Manure Du Jour March 11, 2009

Transcription

1 Manure Du Jour March 11, 2009 Welcome A Lunchtime Webinar Series Serving Pennsylvania s Best Practices on Animal Ag, Water-, and Air Quality AIR QUALITY The Issues Emissions & Odor Eileen Wheeler, PSU Agricultural and Biological Sciences Robin Brandt, PSU Agricultural and Biological Sciences Karl Dymond, State Conservation Commission HOST: Robb Meinen Penn State Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

2 Manure Du Jour March 11, 2009 Eileen Wheeler PSU Department of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

3 Air Quality: The Issues A Focus on Air Emissions Eileen Fabian Wheeler Professor Agricultural & Biological Engineering Manure du Jour Webinar series 11 March 2009

4 Air Quality Focus from Indoor to Outdoor Decades of attention to indoor air quality for animal health Attention has shifted to include outdoor environment impacts on air quality

5 Over the past Decade. Citizen concern and lawsuits over odor, air emissions, and mega-livestock farms 2003 National Academy of Sciences report Insufficient scientific data to regulate Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations National Research Council Penn State Dairy Teaching and Research Center

6 Collection of Scientific Emissions Data from Animal Ag Air Compliance Agreement between U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and livestock organizations to support National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) currently at 22 farms National Pork Board National Chicken Council National Milk Producers Federation American Egg Board Led by Purdue University agricultural engineering

7 Current National Air Emissions Monitoring Sites 2 Dairy Broiler Layer Dairy 2 Dairy Dairy 2 Swine 3 Swine Layer 2 Swine 2 Dairy Layer 4 Swine Dairy

8 Agriculture and Air Quality What emissions are of regulatory concern and being monitored? Ammonia, NH 3 Hydrogen sulfide, H 2 S Particulate matter, PM (dust) Volatile organic compounds, VOCs Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide, CO 2 Methane, CH 4 Nitrous oxide, N 2 O

9 Emissions Animal Agriculture Emission Compound Odor Local Impact Global Effect Insignificant Hydrogen Insignificant sulfide Coarse dust Insignificant PM 10 Fine dust Insignificant PM 2.5 PM 2.5 PM = Particulate Matter Local Effect Major Significant Significant Major Concern Quality of human life Quality of human life Haze Health Haze Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations NRC

10 Air Shed Regional or Global Impact Pollution within an air-shed behaves in a coherent way with respect to the dispersion of emissions Airsheds Watershed Chesapeake Air- & Water-sheds

11 Emission Compound Ammonia Nitrous oxide Methane Emissions Animal Agriculture Global Impact Global Effect Major Local Effect Minor Concern Deposition Haze Significant Insignificant Climate change Significant Insignificant Climate change Carbon dioxide Significant Insignificant Climate change Adapted from: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations NRC

12 Most Ammonia Sources in USA are from Animal Agriculture Swine 10% Sheep Human Sources Combustion Waste Treatment Refrigeration Cattle 43% Fertilizer 10% Poultry 27% Source: Battye, R., W. Battye, C. Overcash, and S. Fudge Development and Selection of Ammonia Emission Factors. Final report prepared for U.S. EPA

13 Ammonia and the Environment Local deposition of Nitrogen (fertilizer) in sensitive areas Source: aginfo.psu.edu

14 Ammonia and the Environment Global combination with atmospheric trace gases to form small particles (PM 2.5 ) Respiratory problems in sensitive individuals Haze Malm, William C. Introduction to Visibility

15 Ammonia Emissions and Health OSHA guidelines 8 hour exposure 50 ppm; this is an indoor air quality issue Exhaust air from poultry houses may be higher than 50 ppm NH 3 but is quickly dissipated. Although not a health risk, this ammonia is still regional pollution Property line concentration usually less than human detection level for ammonia OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration

16 Clear some Confusion: Emission vs. Concentration Gases are measured as a concentration ppm (part per million) mg/m 3 (milligram per cubic meter) Electrochemical 3% accuracy $900 Photoacoustic Infrared ppb accuracy $42,000 Colormetric tube with Pump 15% accuracy $400 Source: Manufacturers Accuracy for ammonia

