Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jember District

Transcription

1 The 5th Sustainable Future for Human Security (SustaiN 2014) Evaluation of Municipal Solid in Jember District Khoiron * Public Health Faculty, Universitu of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember, 68121, Indonesia Abstract Solid waste and management become an increasingly urgent problem in cities in Indonesia. If not done proper management will result in adverse environmental balance changes or unexpected that can pollute the environment, both on land, water and air. To solve the pollution problem require the handling and control of garbage. One of waste management is to provide place, removal, temporary shelter, transportation, and final disposal system managed well. This study aim to evaluate solid waste management in Jember. This study is a survey. Primary data were collected by field observations and interviews. While the secondary data obtained through literature review and document the work in the landfill. Data analyze by descriptive analytic. The study showed that the solid waste management in terms of five aspects, namely: 1) the operational technical infrastructure still needs improvement from provide place in the source of garbage until final disposal which sanitary landfill; 2) need laws and regulations to encourage the formation of Regulation on Urban Waste Management; 3) improve the institutional and institutional powers and functions of waste management agencies; 4) financial and financing, the tariff structure needs to be adjusted to hold on to the principle of cost recovery through an equitable basis; 5) the role of the public and private solid waste management is done individually require a paradigm shift people from throwing garbage into a Solid waste processing. This research concluded that Solid waste management in Jember is still need for improvement. Need to increase the quantity and quality of facilities. There needs to be local regulations governing waste management. And need to increase community participation in waste management. Keywords : evaluation, municipal, solid waste, management 1. Introduction Solid waste is unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential, commercial and industrial activities in a given area. Solid waste management reduces or eliminates adverse impact on environment and public health and support economic development and improved quality of life. Solid waste and management become an increasingly urgent problem in cities in Indonesia. If not done proper management will result in adverse environmental balance changes or unexpected that can pollute the environment, both on land, water and air. To solve the pollution problem required the handling and control of garbage. To manage waste so it does not harm people * Corresponding author. address: choifafakhoiron@gmail.com November Bali, Indonesia 18

2 or the environment, we need to reduce the amount of waste we create and turn what we can back into useful materials and resources. Everyone, but especially industries and governments, must take responsibility for the wastes they create and for preventing waste in the first place [1]. One form of waste management is to provide place, removal, temporary shelter, transportation, and final disposal system managed well. This study aimed to evaluate waste management in Jember District. 2. Methods This study is a survey study. Primary data were collected by field observations and interviews. While the secondary data obtained through literature review and document the work in the landfill. The respondents determined by purposive sampling. Number of respondents in this study are 52 respondents spread in 3 sub districts. Respondents consists of public works office, handler solid waste in urban village.. Data analyzed by descriptive analytic. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Solid Waste Generation Jember district is covering an area of km 2, with a population in 2010 were 2,332,726 people [2]. Waste generation in Jember in 2012 was about ,58 m3 while the managed one is only ,03 m3 [3]. To manage existing waste generation, various efforts has been performed, start from the lug, transfer, temporary collection, transportation and final disposal. Waste management done in Jember still does not apply the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) well. Conditions of municipal solid waste management in Jember are: a) operational technically, financing of waste management, public participation, and local ergulations Operational technically Oprational technically includes: 1) household storage are generally not well disaggregated between organic and inorganic waste. Generally, the storage can be plastic or metal bin or the household storage can be fixed brick-box, which is placed in front of the house. The capacity of the storage varies from liter. Most of the household storage is open system, meaning that the storage is exposed to the air. So, fly, rats and other rodent animals can easily get into the garbage storage. ; 2) While the number Temporary Disposal (TPS) is lacking and less sanitair condition; 3) the amount of transfer depot is still lacking, especially in residential areas and densely populated areas. The pattern of waste collection in Jember implement direct and indirect individual collection pattern. According to SNI No , direct individual collection pattern is activities of waste collecting from waste sources and transported directly to a landfill site without going through the transfer activities. While the indirect individual collection pattern is activities of waste collecting from each of waste source brought to the site for transfer then transported to landfills November Bali, Indonesia 19

