Physical Properties (Salinity)
|
|
- Gwendoline Bennett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Physical Properties (Salinity)
2 Introduction
3 Sea water contains majority of known elements and is tasted as salty. Salts and other mineral elements have been washed away from the land by rain over billions of years. The total amount of salts in the oceans is estimated to be about 5 x kg.
4 Dissolved constituents of sea water
5 In 1899, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea appointed a Commission, headed by Prof. M. Knudsen, to investigate the problems of determining salinity. Definitions of Salinity
6 According to the commission, salinity is defined as "the total amount of solid material in grammes contained in one kilogramme of sea water, when all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, all the bromine and iodine replaced by chlorine and all the organic material oxidized". The unit of salinity was PPT ( o / oo ). Approximately, salinity of open ocean water is 35.
7 Practical Salinity Unit (PSU)* In 1978, conductivity was used to estimate salinity. Salinity is estimated from the ratio of conductivity of sea water at standard temperature (15 o C) and pressure (1atm) with that of KCl. The unit for salinity is PSU.
8 Factors Affecting Salinity
9 The factors responsible for increase of salinity are: (1)Evaporation (2)Ice formation (3)Advection of more saline water (4)Mixing with more saline water
10 The factors that are responsible for decrease of salinity are: (1)Precipitation (2)Melting of ice (3)Advection (of less saline water) (4)Mixing (with less saline water) (5)Inflow of fresh water from land.
11 Over large areas in the oceans, changes in surface salinity depends mainly upon changes in the difference between evaporation and precipitation.
12 Measurement of Salinity
13 Methods of estimation (1)Chemical titration method (2)Electrical conductivity method (3)Density method and (4)Refractive index method
14 (1) Chemical Titration Method Prof. Martin Knudsen developed a volumetric method for the estimation of chloride content. He suggested that in view of the constancy of composition of sea water, salinity can be estimated in very good approximation from the chloride content. In this method, sea water is taken in a beaker and is titrated with silver nitrate solution taken in the burette. A little quantity of potassium chromates solution is added to it. During the initial stage of titration, a white deposit of silver chloride precipitate forms. when all the chloride ions that are present in the sea water sample have precipitated as silver chloride, a red colour deposit of silver chromate is formed.
15 From the amount of silver nitrate run down until the change of colour has taken place, and from the amount of sea water used, the chloride content of sea water sample is calculated. The salinity of sea water sample is then determined using the empirical relationship (Knudsen, 1901) as: Salinity = x Chlorinity Later (since 1960) the relationship was modified as Salinity = x Chlorinity
16 The main disadvantage with the titration method is that it is not very convenient to use on board the ship and it requires more time for titration.
17 (2) Electrical Conductivity Method In 1902 itself, Knudsen realized that electrical conductivity would provide an alternative method of measuring salinity. Accurate measurement of conductivity had problems because of the fact that conductivity is a function of not only salinity but also temperature. Hence it is necessary to remove the effect of temperature on conductivity.
18 The first conductivity salinometer for sea water was developed in The conductivity measuring technique was capable of an accuracy equal to the Knudsen's titration method, and that it could be used on a ship at sea. of electrical conductivity is made by means of galvanic method. In this method the resistance between two electrodes is estimated by a Wheatstone bridge.
19 Wheatstone bridge circuit. The resistance between two electrodes is estimated by a Wheatstone bridge. Sea water resistance is estimated as
20 The potentiometer resistance rp is adjusted in such a way that the current passing through the galvanometer (G) becomes zero.
21 Salinometers (Autosal)*
22 CTD CTD is an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature and Depth, an instrument used to measure subsurface temperature and salinity. This device actually measures pressure (not depth) and then calculate the depth. Oceanographers use the Conductivity Measurement, in conjunction with temperature and Pressure to calculate the Salinity of the ocean. This device is one of the most common instruments used by oceanographers.
23 History: 1948: electronic profiling system for temperature and salinity was described by Jacobsen. 1950s: A system called the STD (salinity temperature depth) profiler was developed by Hamon and Brown in the mid 1950s. 1974: Conductivity measurement led to the introduction of the conductivity temperature depth (CTD) profiling system (Brown, 1974).
