Simulation of mesoscale patterns and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratios with the model system TerrSysMP-CO 2

Transcription

1 Simulation of mesoscale patterns and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratios with the model system TerrSysMP-CO 2 CarboCount-CH final meeting Markus Übel Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 32 () Patterns in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Systems EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland May 13, 2016

2 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting Introduction and motivation

3 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting 1 Introduction and motivation CO 2 mixing ratios (ppmv), measured near Jülich (Germany, NRW) in 12.5m

4 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting 1 Introduction and motivation CO 2 mixing ratios (ppmv), measured near Jülich (Germany, NRW) in 12.5m sink (gross) photosynthesis rate A source leaf respiration R leaf soil respiration R soil root (autotrophic) microbial (heterotrophic) CO 2 variability and spatial heterogeneity depends on natural (=biogenic) CO 2 fluxes (sources and sinks) anthropogenic emissions atmospheric conditions (e.g. mesoscale circulations, atmospheric stratification)

5 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting 1 Introduction and motivation CO 2 mixing ratios (ppmv), measured near Jülich (Germany, NRW) in 12.5m sink (gross) photosynthesis rate A source leaf respiration R leaf soil respiration R soil root (autotrophic) microbial (heterotrophic) CO 2 variability and spatial heterogeneity depends on natural (=biogenic) CO 2 fluxes (sources and sinks) anthropogenic emissions atmospheric conditions (e.g. mesoscale circulations, atmospheric stratification) Which are the main controlling factors of the spatio-temporal distribution of CO 2 mixing ratios in a region with diverse vegetation, complex orography and anthropogenic emissions?

6 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting CO 2 fluxes in TerrSysMP-CO 2

7 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting 2 TerrSysMP Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform TerrSysMP (Shrestha et al., 2014) consists of - COSMO (version 4.21): atmospheric component - CLM (version 3.5) : land surface component - ParFlow : hydrological component

8 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting 2 TerrSysMP Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform TerrSysMP (Shrestha et al., 2014) consists of - COSMO (version 4.21): atmospheric component - CLM (version 3.5) : land surface component - ParFlow : hydrological component model components are coupled via the external coupler OASIS3 - model configuration (e.g. COSMO CLM, CLM ParFlow, COSMO CLM ParFlow) - coupling frequency type of spatial averaging, time interpolation - different grid spacings

9 Markus Übel CarboCount final meeting 2 TerrSysMP Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform TerrSysMP (Shrestha et al., 2014) consists of - COSMO (version 4.21): atmospheric component - CLM (version 3.5) : land surface component - ParFlow : hydrological component model components are coupled via the external coupler OASIS3 - model configuration (e.g. COSMO CLM, CLM ParFlow, COSMO CLM ParFlow) - coupling frequency type of spatial averaging, time interpolation - different grid spacings

10 Markus Übel Promotionskolloquium 3 extended version: TerrSysMP-CO 2 Extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic treatment of CO 2 : - CLM: biogenic CO 2 fluxes (local tendency for atmospheric CO 2 ) - COSMO: atmospheric transport of CO 2 + anthropogenic emissions

11 Markus Übel Promotionskolloquium 3 extended version: TerrSysMP-CO 2 Extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic treatment of CO 2 : - CLM: biogenic CO 2 fluxes (local tendency for atmospheric CO 2 ) - COSMO: atmospheric transport of CO 2 + anthropogenic emissions TerrSysMP-CO 2

12 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 4 photosynthesis and leaf respiration photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (TP): - controlled by leaf stomata - Ball-Berry approach of stomatal resistance r st : based on Collatz et al. (1991) m = m (PFT) e i saturation water vapor pressure within the leaf P atm atmospheric pressure e s water vapor pressure at leaf surface c s CO 2 partial pressure b minimum stomatal conductance leaf cross section

13 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 4 photosynthesis and leaf respiration photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (TP): - controlled by leaf stomata - Ball-Berry approach of stomatal resistance r st : based on Collatz et al. (1991) m = m (PFT) e i saturation water vapor pressure within the leaf P atm atmospheric pressure e s water vapor pressure at leaf surface c s CO 2 partial pressure b minimum stomatal conductance leaf cross section - TerrSysMP: e s and P atm are calculated from the COSMO variables q v and p c s is diagnostic