3 Direct individual collection pattern applied to waste collecting in several offices, shops and industry in Jember. Waste from offices, shops and industries such as the Bank Indonesia, dr. Soebandi hospital, square and pavilion, Alfa, Seger, Karisma, Bobbin Factory, Pakusari Warehouse, DPU Bina Marga, Wina, Sari Utama, Tunggal Perkasa, Pocari Sweet, 509 Sukorejo, Roda Tiga and Brigif (Kebonsari) is directly collected by the respective spot then transported to the Pakusari landfill. Household Wheelie bin Village Temporaray Disposal Place Truck Final Disposal Shopping Centre Fig 1. Indirect Pattern of Collecting Solid Waste in Jember District Indirect waste collection pattern derived from household starts from each house of each RW collected and transported using garbage cart to garbage depot and then the depot was visited by the trucks that had been prepared by the Pakusari landfill to be transported to the landfill. Likewise with garbage from the main roads, main streets and public facilities, garbage will be collected into a transfer (depot) and then transported to a Pakusari landfill. In usual setting of municipal solid waste management service, on-site storage is the point at which the service demand meets its supply. On-site storage can be classified under two catagories (indivual storage dan communal storage) [4]. The use of temporary disposal is associated with diarrheal disease [5]; 4) The not optimal utilization of waste facilities and infrastructure, solid waste generation that are serviced operational technically by DPU Cipta Karya dan Tata Ruang Jember only amounted to 405, m3 (40 percent); 5) The final solid waste management of Jember City, the Pakusari landfill located in the Kertosari Village Pakusari sub-district of Jember is a the landfill that is managed by the DPU Cipta Karya dan Tata Ruang Jember. The Pakusari landfill is the largest landfill in Jember which has been operated from February 1992, with the publication of the Regent decree KDH TK II Jember No. 825/1991. the vast of Pakusari landfill is reach 6.8 ha consisting of 13 lots, which have been November Bali, Indonesia 20

4 used as many as seven lots, which is still in active use as many as 3 lots and lots that have not been used as much as 3 lots. Pakusari landfill is about 10 km from the Jember city center. Fig 2. Temporary Disposal Place (Transfer Depo) Waste management system used is controlled landfill which is a waste disposal system by way of spreading waste on the lots that have been provided about cm thick compacted and then covered with soil about ± 40 cm. Source of waste derived from the main area which covers the city area (Kaliwates, Patrang, Sumbersari sub-districts), as well as Pakusari, Mayang, Kalisat, Silo, Arjasa and Rambipuji. Facilities and infrastructure owned by the Pakusari landfill include administrative offices (3 mx 6 m), wall (300 m) with a height of 3 m, 600 m rain water channel, 1 unit of heavy equipment garages, driveways ± 2500 m, operation road ±400 m, biogas waste channel 18 pieces, 6 pieces of monitoring wells, composting unit 1 piece, Faecal Matter Management Installation (IPLT) 1 unit with an area of 1.3 hectares, the IPLT pump machine 1 unit, 1 unit of health checks post, incinerator 2 units, heavy equipment wheel loader 1 unit, 1 unit of excavator and 1 unit of plastic waste thrasher. Landfill conditions are not optimal because: lack of land area (landfill age should have been exhausted), the services addition of five suburban subdistrict, the landfill system used is still control landfill it should be system sanitary landfill, composting is not applied, plastic pellet machine is not in operation, inadequate incinerator). Sanitary landfill is a technique for the final disposal of solid waste in the ground that causes no November Bali, Indonesia 21

5 nuisance or danger to public health or safety; neither does it harm the environment during its operation or after its closure. This technique uses engineering principles to confine the waste to as small an area as possible, covering it daily with layers of earth and compacting it to reduce its volume. In addition, it anticipates the problems that could be caused by the liquids and gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter [6] Institutional of Solid Waste Mangement Institutions responsible for the operational technic of solid waste management in Jember is Dinas PU Cipta Karya dan Tata Ruang. Coordination of hygiene management is the responsibility of the hygiene and street lighting especially hygiene Section who in charged to lead, nurture, supervise and control the environment and street cleaning and waste transportation. Under the hygiene Section, the tasks carried out include transporting operations, prepared a manual for the implementation of the operational service of transporting waste and implement monitoring and operational control waste transporting. Waste manager in Jember should be formed Department or Agency, as well as the Final Disposal (TPA) and IPLT into technical Unit Opration (UPT). Institutional should have capacities of the actors have influenced the existing mechanism for the collection and disposal of solid waste in the metropolis. This was done through the evaluation of the existing mechanisms for solid waste collection and disposal bearing in mind that inadequate collection and disposal are symptoms of weak capacities of and/or poor coordination between the institutions [7]. Institutional Local condition is influenced by institutions at state level (many institutions responsibulity to municipal waste management). The involvement of many institutions in solid waste management led to overlapping responsibilities and weak implementation and enforcement of laws and regulations of solid waste management [8] Financing of Solid Financing of solid waste management still needs to be improved, nowadays it is still less than 1% of the total local Budget. In Indonesia, mostly financed by local goverments is still small (less than 2% of the total local budget) and cannot balance the needed expenditure on waste management [8]. No exact figures are available concerning the total retribution from waste generators, but it is estimated that 1,000 to 1,100 Billion IDR is collected through household billing, of which 50% from direct waste fees, 27% in combination with the water bill and 23% in combination with the electricity bill. This amount excludes the direct fees collected by nongovernmental waste collectors in the individual communities [8]. As for the financing from public dues that goes to the region are still very small, not enough to finance the operations of optimum services Public Participation Public participation is still low, community participation in waste management that in Jember is not good, particularly participation in financing. It can be seen from the realization of fee November Bali, Indonesia 22

