Feasibility Study into Implementation of Solar Energy in Inti International University

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1 Feasibility Study into Implementation of Solar Energy in Inti International University Mayibongwe Tafara M., Osman N.A., Suhaida S.K., Norhidayah Sunarti Department Of Quantity Surveying, Inti International University, Malaysia *Corresponding author. Tel: ext 2491 Fax: address: ABSTRACT By the hour of sun rays onto Earth sufficient energy to gratify globe energy needs until to end of the world. Solar energy is the vision utilized to harness the sun's rays and turn into sustainable source of energy. Today, the solar produces less than one tenth of one percent of globe energy demand. Data by Energy Commissioner, Malaysia on average collects 17MJ every single sq.m of solar radiation every day with the mean daily sunshine hours in Malaysia scopes amid 4 to 8 hours each day. Solar radiance normally drops from the north to the south of Malaysia which the northern states receives the highest number of solar radiation Under the 10-th Malaysia Plan, the Malaysian Government wants 5.5% of finished electricity to come from renewable power origins by Though, the present contribution from renewable origins (such as biomass, biogas, wind, and solar) for electricity creation stays extremely low, of that solar power merely contributes a mere 0.007% of the finished generated electricity in Peninsular Malaysia. In a way engaging the implementation of solar energy, Malaysia Government through Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA) introduces the Feed-in-Tariff plan. INTI International University Administration has taken the initiative to reduce the current energy usage and cost. The electrical usage at INTI IU has been gradually surging with the increase of population in the campus. Therefore, steps into reducing the cost need to be taken without compromising the needs of electricity; solar energy looks like providing the solution. This paper was focusing into the viability of solar energy implementation in Inti International University. The main concern of study will cover the aspect of costing, project design, procurement and execution phases, all components selected are ensuring to be mutually compatible and manufactured to provide a professionally engineered and integrated power system, thus enhancing system reliability, performance and longevity Keywords: Solar Energy, Campus Sustainability, Solar Radiance, Sustainable Plan INTRODUCTION World leaders have seized deed on the power disaster that is transpiring nowadays worldwide. Oil and coal benefits are soaring and have doubled. Additionally grabbing 217

2 into fact in the producing globe, 1.6 billion people considering a quarter of the human populace have no admission to electricity. Green energy is the power that is produced which has low negative effect to the world than other fossil fuels(azhari, et al., 2008). These fuels at times and release harmful toxins to the environment. Energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydro cleaner energy. There are energy sources, even encompassing atomic energy that is from period to period trusted as green energy because of its low waste output compared to energy origins such as coal or oil. The act of renewable energy origins is becoming increasingly vital, if we are to finish the modifications commanded to address the encounters of globe heating. Solar energy is the most area form of renewable domination, which is adjacent in the globe nowadays but has not been extensively implemented. Latterly, distant attention has been pondered on knowing suitable solar species, which can furnish high-energy outputs, to substitute average fossil gas energy origins that swiftly depleting. By the hour the sun rays onto Earth sufficient energy to gratify globe energy needs until to end of the world(bhd, n.d.). Solar energy is the vision utilized to harness the sun's rays and turn into sustainable source of energy. Today, the solar produces less than one tenth of one percent of globe energy demand. Vast number people are acquainted alongside with so-called photovoltaic cells, or solar panels, which are usually utilized just to mention a few, on spacecraft, rooftops, and handheld calculators. With the rapid increasing of the population in Inti International University, therefore this paper focuses on studying the implementation of solar energy for the entire usage of electricity in the campus. Therefore, this research were purposely focusing on the objectives of; 1) to evaluate the current electricity cost Inti IU 2) to analyze the viability of solar power implementation through possible design 3) to recommend suitable solar system design for Inti IU. LITERATURE REVIEW Solar energy is considered as that energy received by the earth from the sun, which will be in the form of solar radiation, in order to make the production of solar electricity achievable(mekhilef, et al., 2012). It therefore depends on some devices such as solar panels or solar cells in order to provide a source of clean and low cost renewable energy. In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic capability to generate electricity from the sunlight. He asserted the shining light on an electrode 218