14 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 4 photosynthesis and leaf respiration photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (TP): - controlled by leaf stomata - Ball-Berry approach of stomatal resistance r st : based on Collatz et al. (1991) m = m (PFT) e i saturation water vapor pressure within the leaf P atm atmospheric pressure e s water vapor pressure at leaf surface c s CO 2 partial pressure b minimum stomatal conductance leaf cross section - TerrSysMP-CO 2 : e s, P atm and c s are calculated from the COSMO variables q v, p and q CO2 c s is prognostic

15 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 4 photosynthesis and leaf respiration photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (TP): - controlled by leaf stomata - Ball-Berry approach of stomatal resistance r st : based on Collatz et al. (1991) m = m (PFT) e i saturation water vapor pressure within the leaf P atm atmospheric pressure e s water vapor pressure at leaf surface c s CO 2 partial pressure b minimum stomatal conductance leaf cross section - TerrSysMP-CO 2 : e s, P atm and c s are calculated from the COSMO variables q v, p and q CO2 c s is prognostic leaf respiration: R leaf Vc,max based on Collatz et al. (1991) V c,max maximum rate of carboxylation

16 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 5 heterotrophic respiration inclusion of carbon turnover model RothC-26.3 (Coleman und Jenkinson, 2008) in CLM3.5 modified & extended from Coleman und Jenkinson (2008)

17 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 5 heterotrophic respiration inclusion of carbon turnover model RothC-26.3 (Coleman und Jenkinson, 2008) in CLM3.5 RothC-26.3 describes the decomposition of organic carbon (TOC) with the use of carbon pools: Decay equation: modified & extended from Coleman und Jenkinson (2008) Ci, new Ci exp( i f ( Tsoil) f ( h) cr t) C i [ DPM, RPM, BIO, HUM] CO 2 release by decomposition CO 2 flux to the atmosphere

18 heterotrophic respiration inclusion of carbon turnover model RothC-26.3 (Coleman und Jenkinson, 2008) in CLM3.5 RothC-26.3 describes the decomposition of organic carbon (TOC) with the use of carbon pools: Decay equation: modified & extended from Coleman und Jenkinson (2008) Ci, new Ci exp( i f ( Tsoil) f ( h) cr t) C i [ DPM, RPM, BIO, HUM] CO 2 release by decomposition CO 2 flux to the atmosphere initialization of carbon pools with measured TOC depth profiles (LANUV*) and allocation with pedotransfer functions (Weihermüller et. al, 2013) no spin-up necessary * LANUV: Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 5

19 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 6 litter respiration and autotrophic respiration decomposition of aboveground litter and organic matter (O horizon) analogical to heterotrophic respiration (different decomposition rates) autotrophic respiration: parameterization depending on plant activity R fˆ( h) (0.5A auto R leaf ) f ˆ( h ) moisture reduction, weighted with effective root fraction in each soil layer

20 anthropogenic emissions high-resolution dataset of European anthropogenic emissions [provided by H. Denier van der Gon, TNO] L MA AC K BN annual emissions based on official national reports subdivided into six CO 2 producing SNAP sectors : annual CO 2 emissions (kg m -2 ) - SNAP1: power generation - SNAP2: non-industrial combustion - SNAP3: industrial combustion - SNAP7: road traffic - SNAP8: other mobile sources - SNAP9: waste treatment and disposal *TNO: Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research RIU: Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 7

21 anthropogenic emissions high-resolution dataset of European anthropogenic emissions [provided by H. Denier van der Gon, TNO] L MA AC K BN annual emissions based on official national reports subdivided into six CO 2 producing SNAP sectors : annual CO 2 emissions (kg m -2 ) - SNAP1: power generation - SNAP2: non-industrial combustion - SNAP3: industrial combustion - SNAP7: road traffic - SNAP8: other mobile sources - SNAP9: waste treatment and disposal *TNO: Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research RIU: Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln downscaling from 15 km to 1 km resolution [provided by J. Klimpt, P. Franke, E. Bem (RIU*, Köln)] Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 7

22 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 9 anthropogenic emissions monthly factors hourly factor (road traffic) calculation of hourly emissions with emission time factors (characterizing seasonal, weekly and hourly variation of each SNAP sector) integration of emissions as hourly sources in TerrSysMP-CO 2

23 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting Simulation of spatio-temporal variability of CO 2 mixing ratios

24 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 9 The NRW domain Orography (m) CLM plant functional types (PFT) ( ) km strong heterogeneity in - orography - vegetation 1 needleleaf forest (9.7%) 15 agriculture (36.6%) 7 broadleaf forest (30.8%) 16 urban areas (13.5%) 13 grassland (5.4%) other (3.9%)