24 Measurement: CTD is used as a profiler. As it descends (or ascends), the sensors attached records water properties, allowing researchers to understand the vertical structure of water. CTD can be fixed at a particular location/depth to record changes with time. CTD may be pulled through the water to identify horizontal variations.
25 Resistance thermometers are widely used on continuous profilers designed to replace the earlier hydrographic profiles collected using a series of sampling bottles. Since density also depends on salinity, electronic sensors were developed to measure salinity in situ and were incorporated into the profiling system.
26 (2) Density Method The salinity can also be determined by measuring the density of a sea water sample. The density of a sea water sample can be measured by means of an hydrometer. Since this density determination will be made at room temperature, it will be different from the density of the sea water sample at which it was collected.
27 From the density thus determined, the density of the sample is computed from the chart provided with the hydrometer. From this density value, the salinity of the water sample can be found using the Knudsen's Hydrographical Tables.
28 (3) Refractive Index Method To determine salinity through measurement of optical refractive index, the immersion refractometer designed by Pulfrich is used in a thermostatized sea water sample.
29 Salinity Distribution in the Ocean
30 General Aspects In the open ocean, surface salinity varies generally between 33 and 37. Lower salinity values are found in the coastal areas where large rivers enter the oceans. Higher values of salinity are observed in the ocean regions where evaporation is high. Among the oceans, Atlantic is the most saline and Pacific is the least saline. The average surface salinity of the oceans as a whole is more in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere High salinities are found in areas such as Persian Gulf, Red sea, mediterranian sea etc.
31 Latitudinal variation of surface salinity
32 Salinity has subtropical maxima at N and south due to the excess evaporation over precipitation. A salinity minimum occurs just north of the equator at 5 N due to excess precipitation. Salinity decreases towards poles due to less evaporation, higher precipitation and melting of ice.
33 Annual variation of surface salinity The annual variation of surface salinity follows closely the annual variation in net evaporation over the oceans. In general, the annual variation of surface salinity in the open ocean is usually small, always less than 0.5. In Bay of Bengal, the large annual variation of precipitation and the resultant inflow of fresh water through large rivers is responsible for the large annual variation of surface salinity.
34 Seasonal variations of surface salinity Depends mainly upon the changes of evaporation and precipitation from season to season over the oceans. The seasonal variations of surface salinity in the open ocean are generally weak, not more than 0.5. The seasonal variations of surface salinity are more in coastal waters where there is lot of fresh water inflow through rivers.
35 Vertical distribution of salinity The vertical distribution of salinity in the ocean is complex compared to the vertical variation of sea water temperature. This is because the density which determines the stability of the water body depends more on temperature than on salinity in the open ocean, except in the polar seas. Hence, it is possible to have either high or low salinity in the top warmer layers.
36 There is a uniform layer of salinity from the surface up to a few tens of metres depth due to mixing. Below this layer, salinity increases with depth, called as 'halocline'
37 Salinity in enclosed seas* Dead Sea Black Sea
AdOc 4060 / 5060 Seawater Salinity. CTD (Conductivity / Temperature / Depth) 2013 Spring Chris Jenkins
AdOc 4060 / 5060 Seawater Salinity CTD (Conductivity / Temperature / Depth) 2013 Spring Chris Jenkins http://ad4.doubleclicker.net/c.php?url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.seas.harvard.edu%2fclimate%2feli%2fcourses%2feps131%2f2005fall_a%2fstudent-presentations%2fben-lee-2.ppt&p=0&rf=http%3a%2f%2fctd.feedtrade.com%2findex.php
More informationCTD (CONDUCTIVITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH)
CTD (CONDUCTIVITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH) Related lesson plan Fresh and Seawater Density What is this sensor? CTD is an acronym for Conductivity, Temperature and Depth. However, this is somewhat misleading
More informationSalinity in Seawater
Salinity in Seawater Objective To familiarize students with the different methods used for measuring salinity of water. Introduction: Salinity exerts profound impacts on the marine environment. It controls
More informationSEAWATER 101. Seawater s Amazing Physical and Chemical Properties. Introductory Oceanography Ray Rector - Instructor
SEAWATER 101 Seawater s Amazing Physical and Chemical Properties Introductory Oceanography Ray Rector - Instructor The Nature of Water Topics To Be Covered Elements of Water Chemical Bonding The Water
More informationCHAPTER 5 Water and Seawater
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 CHAPTER 5 Water and Seawater Chapter Overview Water has many unique thermal and dissolving properties. Seawater is mostly water molecules but has dissolved substances. Ocean
More informationChapter 5 Water & Seawater. Chapter 5 Water & Seawater
Chapter 5 Water & Seawater Chapter 5 Water & Seawater Chapter Overview Water has many unique thermal and dissolving properties. Seawater is mostly water molecules but has dissolved substances. Ocean water
More informationThe total amount in grams of solid material dissolved in 1 kg of seawater.