3 submerged in a conductive resolution ought to craft a mechanical current. Though, even afterward distant research and progress consecutive to the generated, photovoltaic energy proved tremendously efficient and solar cells were utilized for producing light.100 years afterward, in 1941, Russell Ohl projected the solar cell, swiftly afterward the generated a transistor. The theory behind is research were Light (photons) striking precise metal compounds, the external of the physical to emit electrons. The combination of these two compounds can be made use of to cause electrons to flow across a conductor, and thereby producing electrical current. This is the photo-electric effect which is photovoltaic method sunlight converted into a flow of electrons (electricity). Solar energy reside in one of the most important places among a range of substitute energy sources. An accurate knowledge of solar radiation availability at a particular geographical location is very important for the development of solar energy systems and for the evaluation of their efficiencies and productivity. The familiarity of solar radiation data is a requirement for the modeling and design of all photovoltaic and solar thermal power schemes(jakhrani, et al., 2009) By conducting a survey on materials for solar energy conversion that have properties tailored to meet the requirements set by the spectral distribution, intensity, and incidence angle of electromagnetic radiation in our natural surroundings. Materials have risen during the past two decades as a result of the growing demand, cost, and environmental impact of energy production(granqvist & Wittwer, 1998) Solar Energy in Malaysia Malaysia current average daily solar radiation is 5.5 kwh every single square meter which is equivalent to 15 MJ/square meter and is good radiance energy from the sun. Solar energy is presently utilized in producing electrical current and warmth for the country(shafiea, et al., 2011). The energy sector, is mainly supplying solar energy in villages, remote spans and remote isles that have not established and been connected to the nationwide grid. This is mostly so in Sabah and Sarawak where the electrification coverage rate is merely considering 70 and 75%. Data by Energy Commissioner, Malaysia on average collects 17MJ every single sq.m of solar radiation every day with the mean daily sunshine hours in Malaysia scopes amid 4 to 8 hours each day. Solar radiance normally drops from the north to the south of Malaysia which the northern states receives the highest number of solar radiation. As shown on Figure 1 (Commission, 2008), from 1989 to 2008 the average daily solar radiation ought to development or cut across this period, except for towns such as Kuala Terengganu and Senai whereas there is a fragile linear trend displaying a plummet in solar radiation acceded by these two towns. Kota Kinabalu in Sabah additionally displayed weakening solar radiation from 1990 to 1999, 219

4 afterward that solar radiation ought to development and stabilize at considering 20 MJ every single sq. m every single date. Figure 1: Average daily solar radiation (MJ each sq.m) for several towns in Malaysia Source:(Commission, 2008) Figure 2 (Mekhilef, et al., 2012), provide a data where it shown that mean daily sunshine hours in Malaysia scopes amid 4 to 8 hours each day. The highest solar radiation been recorded at 6.8 kwh/m2 in August and November while the lowest was 0.61 kwh/m2 in December(AZHARI, et al., 2008) The lowest receiver of solar radiation is in Northern region while the highest receiver was the Southern region of Peninsular Malaysia. The minimum solar radiation was estimated to be at 0.61 kwh/m2 220

