Youngwoo (Young) Seo a; b Associate Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Transcription

1 Water Treatment Options for Algal Organic Matter & Cyanotoxin Removal Alternative water treatment options and current research at the University of Toledo Youngwoo (Young) Seo a; b Associate Professor a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering b Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States 1

2 Contents 1. Backgrounds 2. Available Technologies 3. Current Research at UT 4. Collaboration Opportunities 5. UT Water Treatment Research Lab 2

3 Toxic Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) The global occurrence of Harmful Algal bloom (HAB)

4 Cyanobacteria Strains & Associated Toxins

5 Cyanotoxins Cyanotoxin classification and their respective mode of action Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2014) 98:

6 Microcystin-LR Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Produced as secondary metabolites by cyanobacteria Stable in water and resistant to Hydrolysis, Oxidation and High Temperature MC-LR Hepatotoxin ( liver damage/ liver tumor promoter ) Drinking water guidance value by World Health Organization (WHO) : 1 μg/l Ho et al, Water Res 2012, 46, (5), ; Liang et al, J of Hazard Mat 2016,301(15)

7 Microcystin Incident by State Water Research Foundation 2014 WRF Webcast 7

8 Treatment for Cyanobacteria Toxins Toxins in Cells Dissolved Toxins Particle removal processes Minimize cell lysis and toxin releases Particle removal processes are not effective Typical disinfectants may not be effective Major water treatment plant improvements with high costs (e.g. ozone and/or GAC) 8

9 Controlling Methods for Microcystins KMnO 4 Optimization Ozonation UV/H2O2 Membrane Filtration Biological Filtration 9

10 Potassium Permanganate Optimization Study Objectives Algal Organic Matter (AOM) KMnO 4 Pretreatment Maximum dose? Damage algal cell? Release of toxins (microcystin-lr)? Lower DBP precursors?? Drinking Water Treatment Plant Taste and odor problems Precursors of Disinfect Byproducts (DBPs) Algal toxin release

11 Potassium Permanganate Optimization Batch Test - KMnO 4 Concentration: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/l - Reaction Time: 4 hr (Each sample was collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4hr)

12 Potassium Permanganate Optimization Comparison of cell viability between cultured algae and mixed algae samples treated with KMnO 4 Cultured algae Mixed algae For mixed algae samples, less algal cells were damaged by high concentrations of KMnO 4 (4 mg/l and 8 mg/l), compared to the experimental results with cultured algae Mixed algae samples exposed to 4 mg/l and 8 mg/l of KMnO4 had similar intact ratio

13 Potassium Permanganate Optimization Cultured algae Mixed algae After lysis of control (MC-LR 98 ppb) After lysis of control (MC-LR 92 ppb) The concentration of dissolved MC-LR decreased both in cultured algae and mixed algae samples over time

14 Potassium Permanganate Optimization MC-LR oxidation of cultured algae samples treated with KMnO 4 The results indicate that KMnO 4 was constantly reacted with MC-LR MC-LR in 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/l of KMnO 4 was totally oxidized in 30 min

15 Potassium Permanganate Optimization Study needs (future study) Other cyanobacteria (Planktothrix) Algaecide effects Pre-oxidation effects on DBP formation (Planktothrix)

16 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) One of the oldest and basic form of water treatment Do not require major systems improvements Use the granular filter media comprised of - Sand, anthracit, or granlar-activated carbons (GAC) Can remove various contaminants with low maintenance Biofilms are crucial to remove various pollutants including cyanobacterial toxins No operational protocols are currently available for cyanobacteria toxin removal 16

17 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Study Objectives Understanding and improving the BFS for cyanobacteria toxin removal 1) Determine the impact of filter operation parameters on biofilm formation, growth, and subsequent degradation of cyanobacteria toxins in the BFS 2) Monitor the characteristics of organic matrix present in source water and treated water and their impact on the biodegradation of cyanobacteria toxins 3) Assess the applicability of bioaugmentation (direct injection of toxin degrading bacteria) or biostimulation (injection of nutrient) to the BFS for enhanced toxin removals