MS20 Laboratory Objectives To understand the definition of salinity To learn the sources and sinks for salt in the ocean To measure the salinity of a water sample by mass evaporation To measure the salinity
More informationChapter Overview. Water molecule. Atomic Structure. Hydrogen Bonding. Hydrogen Bonding. CHAPTER 5 Water and Seawater
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 5 Water and Seawater Water has many unique thermal and dissolving properties. Seawater is mostly water molecules but has dissolved substances. Ocean is layered by salinity and
More informationHydrosphere. 71% of the Earth s surface is water! The layer of water on the Earth: Includes liquid and solid forms
Hydrosphere Hydrosphere 71% of the Earth s surface is water! The layer of water on the Earth: Includes liquid and solid forms Saltwater Freshwater Ice (Cryosphere; freshwater) Gases technically belong
More informationElectrical Conductivity/Salinity Fact Sheet
Electrical Conductivity/Salinity Fact Sheet What is Electrical Conductivity/Salinity/TDS? Solids can be found in nature in a dissolved form. Salts that dissolve in water break into positively and negatively
More informationLaboratory Exercise #6 - Introduction to Oceanography
Laboratory Exercise #6 - Introduction to Oceanography Page # - 1 A. Introduction Oceanography is obviously the study of the oceans. However, there are many different branches within the science of oceanography
More informationThe Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is the Earth s outer layer of water The distribution of water on Earth:
The Hydrosphere The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is the Earth s outer layer of water The distribution of water on Earth: 2.5 97.5 21 79 Catchment Areas Catchment: All the area of land from which water empties
More informationOcean Water. Evaluation copy
Ocean Water Experiment 12 If you were to view the planet Earth from space, you would see that most of its surface is covered by water. Most of this is ocean water that cannot be consumed. Why can t ocean
More informationOceanopgraphy: 3014 lab 6 Experiments:
LAB 6: EXPERIMENTS ON LAB 5 NAME OF THE GROUP MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 Things that are needed for the experiments Salt Beakers Pipette Petri dish Graduated cylinder Deionized water Thermometer Dropper Burette
More informationSBE Training Introduction
2 Module 0: Introduction SBE Training Introduction Welcome to Sea-Bird Electronics training course. The next few slides will show you what we are going to cover in a little more detail. Module 0: Introduction
More informationCOMPOSITION OF SEAWATER
COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER Ocean water is a combination of freshwater and a variety of dissolved substances. Salinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawater, measured in parts per thousand
More informationSeawater Chemistry 10/5/2010. Unique Properties of Fresh Water CHAPTER 5
Seawater Chemistry Chapter 5: Unique properties of fresh water Origin of Seawater??? Chapter 6: The 6 major constituents, trace elements Salinity, normal, hypersaline, brackish Changes in surface salinity
More informationSection 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere Preview Classroom Catalyst Objectives The Hydrosphere The Water Cycle Earth s Oceans Ocean Water Temperature Zones Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere Preview,
More informationCONVERSION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY TO SALINITY FOR BALLAST WATER REGULATORY MANAGEMENT
NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-139 CONVERSION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY TO SALINITY FOR BALLAST WATER REGULATORY MANAGEMENT David F. Reid NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
More informationModelling Marine and Coastal Processes PROGRAM OVERVIEW: Physical Oceanography
Modelling Marine and Coastal Processes PROGRAM OVERVIEW: Physical Oceanography - Motivation - General Introduction to marine and coastal geophysical processes - Physical properties of seawater: temperature,
More informationScience 8 Chapter 1 Section 1
Science 8 Chapter 1 Section 1 Distribution of Water (pp. 8-13) How much fresh water do we have? The vast majority of water on Earth, about 97 percent, is salt water Two thirds of that fresh water supply
More informationChemical composition of seawater; Salinity and the major constituents
Chemical composition of seawater; Salinity and the major constituents OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Salt dissolved in ocean water alters the properties of water Freezing point of seawater is ~ -1.8 C Density
More informationOverview of basic sensors. Sensors. Some samples are altered by changes in temperature and pressure More efficient for exploration and mapping
Sensors Sensing vs. Sampling Some samples are altered by changes in temperature and pressure More efficient for exploration and mapping What is a sensor? A device that converts a physical property or a
More informationReactivity Series. Question Paper. Cambridge International Examinations. Score: /39. Percentage: /100
Reactivity Series Question Paper Level Subject Exam oard Topic Sub-Topic ooklet O Level hemistry ambridge International Examinations Metals Reactivity Series Question Paper Time llowed: 47 minutes Score:
More informationHow Salty Is Our Water?
