SPM4510 Design of Innovative Systems in Energy & Industry

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1 SPM4510 Design of Innovative Systems in Energy & Industry Week 6 Design of Energy systems Focus: Cogeneration and gasification to syngas Dr.ir. Gerard P.J. Dijkema 1 Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. Energy & Industry group

2 Carnot First law of Thermodynamics: energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy balance must be correct!! Second law of Thermodynamics implies: There exists a limit to the conversion of heat Q to power W Carnot-factor T laag = 25 o C W = Q h (1 T c /T h ) Where T (kelvin) c indicates cold sink h indicates heat source Factor Carnot-factor T hoog, o C 2

3 Thermodynamics: first law and second law efficiency Stand-alone power plants must produce electric power in design, the second-law efficiency must be maximized (this is done almost implicitly by power system design engineers) In case an energy conversion facility must produce anything else than electricity, ALSO the first law efficiency becomes important: how much of the energy in the feedstock ends up in useful products?? 3

4 Energy system design trade-off between first and second-law efficiency In cogeneration, a sacrifice of a few percentage points in secondlaw efficiency (LHV power) may result in a dramatic increase in first law efficiency (LHV power and required heat) Example: the coal-fired Amer power plant has a 2 nd law efficiency of 40%. By electing to produce its heat-reject at 130 o C instead of 30 o C, its second law efficiency drops to 30%. However, its first law efficiency increases from 40 to 80% 4

5 Cogeneration-ratio = synergy Heat Fuel Co-generation power plant CO 2 Reference boiler Reference power plant Fuel Electricity CO 2 -free produced electricity 5

6 Cogeneration design problem formulation Function: Power & heat &... Effective resource utilisation Design Objectives: Heat to Power ratio typical supply from cogen system: 2:1 typical demand: >3:1 Heat: P,T industry: o C district-heating: o C CO 2 intensity fuel selected CCS Daily & Seasonal variation Economics 6

7 Cogen design degrees-of-freedom System elements Gas Turbine or Gas Engine Waste Heat Boiler Multiple Steam sections? Fired or not? Steam turbine or not? Heat Storage or not Cooling facility or not enable power only operation Steam levels 7

8 The Intergen Cogeneration plant, Rozenburg G.P.J. Dijkema,

9 Gasification and cogeneration Cogeneration and modern gas-fired power plant always contain gas turbines Gas turbine only operate on gaseous fuels, or liquid fuels that can be sprayed in very small droplets THUS: to use coal in modern coal plants REQUIRES coal gasification! 9

10 Coal gasification Germany, from 1935: for Fischer-Tropsch production of transport fuel from coal Sasol, South-Africa: idem Lurgi: gasification of heavy residues (o.a. Shell Pernis) Proven technologies (amongst others): Sasol (Lurgi) Eastman Texaco Shell (Buggenum) Eventual objective also to realize Coal-To-Liquids (CTL) (China) 10

11 (Coal)gasification Technology to produce synthesis gas Option for process integrated desulphurization Option to concentrate and capture CO 2 Flexibility of the product: many uses for (varieties of ) syngas Flexibility w.r.t. feedstock: any organic (C/H) material can be used Coal, oil residues, biomass, natural gas. 11

12 Synthesegas en CO-shift Gasifier Shift-reactor Product: Synthesis gas Partial oxidation CO-shift reaction CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 CH 4 + O 2 CO + 2 H 2 Steam-reforming (favourable at lower temperatures o C) CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3 H 2 30 bar, o C 12

13 Integrated Gasification-Combined Cycle (IGCC) Vergasser CO2-removal E-centrale 13

14 Characteristics of an IGCC Efficiency 46% (2010) 50-55% (2020) Depends a.o. on Gas Turbine development (max. operating Temperature) In case CO 2 removal is included, efficiency is reduced Pre-combustion: by approx. 4% Post-combustion: by approx. 6% Source: Ploumen, Kema,

15 Electricity sources (Dutch power company, 2003) Coal 28.9% Gas conv. 16.8% Nucleair 7.7% Waste 4.0% Biomass 1.6% Wind 0.5% Gas CHP 39.4% FOG 0.1% Oil 0.4% Landfill gas 0.4% Solar 0.0% Hydro 0.1% 15

16 Design Space R-PMT? Resources Fossil, nuclear, renewable Product Portfolio Electric power, warme voeten, hot tap water, CO2 Market Product/service combinations Technologies - Conversion Power plant (stand-alone) Cogeneration facility Steam Boiler Steam Turbine Heat Pump Pipelines, transmission lines Constraints 16

17 What conversion technologies, what infrastructure at each scale? Centralised energy conversion Decentralised energy systems Infrastructures / Interconnections Apartment House Office building Region or Country Urban Area Neighbourhood (Inter) National 17

18 Design of an Energy Project Clear project scope (outcome of a market study / business plan) Assume: Boundaries, Products, Resources are relatively fixed Objective: Max. ROI Subject to / constraints Local regulations CO 2 emission reduction Use fossil fuel (secure supply) Design space Energy conversion technologies System design Operating conditions 18

19 Design problem formulation - Project Set of alternative technologies Performance is known f (design parameters, operating conditions) Formulate the problem as the optimal selection to meet demand I.e. an optimisation problem, where the optimal capacities of each alternative technology is determined That meets demand and supply constraints Meets other constraints Maximizes projecte project revenue Would this work for an Energy Infrastructure??? 19

20 Energy-Infrastructure Design Space Use the meta-model of a design process Stakeholders Develop list of requirements Norm values Phase 1 Develop solution space Design variables, alternatives Formulate objectives Formulate constraints Design variables, alternatives Performance indicators Performance indicators Phase 2 Develop tests tests Execute test Objectives Constraints Test results Select Design 20

21 Example: micro cogeneration Technical characteristicts? Grid connection? Nat. gas Electric Power Building Consequences? System integration? Infra decisions? CO2 credits? Etc. 21

22 Micro cogeneration and infrastructure 22

23 Required: Integration/Matching of energy sources, conversion and infrastructure Centralised energy conversion Decentralised energy systems Infrastructures / Interconnections Apartment House Office building Region or Country Urban Area Neighbourhood (Inter) National 23

24 Coal-fired power plant 24

25 Power plant + district-heating 25

26 District heating design principles? Meta-model Assumptions Objectives Constraints Design space Ideas 26

27 District heating - principles Cogeneration plant 5. Heat exchanger 2 Heat exchanger 6. Secondary pump 3Pumpstation 7. Buildings 4Back-up boiler 27

28 District heating and more Amer 8 power plant 250 MWth Amer 9 power plant 350 MWth Back-up boiler 30 MWth City Geertruidenberg 7 MWth Amer pump station 355 MWth Back-up boilers 2x40 MWth Greenhouses Plukmade I 50 MWth Greenhouses Plukmade II 50 MWth Breda pump station 170 MWth Tilburg pump station 190 MWth Back-up boilers 3x40 MWth Office Dongecentrale 0,5 MWth City Oosterhout 6 MWth Greenhouses Waspik 26 MWth 28 Back-up boilers 2x3 MWth

Demonstration of Technology Options for Storage of Renewable Energy

Demonstration of Technology Options for Storage of Renewable Energy S. Elangovan, J. Hartvigsen, and L. Frost Ceramatec, Inc. Brainstorming Workshop Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.v. (IASS)