25 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 10 horizontal CO 2 distribution: diurnal CO 2 variation and mesoscale heterogeneity CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv) in 10 m a.g.l. L AC K BN simulation of a clear sky day (24 July 2012) - Low winds at night stable nocturnal PBL - moderate temperatures in the afternoon (21 28 C)

26 height (m) height (m) vertical CO 2 distribution: diurnal CO 2 variation and mesoscale heterogeneity CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv), 24 July, 04 UTC morning (4 UTC) CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv), 24 July, 14 UTC afternoon (14 UTC) latitude [ N] latitude [ N] - stable nocturnal PBL near surface accumulation of CO 2 (NEE* > 0) - reduced CO 2 concentration at daytime (NEE < 0) in the entire convective PBL *NEE: net ecosystem exchange Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 11

27 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 12 influence of orography UTC CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv)

28 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 12 influence of orography UTC CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv)

29 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 13 influence of orography CLM orography (m) TKE (m 2 s -2 ) half-level 50 ( 20m) CO 2 (ppmv) full-level 50 ( 10m) no turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in valleys (regions 4, 5) little vertical turbulence (stable stratification) strong CO 2 accumulation TKE production along mountain ridges (regions 1, 2, 3) strong vertical mixing local CO 2 minimum

30 height (m) Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 14 height (m) influence of orography TKE (m 2 s -2 ), 23 July 2012, 23:30 UTC CO 2 (ppmv), 23 July 2012, 23:30 UTC latitude ( N) latitude ( N) TKE production in the first half of the night (vertical wind shear) directly above mountain ridges near surface CO 2 accumulation in valleys

31 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 15 anthropogenic emissions Difference of simulations CS2407 (with anthrop. e.) CS2407-bio (w/o anthrop. e.): especially in the morning (6 UTC) significant influence of anthropogenic emissions in flat terrain (5-10 ppmv) and urban areas (>20 ppmv) morning rush hour + shallow PBL

32 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting Verification of biogenic CO 2 fluxes

33 NEE, sensible and latent heat fluxes (comparison with EC-stations) spruce forest (Wüstebach) 24 July 2012 (clear sky conditions) 18/19 August 2012 (clear sky conditions) NEE (model) NEE (EC flux) WÜ NEE (model) NEE (EC flux) WÜ SH (model) SH (EC flux) LH (model) LH (EC flux) time (UTC) WÜ SH (model) SH (EC flux) LH (model) LH (EC flux) time (UTC) WÜ time (UTC) time (UTC) rather good accordance between TerrSysMP-CO 2 and EC flux for needleleaf forest Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 16

34 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 17 NEE, sensible and latent heat fluxes (comparison with EC-stations) winter wheat (Merzenhausen) (clear sky conditions) SH (winter wheat) SH (clmcrop) SH (EC flux) LH (winter wheat) LH (clmcrop) LH (EC flux) ME NEE (winter wheat) NEE (clmcrop) NEE (EC flux) ME time (UTC) time (UTC) - plant physiological parameters of CLM ( clmcrop ): strong underestimation of NEE (daytime), overestimation of sensible (SH) and underestimation of latent (LH) heat flux - winter wheat parameters of Sulis et al. (2015): significantly improved fluxes (NEE, LH/SH fluxes)

35 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting Vertical CO 2 profiles and atmospheric stratification

36 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 18 measurements of vertical CO 2 -profiles measurements of CO 2 mixing ratios on the 120m tall tower of the Research Centre Jülich GmbH in 12.5m, 32.5m, 52.5m and 102.5m

37 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 18 measurements of vertical CO 2 -profiles measurements of CO 2 mixing ratios on the 120m tall tower of the Research Centre Jülich GmbH in 12.5m, 32.5m, 52.5m and 102.5m simulation with TerrSysMP-CO 2 : June 2014

38 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 19 meteorological conditions Comparison of TerrSysMP-CO 2 tower observations good agreement of model and observations

39 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 20 CO 2 time series (comparison TerrSysMP-CO 2 Jülich tower) tower date

40 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 20 CO 2 time series (comparison TerrSysMP-CO 2 Jülich tower) tower date

41 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 20 CO 2 time series (comparison TerrSysMP-CO 2 Jülich tower) tower date

42 CO 2 time series (comparison TerrSysMP-CO 2 Jülich tower) day 1 day 2 near the surface ( 10m) sometimes strong CO 2 underestimation at night in 100m rather good agreement between model and observation Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 21 date