Title: How Salty Is Our Water? (Water Chemistry) Grade(s): 6-7 Introduction: Corals require a relatively constant environment. However, due to the proximity to the surface of the ocean, the salinity of
More informationHI Seawater Refractometer INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HI96822 Seawater Refractometer INSTRUCTION MANUAL Dear Customer, Thank you for choosing a Hanna Instruments product. Please read this instruction manual carefully before using this instrument. This manual
More informationStratified Receiving Waters. Receiving Water Types
Stratified Receiving Waters Environmental Hydraulics Receiving Water Types flowing water shallow lakes (depth < 12 15 m) deep lakes (depth > 12 15 m) estuaries open coastal areas SNV: Swedish EPA Stratified
More informationEstimation of total, permanent and temporary hardness of water (EDTA method)
Estimation of total, permanent and temporary hardness of water (EDTA method) Expt. No.: Date: Aim: To estimate the amount of total, permanent and temporary hardness in the collected sample of water. A
More informationWater exists everywhere on Earth, and covers 70% of its surface. 97% of this water is found in the oceans.
10.1 Distribution of Water Water exists everywhere on Earth, and covers 70% of its surface. 97% of this water is found in the oceans. w Another 2% is ice and snow, leaving only 1% as fresh water found
More informationNEW APPROACH TO SALINITY DETERMINATION & SALINITY DISPERSION ALONG BOSPHORUS
Eighth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC8 2004, Alexandria, Egypt 163 NEW APPROACH TO SALINITY DETERMINATION & SALINITY DISPERSION ALONG BOSPHORUS S. Ipek KARAASLAN a and A. Beril TUGRUL
More informationWater on Land. The Hydrosphere. Hydrosphere. The Earth Consists of Overlapping Layers:
The Hydrosphere Earth and Space Continued The Earth Consists of Overlapping Layers: 1. Hydrosphere + Cryosphere 2. Atmosphere 3. Biosphere 4. Lithosphere Hydrosphere The is earth s outer layer of water.
More informationyk4lm (1:26) vd_90 (4:37)
Properties of Water Video Notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vfld5 yk4lm (1:26) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivu4nl vd_90 (4:37) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ens nj4zfz8#t=4.4600086 (4:58) new
More informationSuperPower Sun Clean Water
Global Experiment for the International Year of Chemistry SuperPower Sun Clean Water (Designing and building a Solar Still) Overview of the Water Treatment Activity The title SuperPower Sun Clean Water
More informationHow Ocean Water Differs from Fresh Water
How Ocean Water Differs from Fresh Water Textbook pages 368 375 Section 10.2 Summary Before You Read If you have ever tasted ocean water, you know that it is salty. Where did all the salt come from? Write
More informationSurface ocean temperature of Ocean (in 0 o C)
Chapter No 7: Properties of ocean water The physical properties of sea water include heat and temperature (thermal condition) density, color, odour etc. Heat present in ocean water is vital significance
More informationComprehending Currents II Density-Driven Ocean Currents
II Density-Driven Ocean Currents Adapted from NASA s visit to an Ocean Planet Curriculum http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/education/activities.html Currents in the ocean are important because they transport
More informationModule 2, Add on Lesson Conductivity Sensor. Student. 90 minutes
Module 2, Add on Lesson Conductivity Sensor 90 minutes Student Purpose of this lesson Investigate the variation of resistance with conductivity Construct a sensor to measure the conductivity of water Graph
More informationModule 2, Add on Lesson Conductivity Sensor. Teacher. 90 minutes
Module 2, Add on Lesson Conductivity Sensor 90 minutes Teacher Purpose of this lesson Investigate the variation of resistance with conductivity Construct a sensor to measure the conductivity of water Graph
