A Monitoring and Control Toolbox for Biological Filtration. Water Research Foundation Project 4231

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7 A MONITORING AND CONTROL TOOLBOX FOR BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION Water Research Foundation Project 4231 Patrick Evans PI and Jennifer Smith (CDM Smith) Mark LeChevallier co-pi, Orren Schneider, Lauren Weinrich, and Patrick Jjemba (American Water) December 3, 2013

8 Biological Filtration What is biological filtration? How can biological filtration help me? How do I make it work? How do I know it is working? Organic carbon DBP formation Taste and odor Iron and manganese Microconstituents Stability Sustainability Cost 8

9 Biological Filtration What is biological filtration? How can biological filtration help me? How do I make it work? How do I know it is working? 9

10 21 Participating Utilities 67% Managed for BF 33% Incidental 10

11 Treatment Objectives Filter Treatment Objectives Turbidity Total Organic Carbon Dissolved Organic Carbon Biodegradable Organic Matter Carboxylic Acids Assimiable Organic Carbon Trihalomethanes Haloacetic Acids Giardia Manganese Particle Counts Taste and Odor Algae 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent of Utilities that Manage BFs for Treatment Objective 11

12 Percent Monitored Monitoring Tools in Use 100% 90% 80% Monitoring Parameters 70% 60% 50% 40% No samples 30% 20% 10% 0% 12

13 The Black Box

14 The Monitoring and Control Toolbox 14

15 Monitoring and Control Toolbox Monitoring Tools Biological Water Quality Organic Carbon Operational Control Tools 15

16 Monitoring Tools Biological ATP Hydrolase Enzyme Activity HPC Dissolved Oxygen EPS PLFA Electron Transport System Activity Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate T-RFLP Organic Carbon TOC DOC BDOC AOC Carboxylic Acids UV/VIS spec SUVA Fluorescence spectroscopy 16

17 Monitoring and Control Tools Water Quality Temperature ph Turbidity Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphate) DBP formation potential Oligochaetes Estrogenic substances Operational Head Loss Oxidant Demand Chlorine Demand 5-minute 24-hour Chlorine Residual Filter Run Time Control Ozone Dose Chlorine Dose Permanganate Dose Peroxide Dose Nutrients (phosphate) Flow rate/contact time Backwash Strategy 17

and Luciferin to produce light Promega test kit GloMax luminometer

18 Biological Monitoring - ATP Adenosine triphosphate Indication of bacterial concentration on filter media Luciferase enzyme consumes ATP and Luciferin to produce light Promega test kit GloMax luminometer BacTiter-Glo reagents LuminUltra test kit Kikkoman Lumitester Quench-Gone Aqueous reagents 18

19 Biological Monitoring - ATP Video 19

ATP (pg/g media) Biological Monitoring ATP Ranges in Values 1.0E+09 1.

20 ATP (pg/g media) Biological Monitoring ATP Ranges in Values 1.0E E E E E E E E E E+00 20

21 Biological Monitoring - ATP Filter Profile Variation Similar from top to bottom of filter media Oxidant residual at filter influent 21

22 ATP (pg/g) ATP (pg/ml) Biological Monitoring ATP Temporal Variation ATP on filter media is relatively consistent over time a. 1.0E+08 Temperature 3 o C 1.0E E+06 b. 1.0E E E E E E E E E E and 0.5 mg/l chlorine residual oxidant residual 0.5 mg/l; started 2 mg/l permanganate 1.0E E E E+00 8/30 10/19 12/8 1/27 3/18 5/7 6/26 1.0E+00 8/ 22

Iodometric/Titrimetric Membrane Electrode Online Probes

23 Biological Monitoring - Dissolved Oxygen Measure bacterial activity in filter (DO consumption) Grab X Samples SM 4500-O Iodometric/Titrimetric Membrane Electrode Online Probes Membrane Electrode Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen Probe - EPA Method

24 Biological Monitoring - Dissolved Oxygen Video 24

25 DO (mg/l) Temperature (oc) Biological Monitoring - Dissolved Oxygen Probes at Utility 14-OH Sand Influent 10 F1 Influent F1 Effluent/F2 Influent F2 Effluent F1 Influent Temperature Temperature Cleaned/ calibrated Cleaned Cleaned Cleaned/ calibrated Cleaned Cleaned/ calibrated DO Sand 8 6 DO GAC Sand Effluent 4 Cleaned/calibrated GAC Regen GAC Effluent 15 GAC Regen Cleaned/ calibrated 0 9/13 11/2 12/22 2/10 4/1 5/21 7/10 8/

26 D Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Temperature ( o C) D Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Temperature ( o C) and Average GAC Age (weeks) Biological Monitoring - Dissolved Oxygen Probes at Utility 14-OH Primary Sand Filter (14-OH-F1) Secondary GAC Contactor (14-OH-F2) ΔDO Consumption, Daily Average Temperature ΔDO Consumption, Daily Average Temperature Average GAC Age /13 11/27 2/10 4/26 7/10 9/ /13 11/27 2/10 4/26 7/10 9/

27 First Order Rate Constant (min -1 ) Temperature ( o C) Biological Monitoring - Secondary GAC Contactor First Order Rate Constant First Order Rate Constant Temperature /13 11/27 2/10 4/26 7/10 9/

28 Biological Monitoring - Secondary GAC Contactor - Arrhenius Relationship k = Ae E a/(rt) E a = 120 kj/mol (1/Deg K) 28