43 height (m) height (m) Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 22 DAY 1 vertical CO 2 profiles and atmospheric stratification day 1: - windy - cloudy at night good agreement of vertical temperature gradients ( dry-adiabatic) vertical CO 2 profiles realistically simulated by TerrsysMP-CO 2 temperature ( C) CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv)

44 height (m) height (m) height (m) height (m) DAY 1 vertical CO 2 profiles and atmospheric stratification day 1: - windy - cloudy at night good agreement of vertical temperature gradients ( dry-adiabatic) vertical CO 2 profiles realistically simulated by TerrsysMP-CO 2 DAY 2 temperature ( C) CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv) day 2: - weak wind - clear sky at night strong underestimation of the inversion by TerrSysMP-CO 2 too strong vertical turbulent exchange in TerrSysMP-CO 2 near surface CO 2 accumulation temperature ( C) CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv) strongly underestimated Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 22

45 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting Summary and conclusions

46 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 23 Summary and conclusions extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic CO 2 treatment - RothC26.3 for heterotrophic respiration - parameterization of litter respiration and autotrophic respiration - anthropogenic emissions

47 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 23 Summary and conclusions extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic CO 2 treatment - RothC26.3 for heterotrophic respiration - parameterization of litter respiration and autotrophic respiration - anthropogenic emissions pronounced diurnal CO 2 variation and strong horizontal heterogeneity - CO 2 gradient between hill and valley TKE production along mountain ridges

48 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 23 Summary and conclusions extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic CO 2 treatment - RothC26.3 for heterotrophic respiration - parameterization of litter respiration and autotrophic respiration - anthropogenic emissions pronounced diurnal CO 2 variation and strong horizontal heterogeneity - CO 2 gradient between hill and valley TKE production along mountain ridges In regions with complex orography mesoscale circulations and orographically induced turbulence are most important for horizontal CO 2 heterogeneity.

49 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 23 Summary and conclusions extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic CO 2 treatment - RothC26.3 for heterotrophic respiration - parameterization of litter respiration and autotrophic respiration - anthropogenic emissions pronounced diurnal CO 2 variation and strong horizontal heterogeneity - CO 2 gradient between hill and valley TKE production along mountain ridges In regions with complex orography mesoscale circulations and orographically induced turbulence are most important for horizontal CO 2 heterogeneity. good accordance between simulated and observed NEE and energy fluxes of needleleaf forest and cereal crops (with winter wheat parameters)

50 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting 23 Summary and conclusions extension of TerrSysMP by prognostic CO 2 treatment - RothC26.3 for heterotrophic respiration - parameterization of litter respiration and autotrophic respiration - anthropogenic emissions pronounced diurnal CO 2 variation and strong horizontal heterogeneity - CO 2 gradient between hill and valley TKE production along mountain ridges In regions with complex orography mesoscale circulations and orographically induced turbulence are most important for horizontal CO 2 heterogeneity. good accordance between simulated and observed NEE and energy fluxes of needleleaf forest and cereal crops (with winter wheat parameters) Interrelation of atmospheric stratification and CO 2 amplitudes - good agreement between model and observation for well-mixed PBL - underestimation of near surface CO 2 accumulation with strong temperature inversions

51 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting Thanks for your attention!

52 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting A1 horizontal CO 2 distribution UTC UTC CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv) CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv) UTC CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv) UTC CO 2 mixing ratio (ppmv)

53 TerrSysMP-CO2 nesting Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting A2

54 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting A3 TerrSysMP-CO 2 nesting

55 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting A4 TerrSysMP-CO 2 nesting

56 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting A5 NEE (comparison with EC stations)

57 temperature and moisture factors for carbon turnover RothC function: f ( Q 10 : f T soil Markus Übel 47.9 ) 1 exp( ln Q ) exp 10 T soil 10 ( Tsoil T ) soil T ref f ( h) f ( h) f ( h) log h log h1 log h log h 2 log h log h3 log h log h 0 h2 1 optimum soil respiration 5 h3 10 no soil respiration CarboCount-CH final meeting h h 2,h 1 h h 3,h 2 h 3 h h, h 1, 1 air entry pressure A6

58 Markus Übel CarboCount-CH final meeting A7 influence of CO 2 heterogeneity of vegetation fluxes (clear sky conditions) Comparison of simulation with dynamic CO 2 with simulation with constant CO 2 : clear correlation between CO 2 heterogeneity and r st, NEE (net ecosystem exchange) and transpiration however only small percentage deviation ( 1 5%) Influence of humidity in the atmospheric PBL negligible