More informationWater Usage Log Instructions
Water Usage Log Instructions How do you use water? How much do you consume in a week? You will be tracking your water usage for one whole week. You will need to calculate the flow rate of some of the taps
More informationlook down at cross on paper paper cross on paper
1 The equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid is given below. Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) The speed of this reaction was investigated
More information20 1 Properties of Ocean Water (1) for walkabout notes.notebook. April 24, 2018
Although pure water is tasteless, odorless and colorless, ocean water is not pure. Ocean water is a complex mixture of: dissolved solids and gasses, small particles of matter, tiny organisms, chemicals
More informationAtmosphere. The layer of gas surrounding the Earth
Earth and Space Notes: Atmosphere Atmosphere The layer of gas surrounding the Earth Breakdown: Nitrogen (~79%) Oxygen (~21%) Argon, CO2, methane, ozone, water, nitrous oxides, sulphur dioxide, etc Gases
More informationLife in Water. Chapter 3
Life in Water Chapter 3 Outline Hydrologic Cycle Oceans Shallow Marine Waters Marine Shores Estuaries, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove Forests Rivers and Streams Lakes 2 The Hydrologic Cycle Over 71% of the
More informationRead p.4 Activity. Class Discussion (The many ways people use water) P. 5. Read p.6 Read pp. 8-9
Grade 8 Science Read p.4 Activity Class Discussion (The many ways people use water) P. 5 Read p.6 Read pp. 8-9 Water exists everywhere on Earth, and covers 70% of its surface. 97% of this water is found
More informationPre-Lab Exercises Lab 5: Oxidation and Reduction
Pre-Lab Exercises Lab 5: Oxidation and Reduction Name Date Section 1. What is oxidation? 2. What is reduction? 3. Look at the reaction 2 H 2O 2 H 2 + O 2. Is this an oxidation-reduction reaction? If so,
More informationMS20 Laboratory: Physical and Biological Factors Affecting Oxygen in Sea Water
MS20 Laboratory: Physical and Biological Factors Affecting Oxygen in Sea Water Objectives Understand the relationship between oxygen concentration and temperature Understand the relationship between oxygen
More informationOCN 201 Chemical Oceanography Class Notes, Fall 2014 The origin of sea salt Chris Measures, Department of Oceanography
OCN 201 Chemical Oceanography Class Notes, Fall 2014 The origin of sea salt Chris Measures, Department of Oceanography 1 Introduction Everyone knows that the sea is salty but what exactly is the salt in
More informationPrediction of Irrigation Water Salinity by Means of Hydrometry
J. Agric. Sci. Technol. (2004) Vol. 6: 111-120 Prediction of Irrigation Water Salinity by Means of Hydrometry F. Khorsandi 1 and F. Alaei Yazdi 2 ABSTRACT Salinity is the primary water quality concern
More informationThe Global Ocean. Ocean Features and Abiotic Conditions
The Global Ocean Ocean Features and Abiotic Conditions The Global Ocean Earth is made up of 71% water, most of that water is marine (salt). Only 3% of the Earth s water is freshwater. The Global Ocean
More informationADVANCED AP PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY. Activity Series. Introduction. Objective. Chemicals and Equipment
ADVANCED AP PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY Introduction Activity Series An activity series of metals is a table of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing chemical activity or the ease at which the metal
More information5 WATER. (iii) Temporary hard water (iv) Permanent hard water
5 WATER Question-Answers. Q. 1. Give two examples of : (i) Underground water (ii) Surface water. (i) Underground water Well water, spring water. (ii) Surface water River and lake water Q. 2. Briefly describe
More information*20GSD2101* Double Award Science: Chemistry. Unit C1 Foundation Tier THURSDAY 14 MAY 2015, MORNING [GSD21] *GSD21* TIME 1 hour.