18 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Expected Benefit Potentially provide a cost effective treatment method (utilizing existing granular filtration process) to remove cyanobacteria toxins for water utilities in Ohio Contribute to the protection of public health from cyanobacteria toxins (e.g., MCs, ANA, BMAA, and STXs) which can be produced by previously reported or emerging cyanobacteria species for more stringent regulations in the near future without major financial investment Obtain optimum operational parameters and monitoring tools for biological filtration

19 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Field Study BFS Monitoring (Field Study) Toledo WTP Investigate the performance of two different filter media (GAC vs Anthracite) Monitoring Period: Jan 2016 ~ Jan 2017 June 2017 ~ Present Oregon WTP Investigate the influence of ozonation on the performance of BFSs (AOC removal) Sept 2017 ~ Present Lab Study Lab-Scale Column Study Impacts of intracellular algal compounds on the performance of BFSs Removal of MC- LR in GAC filter media Biofilm formation Lab Study Bioaugmentation Using MC-Degrading Bacteria Testing biodegradation of MC-LR in GAC and anthracite filters using MC-degraders 19

20 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Field Study at Toledo WTP Backwash ATP (pg/g) 1e+5 1e+4 1e+3 1e+2 24 A Medium BW 24 A Full BW 26 Medium BW 26 Full BW Filter media ATP (pg/g) 1e+5 1e+4 24 A(2") 24 A (6") 26(2") 26 (6") 1e+1 5e+5 1st Apr 3rd Apr 1st May Jan 3rd May 4th May 1st Jun 2nd Jun 3rd Jun 4th Jun 1st Jul 3rd Jul 4th Jul 1st Aug Date 2nd Aug 3rd Aug 1st Sep 2nd Sep 1st Oct 3rd Oct 4th Oct 1st Nov 1st Dec 1e+3 Mar May Jul Aug Sep Nov Date 4e+5 Filter 24 A Filter e+7 1.2e+7 ATP (pg/g) 3e+5 2e+5 UFRV (gallon) 1.0e+7 8.0e+6 6.0e+6 4.0e+6 1e+5 2.0e+6 Filter 24 A Filter 26 0 Before Backwash After Backwash 24h 48h Coring Conditions 72h 96h 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Date

21 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Field Study at Toledo WTP Proteobacteria Nitrospirae Fimicutes Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria

22 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Preparation of source water and solution of intracellular algal compounds Filter influent from Toledo WTP was continuously fed through the columns Algal water samples were collected near Maumee Bay State Park GAC (particle size: mm) and virgin sands were used to fill columns Toledo WTP filter influent Intracellular algal compounds

23 Biological Filtration Systems (BFSs) Column Set-up and Operation Biological filter biomass was injected into the column 1 and column 2 Phase I: Operated using Toledo WTP filter influent (all columns) Column 4 was stopped and filter media samples were collected Phase II: Intracellular algal compounds (TOC:0.5 ~1 ppm, TN: <0.2 ppm) were additional injected to column 2,3 and 5 Phase II MC-LR Stock Solution Filter Influent with Intracellular algal compounds Filter Influent

24 Turbidity, ph, ATP and MC-LR Concentration in Effluent Intracellular Algal Biomass 5 ppb of MC- LR Intracellular Algal Biomass Intracellular Algal Biomass Intracellular Algal Biomass EBCT: 20 mins EBCT : 10 mins Injecting 5 ppb of MC- LR

25 Ongoing Study Bioaugmentation using MC-degrading bacteria 25

26 Ex.(nm) Ex.(nm) Ex.(nm) Ex.(nm) Ex.(nm) Ex.(nm) Other Studies (Water Treatment Monitoring Methods) Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) Analysis Filter Influent Column 1 Effluent Injected algal compounds increased peaks intensity at 352/ 441(Ex./Em.) and 282/353 (Ex./Em.) Em.(nm) Filter Influent with Intracellular algal compounds Em.(nm) Column 2 Effluent EEM results showed intense peaks became weak after filtration, especially intense peaks by algal compounds got almost disappeared Em.(nm) Em.(nm) Column 3 Effluent Column 5 Effluent Em.(nm) Em.(nm) 26

