System Perspective in Environmental Remediation of Lands Contaminated from the Fukushima Accident
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1 System Perspective in Environmental Remediation of Lands Contaminated from the Fukushima Accident Robert L. Sindelar, Embassy Science Fellow to Japan 2013 WMS Panel: Technology Support and Implementation for Clean Up of Fukushima Daiichi NPP March 6, 2014
2 Topics Fukushima Daiichi Accident Clean-up On-site remediation: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS) site Off-site remediation: Outside NPS fence Remediation of a Large Land Area with High Contamination Remediation System Elements Selected ESF Report Observations and Recommendations Report from the ESF Assignment sets a framework, provides status, and recommends improvements for remediation of land with surface contamination 2
3 Off-Site Contamination Areas 1 msv = 100 mrem 0.23 µsv/hour 1 msv/yr Contamination in Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, and Chiba prefectures Intensive Contamination Survey Area (in green) o Less than 20 msv/year Special Decontamination Area (in red) o Less than 20 msv/year o 20 to 50 msv/year o > 50 msv/year
4 Systems Perspective for Fukushima Offsite Remediation Program Elements for an Environmental Remediation System for a Populated Region Contaminated by Cesium
5 Surfaces to be Decontaminated Roads (various materials and designs) Soils (agricultural soils, playgrounds) Grassy fields Home lawns and landscapes Building structures (various materials and designs) Roofs (various materials and designs) Forests Radioactive materials settled on soil, vegetation, and buildings Radioactive materials consolidated and shielded Concept of surface contaminated with cesium
6 Decontamination Technologies - Present Methods in Use Buildings water spray, wipes Roofs water spray, wipes Roads shot blast, CO 2, high pressure water spray (15 Mpa) Fields cut grass Soils (farmland) mixing soil or removal Forests remove litter, fell trees, natural attenuation Advanced technologies investigated (e.g. soil particle separation), few adopted Methods listed in GOJ-MOE Decontamination Guidelines and in Contaminated soil surface 1) Dig out about 10 cm of surface soil. 2) Dig out about 20 cm of lower layer soil. 3) Place the surface soil at the bottom and cover it with the lower layer soil. GOJ-MOE Common Specifications Example: Air dose rate reduction over soil (from GOJ-MOE Decontamination Guidelines)
7 Decontamination Activities Tamura City Wiping off rooftop and walls Wiping off a gutter High pressure water cleaning of a drain pipe High pressure water cleaning of paved road Mowing and removal of sludge Removal of crushed stones and topsoil, and cover with clean soil 7 7
8 Before & After the Decontamination Work Tamura City Before Before Before Before After After After After 8
9 Decontamination Effectiveness - Examples Roads Roofs Soils cement roof tiles, matte clay roof tiles, coated steel sheet roofing Asphalt Roads surface contamination density Paved surface of roads: washing Paved surface of roads: high-pressure water washing Paved surface of roads: scraping away Roofs Cutting Grass surface contamination density Roofs: wiping Roofs: washing/cleaning Roofs: high-pressure water washing Rooftops: high-pressure water washing Soils Balconies: high-pressure water washing surface contamination density soil/grass field: cut grass (mowing) Soil: deposit removal soil/grass field: strip away of topsoil more than 3cm Remove soil and replace w/new
10 Need for Collimated Detection Cesium-137 Contamination Contaminated Forest Next to Surface of Interest Dose Rate Contribution from Contaminated Surroundings (C. Verst, SRNL) Decontamination Effectiveness =
11 Advanced Decontamination Drivers to develop advanced decontamination are to: Leave the surface essentially intact Improve decontamination effectiveness Achieve decontamination more quickly than by present methods Achieve decontamination more cost-effectively than by present methods* *Include waste handling, transportation, storage, and disposal costs
12 Advanced Decontamination Model Project Examples Advanced decontamination methods have been investigated (with JAEA-led and MOE-led projects conducted by vendors)
13 Waste Management Waste management (transportation, storage, disposal) is primary challenge for off-site remediation ~15-28 million m 3 waste destined for the Interim Storage Facilities in FP On-site Storage in Naraha Town Temporary Storage Facility in Okuma Town Waste management overview ( 13
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