Centre Number Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2014 2015 Double Award Science: Chemistry Unit C1 Foundation Tier [GSD21] *GSD21* *G5802* *GSD21* THURSDAY 14 MAY 2015, MORNING
More informationChapter 3: Ocean Water
Chapter 3: Ocean Water CHAPTER 3 PROJECT - DENSITY BOTTLES During the Golf Ball Density lab, you will see the ways in which fresh water interacts with salt water when the two are mixed. The two forms of
More informationLearning goals. Understand the processes controlling the concentrations and distributions of: Major solutes Dissolved gases Nutrients Trace elements
Learning goals Understand the processes controlling the concentrations and distributions of: Major solutes Dissolved gases Nutrients Trace elements Evaporated seawater in bottom of five-gallon bucket Major
More information21.1 Properties of Ocean Water. Section 21.1 Objectives
21.1 Properties of Ocean Water Section 21.1 Objectives Introduction Composition of Ocean Water Describe the chemical properties of ocean water. Describe the physical properties of ocean water. Pure liquid
More informationOceanography Page 1 of 6 Lab: Ocean Salinity and Density M.Sewell rm #70
Oceanography Page 1 of 6 Salty Water! Description: This lab is designed to demonstrate the formation of the world s oceans and why the oceans are salty, as well as the changes that take place in density
More informationGeneral Oceanography Geology 105 Expedition 12 - The Briny Deep
General Oceanography Geology 105 Expedition 12 - The Briny Deep Name Not attempting to answer questions on expeditions will result in point deductions on course workbook (two or more blank answers will
More information1. Which of the following elements has the highest percentage by mass in nature? A. Oxygen B. Aluminium C. Nitrogen D. Silicon
Class: F.3 ( ) Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School First Term Examination (2013-2014) Date: 6 / 12 / 2013 Name: Form 3 Chemistry Time: 10:20-11:05 a.m. Answer ALL the questions. For Section A, choose
More informationStandards of Ethanol in Water. Analytical Volumetric Solutions
Standards of Ethanol in Water These standards are intented for use as reference solutions for alcohol content measuring instruments. They are prepared using organic-free water, and the certified concentrations
More informationppm Dissolved Oxygen Measurement
ppm Dissolved Oxygen Measurement INTRODUCTION Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) levels are used as a general indicator of water quality. Oxygen is essential to life and vital for countless aquatic forms. D.O. level
More informationElectrochemistry LEC Electrogravimetric determination of copper. What you need: What you can learn about. Principle and tasks
Electrochemistry LEC 06 What you can learn about Quantitative analysis Electrolysis Gravimetry Overpotential and electrode polarisation Principle and tasks Electrogravimetry is an important analytical
More informationATOC 5051 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. Lecture 3
ATOC 5051 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Lecture 3 Learning objective: know and understand the Properties of sea water: 1 Pressure; 2 Temperature, salinity, density & tracers; 3 Sound in the sea;
More informationWhat factors can cause long-term climate change? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What factors can cause long-term climate change? Solar Brightening The Sun very gradually grows brighter with time, increasing the amount of sunlight warming the planets. Changes in Axis Tilt Greater tilt
More informationGAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE: 10 SESSION: 17 (LEARNER NOTES)
CHEMICAL SYSTEMS - THE WATER CYCLE Learner Note: Examiners regularly comment that it is evident that the section on chemical systems is neglected. This lack of knowledge is carried forward to grade 11
More informationUNDERSTANDING OCEAN SALINITY: RESULTS FROM ARGO
UNDERSTANDING OCEAN SALINITY: RESULTS FROM ARGO Stephen Riser University of Washington riser@ocean.washington.edu NASA Aquarius/SAC-D Science Team Meeting July 19, 2010 Ocean salinity: what is it, and
More informationBiscayne National Park
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior AN IMPROVED BISCAYNE BAY HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF RESTORATION EFFORTS AND GROUNDWATER FLOW ON SALINITY Erik Stabenau & Amy Renshaw National
More informationTotal Dissolved Solids
Total Dissolved Solids LabQuest 12 INTRODUCTION Solids are found in streams in two forms, suspended and dissolved. Suspended solids include silt, stirred-up bottom sediment, decaying plant matter, or sewage-treatment
More informationMrs. Butler Oceanography