29 Use DO Consumption to Distinguish Sorption and Biodegradation 29

30 Organic Carbon Monitoring TOC and DOC Analysis methods - Standard Method 5310 Combustion Method UV Persulfate Method Online monitoring instruments can be integrated to assess performance real-time May need a filter for water collected from the biological filter influent line Ozone:TOC ratio can be used as to control formation of biodegradable organic carbon TOC DOC 30

31 TOC (mg/l) Online TOC (mg/l) Organic Carbon Monitoring - Online TOC Analyzer Influent Online Effluent Online Influent Grab Sample Effluent Grab Sample y = x R² = 0.60 Influent Effluent Laboratory Grab Sample TOC (mg/l) Offline 6/2-6/23 for replacement of acid and oxidizer pumps /5 10/25 12/14 2/2 3/24 5/13 7/2 On-line TOC analysis is representative 31

32 Organic Carbon Monitoring - AOC Fraction of organic carbon that is assimilated into biomass Analysis Methods: Standard Method - van der Kooj Assay P17 and NOX bioluminescent assay TOC DOC AOC 32

33 4-NJ 14-OH F1 14-OH F2 5-AZ F1 5-AZ F2 3-TX 1-MI 9-IL 11-TX 7-NJ 15-VA 17-CA 19-OR 6-VA F1 6-VA F2 12-GA 8-WA Bioluminescent P17 and NOX AOC (ug acetate-c/l) Organic Carbon Monitoring - AOC Influent Effluent 33

34 Sum Carboxylic Acids (mg-c/l) Organic Carbon Monitoring - Carboxylic Acids Most are formed during pre-oxidation Low concentrations mg/l or mg/l as C Typical acids Acetate Formate Oxalate Pyruvate NJ 7-NJ 17-CA May be used as a proxy for AOC measurements if higher concentrations are present R² = n= AOC - Bioluminescent P17 and NOX (mg acetate-c/l) 34

Organic Carbon Monitoring - Carboxylic Acids Range in Values 180 160 140

35 Organic Carbon Monitoring - Carboxylic Acids Range in Values Sum Carboxylic Acids (ug-c/l) 200 Influent Effluent 35

36 36

37 Treatment Objectives Monitoring Tools Control Tools Biological Organic Carbon Water Quality Operations Control Process Enhancement 37 37

38 Guidance Manual 38

39 Criteria and Rating System Usefulness Implementability Data Quality Cost 39

40 Monitoring and Control Toolbox Guidance Manual Category Evaluation Criteria Analyte Method Overall Rating 40

41 Biological Filtration Monitoring and Control Toolbox Guidance Manual Category Recommendation Sample Type Analysis Description Analyte 41

42 Biological Filtration Monitoring and Control Toolbox Guidance Manual Ratings by Usefulness Data Quality Implementability Cost 42

43 Biological Filtration Monitoring and Control Toolbox Guidance Manual Method Description Treatment Objectives Tool is Used for Typical Range Interferences Implementation Requirements Procurement References 43

44 Biological Filtration Process Monitoring and Control Step 1 Develop Treatment Objectives Step 2 Select Monitoring and Control Tools Step 3 Develop a Baseline Step 4 Develop a Filter Management Plan Step 5 Revise Management Plan to Meet Objectives 44

OPERA- TIONAL WATER QUALITY ORGANIC CARBON BIOLOGICAL Develop a Filter Management Plan NORMAL OPERATIONS TROUBLE- SHOOTING START-UP/ OPTIMIZATION MONITORING TOOL Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) or

45 OPERA- TIONAL WATER QUALITY ORGANIC CARBON BIOLOGICAL Develop a Filter Management Plan NORMAL OPERATIONS TROUBLE- SHOOTING START-UP/ OPTIMIZATION MONITORING TOOL Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) or hydrolase activity - media M W W Luminescent dissolved oxygen (LDO) C C C Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) W Total organic carbon (TOC) / dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or ultra violet (UV) spectra C C C Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) W F F Carboxylic acids W F F Turbidity C C C Temperature C C C Orthophosphate M W W ph C C C Disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential M F F Head loss C C C Oxidant residual C/F C/F C/F KEY: C = Continuous, F = As Frequently as Practical, W = Weekly, M = Monthly, A = Annually Integrate treatment objectives with sampling and analysis plan 45

46 Tool Integration Process Control Strategy O 3 Flow TOC Conc. O 3 Conc. CBXA DO Conc. DO Conc. SCADA Compatible 46

Conclusions A monitoring and control toolbox for biological filtration has been developed and demonstrated. The toolbox comprises a variety of innovative and standard tools.

47 Conclusions A monitoring and control toolbox for biological filtration has been developed and demonstrated. The toolbox comprises a variety of innovative and standard tools. For the first time, on-line monitoring of biological activity has been demonstrated using luminescent DO probes. The tools be used by utilities to control, optimize, and troubleshoot filter operations. A report and practical guidance manual are publically available. 47

48 Acknowledgements Water Research Foundation Hsiao-wen Chen Eva Nieminski (Utah DEQ) Nick Dugan (US EPA) Mary Jo Kirisits (University of Texas) Kerry Meyer (CH2M Hill) Jim Smith (East Bay Municipal Utility District) US EPA Technical Advisory Group Edward Bouwer Anne Camper Chris Schulz 21 Participating Utilities 48

49 Questions? Pat Evans, Ph.D. Jennifer Smith, P.E. (425) (425)

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