adjustment of the final disposal site Strategy for volume reduc-on & recycling technology development and the roadmap STEP1: Comprehension of trends in R&D domes-cally and interna-onally STEP2: Studying the direc-on of future R&D STEP3: Furthering R&D STEP4: Studying the direc-on of the final disposal, taking into account studies of possibili-es of volume reduc-on and recycling STEP5: Inves-ga-on, review and adjustment concerning final disposal sites STEP6: Land prepara-on of final disposal sites STEP7: Installa-on of wastes to final disposal sites STEP8: Comple-on of final disposal STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Development of na-onal public understanding of final disposal outside Fukushima Prefecture Taking soil and wastes out of the facility through volume reduc-on and recycling STEP 5 STEP 6 Timeline STEP 75 STEP 8 In April 2016, MOE summarized Strategy for volume reduc-on & recycling technology development and Roadmap as a mid- and long term policy concerning recycling promo-on of technology development and decontamina-on soil ayer volume reduc-on treatment towards final disposal outside Fukushima based on the discussion among experts mee-ng <Major contents> Volume of the final disposal shall be reduced while increasing the target purified materials as much as possible, and treat decontamina-on soil by using volume reduc-on technology Basic technology development will be completed within a decade in order to implement volume reduc-on & recycling To realize the recycling of purified materials, MOE shall foster the na-onal public for safety and securement, and shall make efforts concerning recycling business operators and social acceptance, coopera-ng with relevant ministries 16

17 Public Communica-on Provision of basic and comprehensive informa-on Web hfp://josen.env.go.jp/en/ Call centers in Fukushima and in Tokyo Decontamina-on Informa-on Plaza (Informa-on hub run by MOE and Fukushima Pref.) Providing interac-ve communica-ons with people and municipali-es Interac-ve exhibi-on and workshops Dispatch of experts to municipali-es, communi-es, schools, etc. Pamphlets, comic books, and videos Providing easy- to- understand informa-on with detailed data on decontamina-on and radia-on Distributed at mee-ngs, workshops, city oﬃces, banks, and supermarkets in Fukushima, and also available on the Web Collabora-on with news organiza-ons Development of na-onal public understanding Widely disseminate informa-on of remedia-on and the Providing informa-on that helps people understand remedia-on and the state of the region aoer remedia-on, state of the region aoer remedia-on to the public so that they can correctly understand the current status of in collabora-on with media organiza-ons in Fukushima (Media is the largest informa-on source for Fukushima people) Fukushima and its products Newspaper ads and TV/radio programs Thanks Helmet, a campaign to mo-vate the decontamina-on workers and improve rela-onships between the residents and the workers PR of rice harvested from decontaminated paddy ﬁelds Exhibi-on at Tokyo about Steps for Restora-on of Fukushima 17

Coopera-on with Interna-onal Socie-es Informa-on exchange through bilateral frameworks (U.S., France, UK, etc.) and interna-onal organiza-ons (IAEA, OECD/NEA, etc.

knowledge and informa-on to review and implement its decontamina-on ac-vi-es. Nov.3-4,2015 4th Mee-ng of Decommissioning and Environmental Management Working Group (DEMWG) U.S.

18 Coopera-on with Interna-onal Socie-es Informa-on exchange through bilateral frameworks (U.S., France, UK, etc.) and interna-onal organiza-ons (IAEA, OECD/NEA, etc.) MOE has exchanged informa-on among policy makers and experts, concerning decontamina-on policy, methods, and research for the environmental behavior of radioac-ve materials and u-lized shared knowledge and informa-on to review and implement its decontamina-on ac-vi-es. Nov.3-4,2015 4th Mee-ng of Decommissioning and Environmental Management Working Group (DEMWG) U.S./Japan Bilateral Commission (BLC) on Civil Nuclear Coopera-on D.C.) Nov.10-11,2015 The 4th Japan- UK Nuclear Dialogue Nov.24-25,2015 The 5th mee-ng of the Japan- France Nuclear Coopera-on Commiiee Nov. 26, 2015 The 3rd Mee-ng of Japan- Ukraine Joint Commiiee for the coopera-on to advance ayermath response to accident at nuclear power sta-ons Nov. 27, 2015 The 3rd Mee-ng of Japan- Belarus Joint Commiiee for the coopera-on to advance ayermath response to accident at nuclear power sta-ons Feb.4-5,2016 The 1st IAEA- MOE Experts Mee-ng on Environment Remedia-on of Off- Site areas ayer the Fukushima Dai- ichi Nuclear Power Sta-on Accident 18

Lesson Learned from the Implementa1on of Decontamina1on in Japan. Hiroyuki Kuroda Policy Researcher. May 25, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Lesson Learned from the Implementa1on of Decontamina1on in Japan May 25, 2016 Hiroyuki Kuroda Policy Researcher Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1.Current Situa-on of Off- site Decontamina-on 2. Decontamina1on