Mrs. Butler Oceanography InstrumentsLab.doc Instruments Lab This exercise is to be done in the classroom. At each of the seven stations you are to decide what tools or instruments are to be used to conduct
More informationEvaluation copy. Chloride and Salinity. Computer INTRODUCTION
Chloride and Computer 15 INTRODUCTION Chloride Chloride, in the form of the Cl ion, is one of the major inorganic anions, or negative ions, in saltwater and freshwater. It originates from the dissociation
More informationExperiment 3: Determination of an Empirical Formula
Background Information The composition of a compound is defined by its chemical formula, which gives the number ratio of the different elements in the compound. For example, water has a fixed composition
More informationIGCSE(A*-G) Edexcel - Chemistry
IGCSE(A*-G) Edexcel - Chemistry Principles of Chemistry States of Matter NOTES 1.1 Understand the arrangement, movement and energy of the particles in each of the three states of matter: solid, liquid
More informationSTAAR Science Tutorial 55 TEK 8.11D: Human Dependence on Ocean Systems
Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: STAAR Science Tutorial 55 TEK 8.11D: Human Dependence on Ocean Systems TEK 8.11D: Recognize human dependence on ocean systems and explain how human activities such as runoff, artificial
More information8/11/2015 BY KOREE POMPEY
8/11/2015 BY KOREE POMPEY Water Basics AVAILABLE WATER ON EARTH Salt water Fresh water Ground water Surface water Saltwater Saltwater, is a geological term that refers to naturally occurring solutions
More informationChemical Parameters of Northern Alaska Coastal Lagoons
Chemical Parameters of Northern Alaska Coastal Lagoons Stephanie D. Smith December 7, 2012 University of Texas Marine Science Institute CE 394K: GIS in Water Resources Dr. David Maidment Introduction The
More informationReview of Chapter 1. Taken from: Check Your Understanding sections p. 13, 21 and 33
Review of Chapter 1 Taken from: Check Your Understanding sections p. 13, 21 and 33 In case you were curious: Henry Hudson The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson, 1611 Painted in 1880 by: John Collier Today Hudson
More informationIntroduction to the marine environment
Introduction to the marine environment The Marine Environment Research in any area of marine biology is concerned, not only with the biological study of the marine organisms but also with the organisms
More informationATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007
ATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007 Name This examination consists of a total of 100 points. In each of the first two sections, you have a choice of which questions to answer. Please note that you
More informationWater is a solid, liquid, & gas. 71% of earth s surface is water. Our body is two-thirds water. Fresh water water that is not salty and has little or
Water is a solid, liquid, & gas. 71% of earth s surface is water. Our body is two-thirds water. Fresh water water that is not salty and has little or no taste, color, or smell. Salt water water that contains
More informationUnit 3: The hydrosphere
Unit 3: The hydrosphere 1. The water on the Earth 2. The water cycle 3. Water in the oceans 4. Water on the continents 5. Importance of water Think and answer? a. Where can water be found in our planet?
More informationDURATINET COURSE - Testing Techniques for Structures Inspection LNEC Lisbon Portugal May 2012
CARBONATION AND CHLORIDES CONTENT AND PROFILES Ana Paula Melo Manuela Salta INTRODUCTION CHLORIDES AND CARBON DIOXIDE ARE CONTAMINANTS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CORROSION PROCESS OF
More informationTransport of Total Suspended Matter, Particulate Organic Carbon, Organic Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Inner Part of Osaka Bay
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 53, pp. 365 to 371. 1997 Transport of Total Suspended Matter, Particulate Organic Carbon, Organic Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Inner Part of Osaka Bay TERUMI TANIMOTO and
More informationCBF Water Quality Interactive Map
CBF Water Quality Interactive Map Student and adult groups that take part Often, they measure the water chemistry to evaluate the be doing it when you come out with us! By compiling these points on a map
More informationEnvironmental Chemistry - Water HL
Name: Environmental Chemistry: Water 19. Environmental Chemistry - Water Objectives -define hardness in water -define temporary hardness in water -define permanent hardness in water -identify the causes
More informationFinding the Salt Front
Finding the Salt Front Students will use Hudson River salinity data to create a line graph that shows the location of the salt front, and use math skills to explore how this location varies over time.
