Modeling Fate and Effects of Multiple Stressors on a Use- Impaired River
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1 Society for Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry Salt Lake City, Utah, November 18, 2002 Modeling Fate and Effects of Multiple Stressors on a Use- Impaired River
2 Abstract Modeling the Effects of Multiple Stressors on a Use-Impaired River. Park, RA 1 *, Blancher, EC 2, Sklenar, SA 2, Wood, JL 3, 1 Eco Modeling, Diamondhead MS, 2 TAI Environmental Sciences, Mobile AL, 3 Jefferson County Environmental Services, Homewood AL. The Cahaba River, an important and geomorphologically diverse stream that flows from the upland foothills across the fall line into the coastal plain in a rapidly urbanizing area south of Birmingham, Alabama, has been listed as use-impaired by the US EPA and Alabama Department of Environmental Management. The premise by regulatory agencies is that excessive nutrient levels have caused a shift in the periphytic algal community from diatoms to filamentous algae, which has resulted in habitat impairment for endangered species of mollusks and fish. Analysis of data shows a weak empirical relationship between total phosphorus and periphytic chlorophyll a in the Cahaba River. Therefore, the US EPA s AQUATOX model has been applied to determine mechanistic relationships and to separate the effects of nutrients, grazing, scour, sedimentation, light, and pesticides on the stream ecosystem. The model previously has been calibrated and validated with periphyton data from a woodland stream and a small river. Initial applications to variously impacted reaches of the Cahaba River suggest that there are indeed complex interactions among nutrients, grazing, scour, and possibly atrazine affecting periphyton and higher trophic levels. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are being used to determine the credibility and relative importance of these multiple stressors.
3 AQUATOX Capabilities Simulates multiple stressors nutrients, organic toxicants temperature, turbidity, changing depth & flow Complete mix or thermal stratification Represents riffle, run, and pool habitats Biota represented by guilds, key species Constant or variable loads Latin hypercube uncertainty analysis Wizard to help set up new studies Links to HSPF and SWAT in BASINS
4 Compartments for Cahaba River, Ala.
5 Hwy 52
6 Background Prior to 1975 Cahaba River experienced fish kills, low D.O., high ammonia, total residual chlorine, metals and pesticide loads In 1980 s several studies noted the loss of several species, most below the subject segment By early 1990 s still had significant D.O. excursions (> 10% at Altadena station according to GSA) and significant levels of the herbicide atrazine Area has had a large amount of urban growth and development in watershed of subject segment, impacting River through non-point runoff of sediments Subject Segment from Highway 280 near Mountain Brook to Upstream of Buck Creek Draft d List shows segment (Segment 2) as partially impaired Nutrients Sediments
7 Caldwell Mill - Cahaba RM 144.9
8 Biomass (AFDW) Chlorophyll a (mg/sq m) The model was calibrated for Caldwell Mill, Cahaba River, Ala. Once past the transient conditions of 2000, the fit was acceptable /15/00 10/1/00 4/19/01 11/5/01 5/24/02 12/10/02 Fontinalis (g/sq.m) Total Periphyton Total Plants AFDW, Plants AFDW Moss AFDW Algae Periphytic chl a Obs chlorophyll