17 Clear some Confusion: Emission vs. Concentration Emission = concentration x ventilation rate Emissions are a mass per unit time- often with reference to an agriculture unit g/d (gram per day) g/d/b (gram per day per bird) Ventilation rate is difficult to determine accurately on-farm

18 Clear some Confusion: Emission vs. Concentration Most useful emissions are expressed in terms of a common unit g/d/au (per Animal Unit) g/d/kg (per kilogram body weight) AU = Animal Unit = 500 kg or 1000 pounds

19 Ammonia Emission Evolves from the manure Chemical, biological and physical processes of release are established; magnitude being determined by NAEMS and other studies (Penn State, for example) Ammonia-the Air-Water Interface archived webinar air quality NAEMS = National Air Emissions Monitoring Study

20 Mechanisms of Ammonia Emission: Lower any of these to reduce emissions Air Velocity Temperature Manure Temperature ph Moisture Content (dry litter) Surface Area of storage Nitrogen nutrients MANURE STORAGE

21 Agriculture Air Emissions are more subtle than other industry emissions U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is asking agriculture to take its turn in improving national air quality Regional Haze audobonmagazine.org

22 But.. EPA Regulations from other industries are being applied to agriculture EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Local and state response CERCLA Superfund -- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act Federal response

23 EPA Air Quality Reporting Requirement as of January 2009 Rule for EPCRA Right-to-Know Act may require a Large CAFO to REPORT to local and state authorities a continuous emission of regulated air pollutants above a threshold level Threshold Levels of interest to animal ag 100 pounds/day ammonia 100 pounds/day hydrogen sulfide CAFO = Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation

24 EPCRA Reporting Information extension web site: /pages/air_quality_in_animal_agriculture for more detail on what size farms need to report, how to estimate a farm s emission, and example information needed for the reporting process EPA relaxed the CERCLA (federal) reporting requirement since it has never initiated a response based upon notification of a hazardous substance release to the air from animal waste at farms

25 Respirable Particles and Non-Attainment Areas Local monitoring to identify areas where PM2.5 (and ozone) persistently exceeds National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) States can implement plans to encourage or require management practices to improve conditions USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) technical and financial assistance in non-attainment areas of PA More information:

26 FUTURE Air Quality Opportunities Additional Manure du Jour webinars from Penn State Agriculture and Environment Center on air quality measurements and mitigation Ammonia and Particulates on the High Plains, Air Quality webinar from extension 27 March 2009 at 2:30 Eastern time visit: /Upcoming_Webcasts

27 More Air Quality Resources Emission from Animal Production Systems Lesson go to Air Quality at this national extension site water and air quality information from around the USA is available on this University of Nebraska site

28 SUMMARY Emerging focus on outdoor air quality in addition to the traditional indoor focus for animal health Comprehensive scientific data collection is determining typical animal agriculture emissions Regulation for reduction of air emissions is underway with local options available Odor remains the primary local concern

29 Air Quality: The Issues A Focus on Air Emissions Eileen Fabian Wheeler Professor Agricultural & Biological Engineering efw2@psu.edu

30 Manure Du Jour March 11, 2009 Robin Brandt PSU Department of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

31 Agriculture Odors: Issues & Challenges R.C. Brandt, PhD, PE Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering The Pennsylvania State University

32 The Issue.. Migration to rural areas. Disconnect with agricultural heritage. Larger animal operations on smaller footprint. National priority POLLUTANTS Local priority ODORS!! Inconvenient odors now threaten the survivability of some operations.

