Marine Ecology of the Arctic
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1 Marine Ecology of the Arctic Connectivity, change, and resilience Arny Blanchard Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks Oceanography 2015 Philadelphia, PE, June 22, 2015
2 Alaska s Arctic is striki g
3 Alaska s Arctic is resource rich alaska.jpg
4 Alaska s marine Arctic systems are resource rich /WashingtonPost/2010/12/17/Health-Environment-Science/Images/polarbear.JPG&w=1484
5 Alaska s Arctic e co passes 3 seas
6 Arctic systems are in flux Arctic marine ecosystems are experiencing rapid change. Reductions in sea ice overall. Reductions in seasonal ice cover. Earlier meltback dates
7 Arctic systems are in flux with high costs
8 Arctic systems are in flux with high costs
9 Characteristics of arctic marine ecosystems Sea ice systems. High seasonality. Connections to lower latitudes. [MODIS satellite image]
10 Arctic ecosystems are important: High productivity supporting commercial and subsistence harvests. Sites of human activities. Transportation pathways. Exports of water to ocean basins promoting global heat and nutrient exchanges. Bellweather of coming change /05mar_arctic_resources/currents1.jpg
11 Concerns for arctic ecosystems: Resiliencies to rapid change. Novel ecosystem interactions. Variations in connectivity. Feedback cycles with lower latitudes. Population-level effects on migratory avian and mammal predators. medialive/photos/000/037/custom/3711_1600x12 00-wallpaper-cb jpg t_beasts_of_the_deep/img/5.jpg
12 Climatic connectivity and the Arctic
13 Oceanographic connectivity in the Arctic Courtesy of T. Weingartner, S. Danielson, and R. H. Day
14 Spatial drivers of change (Spall, 2007) (Blanchard et al, in prep.)
15 Temporal drivers of change: climatic influences Pelagic community characteristics linked to climate variations. Copepods in the Southeastern Bering Sea (<60 N) Calanus marshallae/glacialis. Eisner et al. Courtesy of R. Hopcroft
16 Temporal drivers of change: climatic influences Benthic community characteristics linked to climate variations, likely through water circulation.
17 Climate and temporal change at higher levels Total abundance Offshore Northern Shearwaters Days of 10% ice cover Birds km ² Planktivores Piscivores Southern Nearshore Omnivores Benthic feeders Ice-free days N Year Courtesy of A. Gall
18 Linkages 30% similarity between faunal composition of benthic fauna between Port Valdez, a glacial fjord in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and the Chukchi Sea. Many invertebrate fauna are widely distributed from California and Oregon to the Chukchi Sea. Many seabirds and marine mammals travel great distances to feed in the Arctic. Mytilus trossulus (mussel) Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle) Ctenodiscus crispatus (seastar)
19 Resiliences Connectivities are both challenges to and sources for resiliency. Connectivities are major sources of change via heat transport. Connectivities also provide long-term sources for key fauna, nutrients, carbon, etc. Connectivities poorly known. Resiliencies of the Arctic poorly studied. AK infauna studied with respect to dredging, sediment dumping, fish wastes, and long-term discharges. Some components highly resilient.
20 What we do t k ow In spite of great effort, we still have inadequate knowledge arctic ecosystems. We have inadequate information on: Biodiversity and drivers. Ecosystem resiliencies. Area ~38,000 km2 Short-term study represents ~ 50% of species available Area ~100 km2 ~75% of species captured Length of a short-term study
21 What we do t k ow In spite of great effort, we still have inadequate knowledge arctic ecosystems. We have inadequate information on: Biodiversity and drivers. Ecosystem resiliencies. Long-term variations. Port Valdez Benthos Number of Taxa
22 What we do t k ow In spite of great effort, we still have inadequate knowledge arctic ecosystems. Port Valdez Benthos & Hydrocarbons We have inadequate information on: PAH (ng g-1) Biodiversity and drivers. Ecosystem resiliencies. Long-term variations. Potential anthropogenic effects. And many other topics. Percent Sensitive Species (Galathowenia oculata and Melinna cristata)
23 Thoughts Statistically designed long-term monitoring efforts are needed. Pre-existing programs can provide guidance. New directions, new thoughts needed. Spatial and temporal interactions between geomorphology, oceanography, climate, and biota may provide unexpected but highly significant sources for change. Resiliencies and conservation of their sources may be important. Connectivity among seas, climate, and biota plays a major role in ecological characteristics of arctic marine ecosystems. Effects extend backwards as well.
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