5 Figure 2: Mean daily sunshine hours in Malaysia each day. Source :(Mekhilef, et al., 2012) Photovoltaic Solar Panel PV cells are growing as one of the appealing alternative to nationwide utility grid power(jamaludin, 2011). PV systems was gave in Malaysia in the 1980s, and from 1998 to 2002, six pilot grid-connected PV systems was setup at elevated monetary costs. As next, PV systems have grown steadily so that in 2005, a finished of on-grid 470 kw top was instituted, alongside 3 MW top as off-grid. To more create enthuse the adoption of solar power; the Malaysian power gave the MBIPV (Malaysia Constructing Consolidated Photovoltaic) undertaking in MBIPV was to design the integration of PV cells into constructions or structures; therefore, saving prices because the PV systems should be fabricated inside the construction of the building(jamaludin, 2011). MBIPV aimed to raise PV capacity in constructions by 3.3 periods as cutting prices by 20% contrasted to the baseline. Currently, PV systems alongside a finished of kw top have been installed above 18 locations in Malaysia via the MBIPV project(newsletter, 2007). Moreover, across MBIPV, SURIA 1000 was instituted, alongside the target to mount solar panels on 1,000 rooftops in Malaysia (to date, though, merely concerning 100 households have PV systems in Malaysia). Although Malaysia is the world s fourth biggest PV modules producer, solar vision is ironically not adopted extensively here. Presently, solar energy applications mostly oriented towards domestic hot water systems, water pumping, drying of agricultural produce(oh, et al., 2010).One reason is the worth of installing PV arrangements in Malaysia is luxurious, even nevertheless the worth is plummeting at a rate of supplementary than 10% every single solitary year(mohamed & Lee, 2006). In 2005, 221

6 for instance, the worth of PV arrangement every single solitary kw top was RM31, 410, plummeting to RM24, 970 in 2007, and to RM20, 439 in Today, the worth has cut to pondering RM15, 000 every single solitary kw top a rate yet unaffordable or impractical to most Malaysians. There are four kinds of PV solar panels obtainable in Malaysia(Bhd, n.d.): monocrystalline silicon (Mc-Si), poly-crystalline silicon (Pc-Si), copper-indium-diselenide (CIS), and slender film amorphous silicon (A-Si). The module efficiency for Mc-Si, Pc- Si, CIS, and A-Si were measured at 6.9, 5.1, 4.0, and 2.2%, respectively. In supplement, Mc-Si and Pc-Si endowed best below clear skies, whereas CIS and A-Si did larger below cloudy skies. Energy and Sustainable Policies in Malaysia Throughout the years, the government of Malaysia has formulated numerous energy-related policies in order to ensure the long-term reliability and security of energy supply for sustainable social-economic development in the country. The various energy policies included the National Energy Policy (1979), National Depletion Policy (1980) and Fuel Diversification Policy(1981, 1999)(Mohamed & Lee, 2006). 222

7 Table 1, it shown a various policies that been created in the terms of energy. This policies been made in order to achieve various objectives. Policy Year Aim/Objectives Source National Energy Policy ) to ensure the provision of adequate, secure and costeffective energy supply by developing indigenous energy resources (both nonrenewable and renewable) using least cost options and to diversify supply sources (both from within and outside the country) 2) to promote the efficient utilization of energy and discourage wasteful and nonproductive patterns of energy consumption within the sociocultural and economicparameters 3) to ensure that factorspertaining to environmental protection are not neglectedin the pursuit of the supply and utilization objectives (Hitam, 1999) National Depletion Policy Fuel Diversification Policy 1980 to conserve the country s energy resources, particularly oil and gas, as these resources are finite and non-renewable. 1981, 1991 to ensure that the country is not too dependent on a single source of energy (Mariyappan, 2000) (Abdul Rahman, 2003) Renewable energy (RE) was made the fifth fuel in the energy supply mix with the target to contribute 5% of the country s electricity demand by year 2005(Oh, et al., 2010). In order to meet this goal, the Small Renewable Energy Program (SREP) was launched in May 2001 under the initiative of the Special Committee on Renewable Energy (SCORE) aimed to support the government s strategy in intensifying the development and utilization of RE as the fifth fuel resource in power generation, 223

8 which is also stipulated in the objectives of the Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP) for and the 8th Malaysia Plan ( ). The primary focus of SREP is to facilitate the expeditious implementation of grid connected RE resource-based small power plants. In the 9 th Malaysian Plan ( ), the emphasis on energy efficiency is intensified to address the nation s energy challenge in line with the sustainable development agenda. Under the 10-th Malaysia Plan, the Malaysian power wants 5.5% of finished electricity to come from renewable power origins by Though, the present contribution from renewable origins (such as biomass, biogas, wind, and solar) for electricity creation stays extremely low, of that solar power merely contributes a mere 0.007% of the finished generated electricity in Peninsular Malaysia. Figure 3: Technical Potential of PV in Malaysia; by states Source:(Seda, 2011) The Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia (SEDA Malaysia) is a statutory body formed under the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 [Act 726]. The key role of SEDA is to administer and manage the implementation of the feed-in tariff mechanism which is mandated under the Renewable Energy Act 2011 [Act 725]. To emphasis on sustainable energy, Malaysia had move onwards in developing plan in each year where it have their own key emphasis in every range of renewable energy. 224

