Indoor Air Pollution is more severe than Outdoor Air Pollution Source: UNDP

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2 Indoor Air Pollution is more severe than Outdoor Air Pollution Source: UNDP

3 Role of Biomass in Energy Particulates Biomass used for cooking : 90% of total energy used for cooking Biomass used for cooking as a % of total energy : 43% Population using biomass for cooking : 90% Average RSP indoor : µg/m3 Average RSP outdoor < 300 µg/m3 Indoor air pollution may be 5 10 times more than outdoor USEPA

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5 Measurements of particulates taken in 19 households in Waltrim Estate, Lindula indicated a 12 hr average of 1173 µg/m 3 as against 153 µg/m 3 taken near an outdoor security post in Kandy. ( Smoke Signals: Peter Young et al 1994)

6 Carbon Monoxide(CO) Total Suspended Particles (TSP) Hydrocarbons (HCs), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx).

7 Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use 8th risk factor globally 4 th highest risk factor in developing countries Source: WHO Report 2002

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9 Number of Exposure Response Studies identified South Asia Latin America Africa China OtherAsia Ocenia Total Region Number of Studies % 0f Total Source: K. Smith

10 Health Effects of Exposure to Smoke: Plausible Ranges of Relative Risk In Solid Fuel Using Households Health Outcome Population Relative Risk Evidence Affected Acute Lower Respiratory Infection (ALRI) < 5 years Low High Strong Asthma 15 Females 1.4 2,5 Moderate Blindness(Cataracts) 15 Females Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) 15 Females Strong Lung Cancer(Coal only) 15 Females Strong Tuberculosis 15 Females Moderate Source : World Bank Report

11 USER PERSPECTIVE Modern Cleaner Fuels Too Costly NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Biomass is a local, renewable resource use of which cannot be easily dissuaded due to economic and energy security reasons BUT USING BIOMASS LEADS TO HEALTH RISKS. WHAT IS TO BE DONE?

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13 Comparison of Improved Stoves and Traditional Stoves Traditional Stove Anagi Stove % Reduction Firewood 1.65 Kg 0.82 Kg 50 Methane(CH 4 ) g/kg Total Suspended Particles(TSP) Sulphur Dioxides(SO x ) g/kg 726 g/kg Oxides of Nitrogen(NO x ) 2.13 g/kg Carbon Dioxides g/kg Carbon Monoxide(CO) g/kg Source: University of Moratuwa/ AIT(Bangkok)

14 Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and accute respiratory infections in Kenya: Exposure Response Study AGEyears ARI ALRI ARI ALRI ARI ALRI ARI ARLI ICS OF - OUTSIDE ICS - OUTSIDE CHARCOAL F 24% 12 M 24% 7 F 21 % 9 M 21 % 15 F 35% 17 M 35% 32 F 27% 26 M 28% 30 F 42% 38 M 49% 63 F 36% 44 M 35% 45 F M F M Source : Ezzati and Kammen ( Lancet Aug )

15 Source: Study in Nepal Dr S.R. Pandey

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17 Incidence of ALRI related to behaviour patterns Opening two ventilation sources Staying away from the stoves Brendon Barnes: Study in South Africa

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19 INTERVENTIONS Source of Smoke Cooking environment User Behaviour Improved cooking devices Chimneyless improved biomass stoves Improved stoves with chimneys Alternative fuel cooker combinations Briquettes and pellets Charcoal Kerosene LPG Biogas Producer gas Solar cookers (thermal) Other low smoke fuels Electricity Reduced need for fire Efficient housing Solar water heating Improved ventilation Hoods/fireplaces Windows/ventilation holes Kitchen design and placement of stove Shelters/cooking huts Stove at waist height Reduced exposure through operation of source Fuel drying Use of pot lids Good maintenance Sound operation Reductions by avoiding smoke Keeping children out of smoke

20 Anagi Improved Wood Stove Annual Commercial Production over stoves No: of potter families in production: 120 Distribution Agents: 40 covering 14 districts Retail Price: Rs

21 Production by the private sector on a franchise basis Ability to compete with LPG Low emissions Retail price: Rs 3000.

22 TRADITIONAL KITCHEN INSIDE VIEW OUTSIDE VIEW

23 Chimney Hood Chimney Hood CHIMNEY Stove

24 Interior of an improved kitchen Under construction

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27 Interior of an improved kitchen

28 Custom made stoves for domestic industries Treacle Par boiling rice Curd Sweets

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