33 Odorant vs Odor? Odorant is a specific gas (e.g. ammonia, hydrogen sulfide) Odors Odors are complex mixtures of odorants.. over 160 different odorants have been identified in manure An odorant is NOT an Odor until it is perceived

34 Olfactometry.. Use of human sense of smell to characterize odors. Human nose can detect over 10,000 different odors Human nose remains the current state-of-the-art

35 Odor Mgmt Challenge Individual gas concentrations are NOT correlated with odor Nuisance odors are often transient Some odor characteristics can NOT be measured objectively Objective threshold measurement requires very strict protocols

36 Nuisance Odor Assessment Situation or Setting Hedonic Tone Intensity Character

37 Nuisance Odor Assessment Situation or Setting Hedonic Tone Intensity Threshold Concentration Character

38 Odor Threshold Concentration Detection Threshold (DT) Lowest concentration of odor detected by human assessors. Dilutions to Threshold (D/T) Objective.. Treating or dealing with facts without distortion by personal feelings or prejudices.

39 Odor Threshold Concentration Dynamic Olfactometer

40 Dynamic Olfactometer

41 Odor Threshold Concentration Field Olfactometer

42 Nuisance Odor QUALITY Situation or Setting Hedonic Tone Intensity Supra-Threshold Intensity Character

43 Supra-Threshold Odor Intensity Labeled 100 Strongest imaginable Magnitude Scale (LMS) Very Strong Method (Based on word association) 33 Strong Subjective 16 Moderate Weak 1 Barely Detectable

44 Odor Burnt Plastic Car exhaust Cleaning Fluid Coal Creosote Diesel Gasoline Grease Foundry Kerosine- 710 Molasses Mothball Oil Alcohol Ammonia Anesthetic Camphor Chlorinous Chemical Character Wheel Floral Almond Cinnamon Coconut Eucalyptus Disinfectant Fragrant Menthol Herbal Soapy Lavendar Vinegar Medicinal Paint Petroleum Plastic Resins Rubber Solvent Styrene Sulfur Tar/Asphalt Turpentine Varnish Vinyl Fishy Amine Dead fish Perm Solution Licorice Marigolds Perfumy Rose-like Spicy Vanilla Fruity Apple Cherry Citrus Cloves Grapes Lemon Maple Melon Minty Orange Strawberry Sweet Vegetable Celery Subjective Corn Cucumber Dill Garlic Green Pepper Nutty Potato Tomato Onion Blood Burnt Burnt Rubber Decay Fecal Garbage Landfill Leachate Manure Mercaptan Putrid Offensive Rancid Raw Meat Rotten Eggs Septic Sewer Sour Spoiled Milk Urine Vomit Earthy Ashes Burnt Wood Chalk like Coffee Grain Silage Grassy Mold Mouse-like Mushroom Musky Musty Peat-like Pine Smokey Stale Swampy Woody Yeast (St. Croix Sensory, Inc)

45 Hedonic Tone Pleasantness of an odor Subjective Pleasant Unpleasant +11 Extremely Unpleasant Neutral Extremely pleasant

46 Field Olfactometry Assessment of Dairy Manure Application Methods Sponsors: USDA, PA Dept. of Agriculture

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48 Manure Odor and Gas Emissions from Dairy Diet Strategies Gas emission rate, mg cm -2 d Fresh (50%:50%) High (55%:45%) Low (62%:38%) Dry (75%:25%) Sponsor: USDA b a ab b Odor emission rate, OU cm -2 d -1 0 Ammonia Methane Carbon Dioxide Odor 0

49 Take-Home Points The human nose is the ultimate odor detector. and only humans can determine whether an odor is a nuisance Odors can be quantified by sensory methods, BUT. strict protocol s are essential

50 Take-Home Points Thorough odor assessment always includes quantification of Odor threshold concentration (DT) Gold Standard for DT measure... TFC dynamic olfactometry Odor QUALITY measures supplement DT to provide more detail: Supra-threshold intensity Odor characterization Hedonic tone

51 Contact Information Robin C. Brandt Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering Penn State University 101 Ag Engineering Building University Park, PA Phone:

52 Manure Du Jour March 11, 2009 Karl Dymond State Conservation Commission

53 Agricultural Air Quality and Odors Karl Dymond Odor Management Program Coordinator State Conservation Commission

54 Pennsylvania Agricultural Air Quality Task Force Penn State College of Agriculture & Delaware Valley College USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) & USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Dept. Environmental Protection (DEP), PA Dept. Agriculture (PDA), SCC, Ombudsman Agricultural & Environmental Associations USDA Ag AQ Task Force member our very own Dr. Eileen Wheeler!