9 Table 2: Malaysia s key emphases for energy development Malaysia Plan Seventh Malaysia Plan ( ) Key emphases -Emphasis on sustainable development to compensate for delectable resources, and on diversification of energy sources. - Ensuring adequacy of generating capacity as well as expanding and upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructure. - Encouraging the use of new and alternative energy sources as well as efficient utilization of energy. Eighth Malaysia Plan ( ) Ninth Malaysia Plan ( ) -Emphasis on sustainable development of energy resources, both delectable and renewable. The energy mix includes five fuels: oil, gas, coal, hydro and renewable energy (RE). - Intensifying efforts on ensuring adequacy, quality and security of energy supply. - Greater emphasis on energy efficiency (EE): encouraging efficient utilization of gas and RE as well as providing adequate electricity generating capacity. - Supports development of industries in production of energy-related products and services. - Highlights promotion of RE and EE. - Incentives for EE. - Incentives for use of RE resources. - Incentives to maintain quality of power supply. -Emphasis on strengthening initiatives for EE, especially in transport, commercial and industrial sectors, and in government buildings. - Encouraging better utilization of RE through diversifying fuel sources. - Intensifying efforts to further reduce dependency on petroleum and to integrate alternative fuels. - Incentives to promote RE and EE are further enhanced. Tenth Malaysia Plan ( ) Source :(Plan, 2013) -Short-term goals vested in NGTP: Increased public awareness and commitment for adoption and application of green technology through advocacy programmers. -Widespread availability and recognition of green technology in terms of products, appliances, equipment and systems in local market through standards, rating and labeling programmers. - Increased foreign and domestic direct investments in green technology manufacturing and service sectors. - Expansion of local research institutes and institutions of higher learning to accommodate research, development and innovation activities on green technology with the aim of commercialization through appropriate mechanisms. - New RE act and FiT mechanism to be launched. The launch of the new National Green Technology Policy in April 2009 by the current Prime Minister, Datuk Seri NajibTunRazak, that follows shall provide guidance and create new opportunities for businesses and industries to bring a positive impact to the economic growth(solangib, et al., 2011). These policies strengthen the four pillars that focuses into energy and environment as showed in Figure 4. It will also be the basis for all Malaysians to enjoy an improved quality of life, in line with the national policies, including the National Outline Perspective Plan, where the growth objectives for the nation will continue to be balanced with environmental consideration. 225

10 seek to attain energy independence and promote efficient utilization Conserve and minimize the impact on the environment Enhance the national economic development through the use of technology improve the quality of life for all Figure 4: Four pillars of National Green Technology Policy Source: (Solangib, et al., 2011) The introduction of FiT is set to change Malaysia s electricity production through RE. Everyone (domestic users and industrial users) will be able to generate renewable electricity through RE such as biomass, wind, solar and sell it back to the national power grid at a premium rate(chua, et al., 2011). FiTs are RE payments of electricity in kilowatt-hour (kwh). It promotes exportation of electricity as a form of investment. Two separate meters are to be installed by the users: (i) the users monthly billings are paid to the utility on one meter and (ii) the users electricity exported to the distribution grid receives payment from the utility on another meter. Small scale FiTs have been implemented in Malaysia in the Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) programme. SREP programme was launched by GoM in May 2001 to encourage and intensify the utilisation of RE in power generation The FiT scheme has been proven successful in accelerating RE deployment, reducing the carbon emissions and creating jobs in many countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain and Thailand as reported by Malaysian Energy, Green Technology and Water (MEGTW) Minister Peter Chin Fah Kui after attending the Conference on Sustainable Buildings Southeast Asia 2010, held in Kuala Lumpur METHODOLOGY The methodology of this research is qualitative based on interview method. The focus group of this interview will be: a) Maintenance (Charge Man) in Inti International University b) INTI IU Management c) Solar energy provider (Plus Solar System SDN Bhd) The interview method which is pertinent for collection of data and/or information and confirming of collected data and information by the working personnel of the Inti International University. Hence, the head or senior manager of Management and Maintenance section / unit /department are the actual personnel who know and understand the whole energy costing and flows, were selected for the interview 226