27 Other Studies (Algal Organic Matter on Biofilm Formation) Process the CLSM image COMSTAT Biofilm thickness Total biomass Biofilm roughness Microbial community changes in response to HS and AOM PVC coupon Microbial community analysis Illumina Miseq Target at 16S rrna gene paired end sequencing (V4 region) Sequence data analysis

28 Concentration (μg/c) Concentration (µg/c) Concentration (μg/c) Other Studies (Algal Organic Matter on DBP Formation) Boxplot DBPFP from biofilm ANOVA or Non-parameter Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to compare the difference between population means of three reactors. * indicating P<0.05.Red points indicate outlier *P=0.006 C-DBP C-DBP C-DBP speciation *P=0.037 N-DBP N-DBP C-DBP species &N-DBP species Reactor AOM HS R2A N-DBP speciation *P=0.004 *P=0.007 P=0.054 CF HAA5 HK CF HAA5 HK2 C-DBP species P=0.096 HAN HAN P=0.098 TCNM 0.0 TCNM N-DBP species Reactor AOM HS R2A Reactor AOM HS R2A

29 Collaboration Area I (Water Treatment Research)

30 Water Research Foundation Funding Program (Tailored Collaboration) Matched funding for utility sponsored research Maximum WRF 1:1 cash match for a project is $100,000

31 Collaboration Area II (Water Treatment Research Laboratory) Dr. Young Seo Dr. Joseph Lawrence (Instrumentation Center Director) Dr. Onekyun Choi (Analytical Chemist)

32 Equipment List LC-MS/MS (Shimadzu 8050) Flow Cytometry (BD C-6 plus) for AOC Automated Sample Evaporation/Concentration System (Horizon XcelVap) Automated Solid Phase Extractor (Horizon Smart prep II) Vacuum Concentrator (Eppendorf Vacufuge) Multimeter for Microsensor (Unisense) Biosafety Cabinet & Micro-Balance (Mettler Toledo XS 105 DU)

33 LC-MS/MS Locally available high-level testing instrumentation (LC-MS/MS) for microcystins and other algal toxins Perform rapid verification of lower-level toxin testing by water utilities as needed Perform research on behalf of water utilities to determine best water treatment practices and increase efficiency Linearity parameters for the calibration curve Compounds Range Slope Intercep r 2 (µg/l) t Nodularine , MC-YR , MC-RR ,326-1, MC-LR , MC-LA , Method 544 analytes at concentration levels of 100 µg/l Detection of Microcystin LR 0.1 ppb LC-MS/MS has been installed and set up for various cyanotoxins can be analyzed based on the EPA 544 method Determination of Microcystins and nodularin in Drinking Water (July, 2017)

34 Flow Cytometry for AOC Cell Counting Stained P17 Stained NOX Cell Viability Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Correlation between cell viability and toxin releases during water treatment processes (Preoxidation and Chlorination) Intact cells Water Quality Monitoring Bacterial regrowth (AOC) Total Cell Concentration (TCC) as hygiene parameters (Escherichia coli, coliforms, enterococci) Damaged cells

35 AOC measurement methods Conventional Method vs Flow Cytometry for AOC measurement P17, NOX Inoculation Incubation Sampling and Serial dilution Plating and Incubation 3-5 days 2-4 hr 2-4 vdays Counting and Analysis 40 ml carbon-free vials with samples 1-2 hr Sampling Staining and Counting 1-2 vhr Analysis AOC BD Flow Cytometer Accuri C6

36 Automated Solid Phase Extractor and Concentration System Automated Solid Phase Extractor Automated Evaporation /Concentration system (1 250 ml)

37 Acknowledgements Undergraduate and Graduate Students at the UT- Biofilm and Water Research Lab Supports 37

38 Thank You! Questions? /Comments? s: Joseph. 38