55 Pennsylvania Agricultural Air Quality Task Force Purpose: To examine data, review specific causes of agricultural air emissions, and suggest measures to reduce these air quality impacts To coordinate and focus public and private resources on cost-effective solutions to help solve problems related to agricultural odors and air quality view.asp?a=3&q=151070

56 Pennsylvania Agricultural Air Quality Task Force NRCS allotted $2.4 M in dedicated funding for Air Quality Best Management Practices (BMPs) in EPA designated impaired areas for PA Similar BMPs for agricultural odors and air quality Anaerobic Digesters Waste Facility Cover Waste Treatment Biofilters Windbreak Shelterbelts

57 Agricultural Odors: Regulatory Approaches Air Emission or specific Odorants i.e. 10 PPM H2SO4 Dilutions to Threshold (D/T) i.e. >7 D/T at the property line Nuisance-based approach PA SCC Odor Management Program using a nuisancebased planning approach vs. air emission measurements Law (Act 38 of 2005) address impacts Plan to proactively manage odors through Best Management Practices

58 SCC Odor Management Program Odor Management Plan Written Site-Specific Plan Evaluation Assesses Potential Odor Impacts Identifies Odor BMPs (where relevant) NOT Required to Eliminate Odors, rather Proactively Manage Odors

59 SCC Odor Management Plan 1. CAO / CAFO that s 2. doing Construction Activities for Animal Housing facilities Manure Storage facilities Note: Only the newly constructed facility, or portion thereof, are regulated NOT the spreading of manure

60 What s in an OM Plan? Evaluation (Odor Site Index) Assesses Potential Impacts Offsite Migration of Odors Low, Medium, High Potential Criteria: Odor Sources Site Land Uses Surrounding Land Uses

61 What s in an OM Plan? Topographic Map Details Existing & Proposed Facilities Details Surrounding Land Uses within the Evaluation Distance Neighboring Facilities Public Use Facilities Other Livestock & Poultry Operations

62 Example Map: 316 AEU Swine Nursery AEUs < Evaluation Distance

63 What s in an OM Plan? Odor BMPs Needed if OSI Medium or High Potential Level I Odor BMPs Basic, Management Oriented Level II Odor BMPs Specialized, Non-Management Oriented

64 Selecting Odor BMPs Ag Operator & planner choose Odor BMPs necessary to address the odor sources identified on site Level 1 BMPs are established in the SCC s odor guidance Level 2 BMPs are selected from available technologies Reference materials identifying Odor BMPs are on SCC website

65 What s in an OM Plan? Odor BMPs Implementation, Operation & Maintenance Schedule Level II Odor BMPs: General Construction & Implementation Criteria Implementation Timeframe for each Odor BMP Operation & Maintenance Procedures & Timeframe for each Odor BMP

66 What s in an OM Plan? Odor BMPs Documentation Describe what information will be documented by the Operator for each Odor BMP Record observations to Demonstrate the BMPs are working properly Record observations as needed for maintenance activities

67 For More Information: SCC Odor Management Program webpage: Karl Dymond, SCC OM Program Coordinator PDA Region 3 Office PO Box C, Route 92 S Tunkhannock, PA (570) ext 3030 kdymond@state.pa.us

68 Question and Answers Questions received in writing will be directed to the speakers by the host. Questions not answered during the time remaining, will be posted with answers at Recordings of this session can also be viewed at the URL listed above. Eileen Wheeler Robin Brandt Karl Dymond

69 Next Time on Manure Du Jour Air Quality Nutrition and Ammonia Emissions Alex Hristov, PSU Department of Dairy and Animal Sciences Al Rotz, USDA Agriculture Research Service Paul Patterson, PSU Department of Poultry Science For more information Penn State Ag & Environment Center

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