11 sessions. The interview method was chosen because it provides an environment of obtaining clarity and confirmation on details of information/data for the study topic. The questions were developed for each specific focus group. In order to gain details on costing and design specification, the requirement on field trip of solar energy provider was obtained. RESULTS AND FINDINGS INTI International University is a private university located in Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan which is owned by INTI Education Group which has formalized its partnership with Laureate International Universities in The University is on 82 acres (330,000 m2) of land with a population of 6000 students excluding staff. The campus comprises of Zone A; Academic Block, Zone B; Student Centre and Zone C; Hostel Blocks. This feasibility study on implementation of solar energy design was only focus at Zone A area which cover the five blocks of academic block. There were two types of solar panels which is i) Monocrystalline silicon ii) Polycrystalline silicon. For Inti IU, the provider suggested the type of Polycrystalline silicon solar panel because of two reason which were their design aspects can aid enhance efficiency and the also can be created as decoration panels. The current statistics of power usage and cost the electrical usage at INTI IU has been gradually surging with the increase of population in the campus as per shown in Figure 5. The administration has attempted other means to reduce the cost of the energy usage such as changing all lighting to low consumption tubes but has proven to have slight improvement therefore; INTI IU was seeking for a more energy to reduce the cost of electricity. 227

12 500, , , , , , , , ,000 50,000 0 Jan Feb Mac Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 5: Costing for electricity bill in Inti IU The current usage for Inti IU s electricity from TNB which is using 11kv substation and is stepped down 415kw which will be stepped down at the DB board to 240kw which can be used at the power point. The power supply is divided into two supply, academic side and hostel side. The average usage is w on both sides with an average of w for the whole campus. At the present time, the average usage cost per month is about RM depending if its semester break the cost is lower but if it s during the semester the cost can go up to RM The main difference is caused by the usage of HAVC system at the academic block, on the hostel the swimming pool pump and multi-purpose hall lighting also great factor in the cost increase. Prior to the frequent usage of electricity and the rising cost of electric bill, therefore the implementation of any system was needed in order to control or decreasing that cost. With the policy of Feed-in Tariff under Renewable Energy Act 2011, the implementation of solar panels was the most appropriate. Notably, it is giving either revenue or savings to the business. Operationally, it contributes to the green efforts so promote better corporate image. In short, the implementation of solar energy benefits the commercial sector in many ways. This system in general will be supplying 100% of the power generated to the TNB grid and earning/selling with the approved FiT rate. Thus the calculation were been 228

13 made based on the suitable location and design of Inti IU with the considerability of aesthetic value. Each Polycrystalline panels will generate around 250Wp and it will be located on every possible flat roof in the academic block as per shown in Figure 6. Figure 6: Proposed PV layout at the Inti IU Academic Block With the implementation of the PV Solar system based on the proposed design, Inti IU will be starting to earn the accumulated profit from Year 7 as per shown in Figure 7 and Table 3. The cost analysis vs Revenue shown at the Year 7, Inti IU will start to earn an accumulated profit which it will cover the OPEX of Inti IU.The system proposed in this offer has been optimized based on available location environmental data and any submitted customer specifications. Quality of the whole system is the main concern throughout the project design, procurement and execution phases, all components selected are ensure to be mutually compatible and manufactured to provide a professionally engineered and integrated power system, thus enhancing system reliability, performance and longevity. 229

