The Carbon Cycle: Global to local. Ruth Varner, PhD
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1 The Carbon Cycle: Global to local Ruth Varner, PhD
2 Atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Keeling, C.D. and T.P. Whorf Atmospheric CO 2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling An Impeccable Record of our Atmosphere network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
3 The Earth System The Earth is a system made up of components. There are feedbacks between these components. These relationships can be used to predict past and future changes in the environment. The Carbon cycle is an important Earth System.
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5 Formation of Fossil Carbon Coal: from the remains of plants (mainly from Carboniferous period) Oil: from marine organisms that were buried under ocean or river sediments Natural Gas: was originally oil; higher temperature and pressure converted it to primarily methane
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7 Combustion Burning hydrocarbons produces CO 2 and CO: CxHx + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O (if enough O 2 ) Complete combustion Hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide and water CxHx + O 2 CO 2 + CO + H 2 O (if not enough O 2 ) incomplete combustion Hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and water
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9 Biological uptake/release of CO 2 Photosynthesis carbon fixed from inorganic CO 2 to organic molecules (sugars) 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 chlorophyll, sunlight Respiration sugar is burned as part of a metabolic process that consumes oxygen and produces energy (ATP) decomposition results in respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O + energy
10 From the Atmosphere: Inorganic C in the Ocean CO 2 (atm) CO 2 (aq) HCO H + CO H+ CaCO 3 seds
11 Carbon dioxide in the oceans Calcareous skeleton carbon can be dissolved or deposited
12 Figure 7.10
13 In overlying atmosphere In sea water UNH/NOAA-PMEL CO 2 Buoy in Gulf of Maine
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18 Terrestrial Carbon Soil carbon is released through respiration : root and microbial (decomposition) Plants respire CO 2 Plants also fix carbon through photosynthesis
19 Terrestrial Carbon Biological uptake/release of CO 2 Photosynthesis carbon fixed from inorganic CO 2 to organic molecules (sugars) 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 chlorophyll, sunlight Respiration sugar is burned as part of a metabolic process that consumes oxygen and produces energy decomposition results in respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O + energy
20 FLUXNET Global network of flux towers used to measure CO 2 exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere Sites also include measurements on vegetation, soils, hydrology and meteorology. Information available to researchers, students and educators. Wind direction Turbulent eddies
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22 Total ecosystem respiration = R soil + R leaf + R stem + R cwd Rleaf Rstem Rcwd Rsoil
23 R soil = R root + R decomp Soil CO 2 efflux is a measurement of the R soil that reaches the atmosphere
24 Measuring Soil CO 2 Efflux Autochamber measurements Manual chamber measurements
25 Volcanic CO 2 Subduction of limestone at plate boundaries Carbonotype: watery low temperature lava
26 Oceans +2 Pg yr -1 Atmosphere +2 Pg yr -1
27 Carbon Fertilization? FACE Duke Forest, Chapel Hill, NC
28 FACE site locations
29 Carbon cycling in temperate ecosystems
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31 Role of peatlands in global carbon cycle photosynthesis CO 2 CH 4 CARBON EMISSION PLANTS aerobic decomposition CO 2 oxidation anaerobic decomposition CH 4 DOC PEAT CARBON SINK CO 2 Modified from Brown, 1998; and Moore et al, 1998
32 c9 Temperate poor fen in southeastern New Hampshire ( N, W) Area: 1.7 ha c5 Peat depth: 2-4.5m c8 c7 Mean annual precipitation: 1100 mm Mean annual temperature: 8.1 C Mean growing season T: 14.9 C c6 c10 c11 c4 c2 c3 c1 Biologically active season from April- October Sphagnum dominated Other important species are leatherleaf, blueberry, sedge
33 Automated Chamber Fluxes Control System Box Select to chamber Pump MFC IRGA LI6262 Select from chamber Clear Lexan Boxes m 3 (5) m 3 (5) Distributed Return Manifold Fans mix headspace A flux every 20 minutes
34 Manual Chamber Fluxes CH 4 : Grab samples taken during chamber measurements; analyzed on an GC-FID CO 2 : IRGA (LiCor 6200) analyzes air from chamber headspace; calculates NEE CH 4, ppmv minutes June 8,
35 Vegetation survey maps of Sallie s Fen from 1995 and 2007.
36 Research Questions?
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