6 collection in 2012 which reached 56.12%. Besides a role in the financing, the people in Jember also participate in the technical implementation of the waste processing operations. Participation is manifested in various forms of activities such as participation in some stage of waste management, such as garbage collection into the bins and containers and provides its own lug, as well as the activities of household waste management. Household solid waste management in Jember District is bad (Figure 3) 60% 56% 40% 20% 0% 14% 11,80% Burn TPS River Open dumping 7,40% 7,30% Open land hole 1% 1,40% 1,20% Recycle Closed land hole Other Fig 3. Management of Waste of Household [9] Nevertheless, the quality of public participation in the technical activities of waste management in Jember still needs to be improved, given the lack of public awareness in environmental maintenance. Indication of the poor quality of public participation can be seen from several things, among others: low awareness to implement 3 R method; still has the habit of littering; and the high habit of wearing things that is difficult to decompose. Efforts to build community participation in the hygiene management, especially the planning, implementation and supervision of the hygiene management needs to be improved. Public awareness and community participation would assist in obtaining guidance in carrying out strategic planning of solid waste management and to enhance appropriate levels of community participation and a two-way communication in planning and implementing of integrated solid waste management services [10] Local Regulations The absence of local regulations governing hygiene and waste management. This condition makes the efforts of law enforcement can not be done optimally. Derivative Government Regulations of Law No.18 Year 2008, which can be used as reference by the Local Governments for their own regulations, have not been published by the Central Government. The main regulations that are urgently needed are: the procedure for using right in the waste management; manufacturer obligations; type, form and procedure for the provision of incentives and disincentives; the financing of waste management; as well as negative impacts and compensation in waste management [8]. Local regualations is important as guidelines of muniscipal solid waste.good waste management is integrated.integrated waste management systems combine waste November Bali, Indonesia 23

7 streas, waste collection, treatment and disposal methods, with objective of achieving envinronmental benefits, economic optimisation and societal acceptability [11]. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations Waste management in Jember is still need to be improved. It needs to increase the quantity and quality of facilities. It needs for local regulations governing waste management. It needs to increase community participation in solid waste management. Reference 1. Connant Jeff and Fadem Pam, A Community Guide to Environmental Health, Heperian, Barkeley, California, USA 2. BPS Kabupaten Jember, Kabupaten Jember dalam Angka DPU Cipta Karya dan Tata Ruang Kabupaten Jember, Profil TPA Pakusari 4. PEPAS, 1993, Information Management for Municipal Solid Services, Western Pacific Regional Office Environmental Health Centre (EHC) 5. Junias, Marylin dan Balelay Eliaser, Hubungan Antara Pembuangan Sampah dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Penduduk Di Kelurahan Oesapa Kecamatan Kelapa Lima Kota Kupang, MKM, Vol. 03, No. 2 Desember Jaramilo, Jorge, Guidelines for the Design, Constructio and Operation of Manual Sanitary Landfills, Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Lima, Peru. 7. Mariwah, Simon, Institutional Arrangements For Managing Solid Waste In The Shama-Ahanta-East Metropolis, Ghana, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 14, No. 6, Anonim, Scoping Study for Solid Waste Mangement in Indonesia, Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative, Jakarta. 9. Khoiron and Wibowo SC Environmental Health Risk Assessment To Determine Sanitation Risk Area In Jember District In Supporting Millennium Development Goals. Paper Presented in International Conference On Envinronmental and Occupational Health 2014, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 7-9 April World Bank, Regional Guidelines on Integrated Solid. Prepared by an International Consortium of Expert Consultants. 11. Strange Kit, Overview of Options : their Efficacy and Acceptability. Environmental and Health Impact of Solid Activities. 18 Issues in Environmental Science and technology, Hester R.E and Harrison R.M (editor). Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK November Bali, Indonesia 24