14 RM8,000, RM6,000, RM4,000, RM2,000, FiT Investment Cash Flow RM0.00 (RM2,000, ) (RM4,000, ) Revenue (RM) OPEX (RM) Year Non Discounted Cash Flow Accumulated Profit (RM) Figure 7:FiT Investment cash flow The system performance simulation of a PV system is done via PV System software, an established and most commonly used simulation tool to evaluate the system performance based on various site related and system-related parameters inserted into the software. The expected energy injected is 510,222 kwh with the performance ratio of 75.1%. 230

15 Table 3: Cost analysis VS Revenue for Inti IU Year PV Power PV Power Revenue (RM) OPEX (RM) Non Discounted Accumulated Generation Generation Cash Flow (RM) Profit (RM) kwh/kwp/yr kwh/year 0 (RM2,720,000.00) 1 1, , ,920 (27,200) 415,720 (2,304,280) 2 1, , ,819 (28,016) 411,803 (1,892,477) 3 1, , ,741 (28,856) 407,884 (1,484,593) 4 1, , ,683 (29,722) 403,961 (1,080,632) 5 1, , ,648 (30,614) 400,034 (680,598) 6 1, , ,633 (31,532) 396,101 (284,497) 7 1, , ,640 (32,478) 392, , , , ,667 (33,453) 388, , , , ,716 (34,456) 384, , , , ,785 (35,490) 380,295 1,260, , , ,874 (36,555) 376,319 1,636, , , ,984 (37,651) 372,333 2,009, , , ,114 (38,781) 368,333 2,377, , , ,264 (39,944) 364,320 2,741, , , ,434 (41,142) 360,292 3,102, , , ,624 (42,377) 356,248 3,458, , , ,834 (43,648) 352,186 3,810, , , ,063 (44,957) 348,106 4,158, , , ,312 (46,306) 344,005 4,502, , , ,579 (47,695) 339,884 4,842, , , ,866 (49,126) 335,740 5,178,200 CONCLUSION The system proposed in this offer has been optimized based on available location environmental data and current infrastructure. The system performance is first modeled and then tested to ensure full optimization of available site area, orientation, cable routing and equipment systems whilst maintaining a sense of overall aesthetics for the site presentation. Quality of the whole system is the main concern throughout the project design, procurement and execution phases, all components selected are ensure to be mutually compatible and manufactured to provide a professionally engineered and integrated power system, thus enhancing system reliability, performance and longevity. 231

16 The overall study analysis has provided positive findings which showed that the installation of PV solar panel with the Government scheme; FiT policy will be viable for INTI International University against the average cost of RM the revenue after first six years of payback will be sufficient to cover existing bill and profit incurred. A recommendation for adequate and knowledgeable manpower on energy saving and culture to minimize the wastage of energy during day to day operation of the University is needed. This will be an added value in order to decrease the operation expenditure in electricity usage. REFERENCES Abdul Rahman, A., Issues and challenges of the development of RE in Malaysia. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 9 September 2004]. AZHARI, A. W., SOPIAN, K., ZAHARIM, A. & GHOUL, M. A., A New Approach For Predicting Solar Radiation In Tropical Environment Using Satellite Images Case Study Of Malaysia. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT, 4(4), pp Bhd, S. P. S., n.d. Solar Plus. [Online] Available at: Chua, S. C., Oh, T. H. & Goh, W. W., Feed-in tariff outlook in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Issue 15, pp Commission, M. E., Energy Commision Report, s.l.: s.n. Granqvist, C. G. & Wittwer, V., Materials for solar energy conversion: An overview. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Issue 54, pp Hitam, S. b., Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies: A Pre-Requisite for the Concerted Development and Promotion of the Renewable Energy in Malaysia. [Online] Available at: Jakhrani, A., Othman, A., Rigit, A. & Samo, S., A simple method for the estimation of global solar radiation from sunshine hours and other meteorological parameters. Sustainable Energy Technologies. Jamaludin, A. F. B., Energy Mix and Alternatives Energy for Sustainable Development in Malaysia. University Putra Malaysia. Mariyappan, K., Country report from Malaysia: status of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Malaysia.. [Online] Available at: 232

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