1. The layer that contains most of the mass of the atmosphere is the. A. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Mesosphere D. Exosphere
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1 1. The layer that contains most of the mass of the atmosphere is the A. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Mesosphere D. Exosphere
2 2. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant? A. H 2 SO 4 B. O 3 C. NO 2 D. A and B E. A, B and C
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5 Other secondary pollutants include PAN s (peroxyl nitrates) which are powerful respiratory and eye irritants Aldehydes and Ketones
6 3. The size of particulate matter that is considered the most hazardous is A. < 2.5 microns (micrometers) B. > 2.5 microns (micrometers) C. They are considered equally hazardous
7 Our body s mechanisms to keep the respiratory system free from particulate matter (nose hairs, cilia and mucus in trachea) are least effective at keeping the smallest particulate matter (less than 2.5 micrometers) out of our lungs.
8 4. Which of the following types of fossil fuel burning produces the most particulate matter (PM)? A. Gasoline-powered automobiles B. Diesel-powered vehicles C. Corn-based ethanol D. Natural gas powered plants
9 5. How is N 2 converted into NO 2 compounds? A. Through evaporation of volatile organic compounds. B. Through combustion in engines at high temperatures. C. By photolysis in the atmosphere. D. Through evaporation of inorganic fertilizers.
10 High temperatures The atmosphere is 78% N 2. This molecule is normally very stable. However the high temperatures reached in combustion engines allows N 2 in the air to react with oxygen to form NO 2. Vehicle emissions are a major source of NO 2 due to the temperature reached in the combustion engines.
11 6. Which pollutant comes from volcanoes and coal plant emissions? A. Mercury B. CO C. Lead D. SO 2
12 7. Smelting is the process through which A. Particulates are removed from smokestack emissions. B. CO and hydrocarbon emissions are reduced in car emissions. C. Metals are extracted from their ore compounds. D. SO 2 is converted into sulfuric acid.
13 Example: Copper containing compound CuFeS 2 is smelted to produce pure copper. Some ore compounds, like CuFeS 2, contain sulfur and can result in SO 2 emissions.
14 8. The conversion of SO x compounds into sulfuric acid happens A. In the smokestacks of coal plants. B. through reaction with water in the atmosphere. C. through photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. D. when a thermal inversion occurs.
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16 9. Pollution that consists mostly of SO 2, H 2 SO 4 droplets, and soot is called A. Photochemical smog. B. Brown air smog. C. Yellow air smog. D. Gray smog or Industrial smog.
17 The primary components of gray smog (also known as industrial smog) are soot (particulates) and sulfur dioxide. Coal burning is a major source. Brown smog (also known as photochemical smog) gets its color from nitrogen compounds. Since sunlight provides the energy required for the photochemical reactions, sunny days increases level of brown smog. Brown smog also contains O
18 10. The use of light energy to promote a reaction is called A. A catalytic converter. B. Photolysis C. Solar converter. D. A thermal reaction.
19 11. Which of the following is true of ozone? A. It is a primary pollutant. B. It is beneficial in the troposphere. C. It is created through photochemical reactions. D. It is a very stable molecule.
20 12. What are VOCs? A. Volatile Organic Compounds. B. Vehicle Oxidized Compounds. C. Vaporized Ozone Compounds. D. Vicious Olfactory Compounds
21 13. What is not a source of VOCs? A. Landfills B. Cleaning fluids C. Paints D. Cars E. All of the above are sources of VOC s
22 Methane which can be released from landfills (due to anaerobic breakdown of organic matter) is an example of an volatile organic compound. Evaporation of fuels and solvents are key sources of VOC s.
23 VOC s are part of photochemical reactions that produces harmful ground level ozone.
24 14. A thermal inversion means a layer of air above the air in lower atmosphere, and a thermal inversion tends to air pollution levels. A. colder; reduce B. colder; increase C. warmer; reduce D. warmer; increase
25 The normal pattern is for the air to be warmest close to the earth. (Temperatures decrease as the altitude increases in the troposphere.) This pattern allow the surface air to rise since the warmer air is less dense. Some of the pollutants are carried away through this process. When a layer of warm air is above colder air, the surface air does not rise so pollutants remain trapped near the surface.
26 15. Which of the following will make air pollution worse? A. High Precipitation B. Sunny climate C. Windy weather D. Flat topography E. All of the above.
27 A sunny climate will increase the formation of secondary pollutants through photochemical reactions. The other factors will help dissipate (break up/drive off) the air pollution. Rain can help clean the air of particulate matter. Wind will disperse pollution. A flat topography allow the wind to disperse pollution and reduce the formation of thermal inversions that traps in pollution.
28 16. The air pollutant which interferes with the blood s capacity to carry oxygen is A. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) B. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) C. Carbon monoxide (CO) D. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) E. Lead (Pb)
29 17. Significant sources of lead pollution (past and present) include all of the following except A. Car emissions B. Paints C. Coal plants D. Pipes
30 18. Which of the following pollutants causes neurological damage? A. SO 2 B. NO 2 C. VOCs D. O 3 E. Lead
31 19. Which of the following pollutants is most likely to be a carcinogen? A. SO2 B. NO2 C. VOCs D. CO E. Lead
32 Examples of VOC s linked to cancer include benzene and formaldehyde.
33 20. What classifies precipitation as acid precipitation? A. ph < 5.6 B. ph > 5.6 C. ph < 7 D. ph > 7
34 The ph of rain is normally slightly acidic due to CO 2 in the atmosphere, some of which reacts to form carbonic acid. When other components, decrease the ph below 5.6 it is considered acid rain.
35 21. Bananas have a ph of 5 and oranges have a ph of 3. How many times more acidic are oranges than bananas? A. 2 times B. 20 times C. 10 times D. 100 times
36 22. Two soils suffer from acid deposition: a limestone-based soil, and a basalt-based soil. Which soil would be better able to neutralize some of the acid. A. limestone-based B. Basalt-based C. They d be equally able to neutralize the soil D. Impossible to tell
37 Calcium carbonate reacts with acids, which is why shells of animals and limestone building materials are especially vulnerable to the effects of acids. The reaction is a neutralization reaction, so the presence of limestone in soil will help to reduce the acidity of the soil. CaCO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) > CaSO 4 + H 2 O + CO 2 (g) Egg with shell removed by acidic vinegar. (It is larger due to osmosis) Calcium carbonate is used in antacid tablets. Lime is used as a soil additive for acidic soil.
38 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. D 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.E 14.C 15.B 16. C 17. C 18. E 19. C 20. A 21. D 22. A
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