More informationObserving the Physical Properties of Seawater
Observing the Physical Properties of Seawater Science goal Y needs measurements X 1. Why do we measure X? Why is it important? 2. What are typical values? distributions? 3. What do you need to know to
More informationHAVALLOY Z-C ACID CHLORIDE ZINC / COBALT PROCESS
ACID CHLORIDE ZINC / COBALT PROCESS provides a bright, ductile electro-deposited zinc-cobalt alloy containing from 0.1% to 0.5% cobalt that is evenly distributed at low, mid and high current densities.
More informationGLOBAL WARMING LEADS TO UNDERWATER DESERTS" AND COASTAL DEAD ZONES
GLOBAL WARMING LEADS TO UNDERWATER DESERTS" AND COASTAL DEAD ZONES Suhas E.P RVCE (VTU) No. 4/1 Golden Residency, Rmv 2 stage, Sanjaynagar, Bangalore SYNOPSIS Oxygen-poor waters occupy large volumes of
More informationpdfmachine trial version
IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY OF DIFFERENT AREAS OF PUNJAB By Amina Mumtaz* and Zia-ur-Rehman Abstract: A detailed study was conducted in different areas of Punjab inorder to access the suitability of water
More informationPeriod 24 Solutions: Energy and Water
Period 24 Solutions: Energy and Water 24.1 The Earth s Water Cycle 1) Components of the Earth s water cycle a) What can happen to some of the water in lakes, rivers, oceans, and in the soil as the Sun
More informationEcology Chapter 11: Marine
Ecology Chapter 11: Marine 1 I. Oceans made up of all waters between continents The World Ocean because waters are interconnected can be thought of as one large biome with many different ecosystems and
More informationRusting is an example of corrosion, which is a spontaneous redox reaction of materials with substances in their environment.
CORROSION WHAT IS CORROSION? Corrosion is the deterioration of a metal as a result of chemical reactions between it and the surrounding environment. Rusting is an example of corrosion, which is a spontaneous
More informationElectrochemistry Written Response
Electrochemistry Written Response January 1999 7. Balance the following redox reaction in acidic solution: RuO 4 + P Ru(OH) 2 2+ + H 3 PO 3 (acid) (3 marks) 8. A technician tests the concentration of methanol,
More informationChapter 4 Guided Notes and presentations
Module 9: The Unequal Heating of Earth Definitions Troposphere: Chapter 4 Guided Notes and presentations Stratosphere: Albedo: Ozone Graph the following temperature data and corresponding layers of the
More informationA biological contribution to partial pressure of CO 2 in the western Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea
A biological contribution to partial pressure of CO 2 in the western Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea *Futsuki, R. 1, T. Hirawake 2, A. Fujiwara 2,3, T. Kikuchi 4, S. Nishino 4, D. Sasano 5,6, M. Ishii 5,6,
More informationChemical and Physical Analysis of the Cape Fear Estuary
The Cape Fear River Chemical and Physical Analysis of the Cape Fear Estuary The Cape Fear River (CFR), the most industrialized of all North Carolina s rivers, winds for over miles through the heart of
More information3rd GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS UDI 1: WATER (3)
3rd GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS UDI 1: WATER (3) THE PROPERTIES OF WATER Water has different properties: Water has no taste, colour or smell. Water exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas. Water is a
More information1. Which of the given statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
1. Which of the given statements about the reaction below are incorrect? 2PbO(s) + C(s) 2Pb(s) + CO 2 (g) a. Lead is getting reduced b. Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised c. Carbon is getting oxidised
More informationThe Water Cycle, Atmosphere, and Cryosphere. OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 12 April 2018
The Water Cycle, Atmosphere, and Cryosphere OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 12 April 2018 Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) At the completion of today s section, students should be able to: 1. Summarize components
More informationName: Class: Date: 6. Most air pollution is produced by a. thermal inversions. c. ozone layer depletion. b. fuel burning. d. volcanic eruptions.
Name: Class: Date: Air Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is often used to remove poisonous gases from industrial
More informationOXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS GCSE A172/02. TWENTY FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE CHEMISTRY A/ADDITIONAL SCIENCE A Modules C4 C5 C6 (Higher Tier)
OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS GCSE A172/02 TWENTY FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE CHEMISTRY A/ADDITIONAL SCIENCE A Modules C4 C5 C6 (Higher Tier) TUESDAY 10 JUNE 2014: Afternoon DURATION: 1 hour plus your
More information