9 Diatoms dominate in spring and greens in summer at Caldwell Mill
10 Periphyton chlorophyll a exceeded 150 mg/sq m criterion 25% of time (plotted with linked Genscn program)
11 1/2/00 2/2/00 3/2/00 4/2/00 5/2/00 6/2/00 7/2/00 8/2/00 9/2/00 10/2/00 11/2/00 12/2/00 1/2/01 2/2/01 3/2/01 4/2/01 5/2/01 6/2/01 7/2/01 8/2/01 9/2/01 10/2/01 11/2/01 12/2/01 1/2/02 2/2/02 3/2/02 4/2/02 5/2/02 6/2/02 7/2/02 8/2/02 9/2/02 10/2/02 Rates (g/sq m-d) Plotting rates in an area graph shows that scour and grazing are important Periphytic Greens scour during storm event Washout2 Predation2 Non Tox Mort2 Excret2 Respir2 Photosyn2 Load
12 1/2/00 2/2/00 3/2/00 4/2/00 5/2/00 6/2/00 7/2/00 8/2/00 9/2/00 10/2/00 11/2/00 12/2/00 1/2/01 2/2/01 3/2/01 4/2/01 5/2/01 6/2/01 7/2/01 8/2/01 9/2/01 10/2/01 11/2/01 12/2/01 1/2/02 2/2/02 3/2/02 4/2/02 5/2/02 6/2/02 7/2/02 8/2/02 9/2/02 10/2/02 Limits on Photosynthesis (unitless) Light is most limiting, probably due to suspended sediments and self-shading Periphytic Greens, Caldwell Mill Lt_Lim2 Nutr_Lim2 Temp_Lim
13 Animals also exhibited reasonable simulations for Caldwell Mill
14 Biomass (AFDW) Chlorophyll (mg/sq m) The model was then applied to Bains Bridge without recalibration /15/00 10/1/00 4/19/01 11/5/01 5/24/02 12/10/02 Fontinalis (g/sq.m) Total Periphyton Total Plants AFDW, Plants AFDW Moss AFDW Algae Periphytic chl a Obs chlorophyll Moss chlorophyll
15 Blue-greens and greens dominate at Bains Bridge, with diatoms in spring
16 Dominance of blue-greens is quantified by exceedance plot
17 The 150 mg/sq m criterion for chlorophyll a is not exceeded
18 1/2/00 2/2/00 3/2/00 4/2/00 5/2/00 6/2/00 7/2/00 8/2/00 9/2/00 10/2/00 11/2/00 12/2/00 1/2/01 2/2/01 3/2/01 4/2/01 5/2/01 6/2/01 7/2/01 8/2/01 9/2/01 10/2/01 11/2/01 12/2/01 1/2/02 2/2/02 3/2/02 4/2/02 5/2/02 6/2/02 7/2/02 8/2/02 9/2/02 10/2/02 Rates (g/sq m-d) Scour is less important at Bains Bridge and grazing is more important Periphytic Greens Washout2 Predation2 Non Tox Mort2 Excret2 Respir2 Photosyn2 Load
19 Caldwell Mill is less limiting for blue-greens, but scour & competition with greens are more favorable at Bains Bridge
20 A 50% reduction in P loadings had no effect, but a 75% reduction did (compared to control run)
21 Chlorophyll a is lower and blue-greens are not as important with 75% reduction
22 There is not much additional difference with a 90% reduction
23 Biomass (AFDW) Chlorophyll (mg/sq m) The model was also applied to Hoover without recalibration AFDW fit is good, but chlorophyll fit is not as good /15/00 10/1/00 4/19/01 11/5/01 5/24/02 12/10/02 Fontinalis (g/sq.m) Total Periphyton Total Plants AFDW, Plants AFDW Moss AFDW Algae Periphytic chl a Obs chlorophyll Moss chlorophyll
24 Biomass (AFDW) Chlorophyll (mg/sq m) The fit for Shelby Co. 52 without recalibration was better for chlorophyll /15/00 10/1/00 4/19/01 11/5/01 5/24/02 12/10/02 0 Fontinalis (g/sq.m) Total Periphyton Total Plants AFDW, Plants AFDW Moss AFDW Algae Periphytic chl a Obs chlorophyll Moss chlorophyll
25 Why Use AQUATOX? When have aquatic life endpoints Most water quality models do not include animals When have complex ecological & biological processes Feedback loops, indirect effects Trophic cascades Multiple factors affecting ecosystem responses Non-linear relationships When probabilistic risk assessment is needed
26 To Obtain AQUATOX Download from Internet (Release 2 in Winter, 2002) For latest beta test version see:
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