Il potenziale dei teleriscaldamenti geotermici in Europa

Transcription

1 Progetto GEO-DH opportunita e sviluppi dei teleriscaldamenti geotermici Il potenziale dei teleriscaldamenti geotermici in Europa Jacques Varet senior advisor Potenziale teleriscaldimenti geotermici in Europa Jacques Varet

2 A major issue for Europe : the energy transition > We have to shift from an economy based on fossil and nuclear fuels to a sustainable model based on renewable and clean energies > This is a must for at least 3 reasons: The climate change issue The fossil fuel issue (th Peak Oil) The currency issue (we can no more afford to pay!) > When looking at energy issues, we have first to look precisely after the needs. > The first-to serve from geothermal sources are the thermal neeeds (heating, cooling, sanitary hot water i.e. up to 40% of the energy demand (depending upon climate) in Europe

3 The energy challenge : fossil fuels Depletion / greenhouse gas emissions Time to act The world Economy still relies mainly on oil & gaz Two reasons for this to end soon (10-30 y): -Resources -Climate Change: -better do it now - geothermal is promising

4 The EU has fixed targets for renewable energy in final energy consumption (for the yea2020)

5 Geothermal energy compared to other renewables Advantages > Decentralised, local, environment friendly, GES free > Available 24h / 24, etz7d/ 7 > Modulable: power may be added according to demand > Economically competitive > Efficient : 10MWe from well producing 100 m3/h saturated steam at 160 C; 2000 flats heated from well producing 100 m3/h at 70 C. Geothermal heat pumps solution available everywhere Handicaps > No specific equipment (drilling, heating, turbines) > Less tangible products (few products «sur étagère») > Low visibility in the landscape (loop unvisible) > Negative image of mining > No (or little) specific proximity professional offer > No lobby > Lack of R&D during 25 years ( ) > Lack of training

6 gradient The two key parameters for geothermal energy production EGS Stimulated permeability (cf. Soultz) High Enthalpy Increasing Economy 0 Hot Dry Rocks (imprevious granite normal gradient) cf. Energeroc Low Enthalpy permeability

7 Various conditions for geothermal production: geological formation or fracture permeability

8 Enhanced Deep geothermal systems Extrapolated temperatures in Europe at 5 km depth From Hurtig et al., 1992

9 Diversity of continental Europe geothermal conditions

10 Diversity of geothermal produtions in Europe (2006 figures)

11 Low enthalpy geothermal energy: statistics

12 The french case: a diversified geology offering a variety of geothermal solutions according to local needs - Sedimentary basins for low and medium enthalpy developments - Recent volcanic districts for high enthalpy developments - Grabens for EGS - Geothermal loops & heat pumps everywhere

13 Geothermal energy in Paris basin > A variety of aquifers suitable for various types of geothermal developments, from large district heatings to individual buildings > From the deepest Dogger & Trias with appropriate T and flow rates for district heatings, to the shallow aquifers and heat exchangers

14 The time when geothermal energy developped Formation Potenziale BRGM teleriscaldimenti O05 geothermici in Europa Jacques Varet > 14

15 At present : a renewing economic situation (oil prices), but this time it will last (real oil shortage)! Potenziale Risorse & sviluppo teleriscaldimenti Gth BT : Ex. geothermici Francia Jacques in Europa Varet Jacques Varet

16 The need for research: in the last 35 years budgets considerably varied, according to times and countries

17 Experiencing locally mastered development: Developing political interest at municipality level and offering feasibility studies with juridical and financing schemes and technical solutions in urbanized environment > A geothermal heating system in normal gradient areas ( m depth) needs a sufficient demand (size order equivalent housing) to pay for the doublet > This implies generally to connect through a surface distribution network a large number of various consumers > And to drill in urbanized environment > This in turns needs to start with important information and concertation at local municipal level, with the implication of all stakeholders

18 Le doublet scheme : particularity & constraints > Total flow loop système : variable flows, but equilibrated any time : reservoir piloted by the flow > 3 systems in interaction : réservoir, wells, surface, with very different transfer times (1 h - 10 y) > Advantages : perennity of flow No salty effluents Lower exploitation pressure (interférences) Limited hydraulic impact High density of implantation > Constraints : Recycling of cooled fluid on productor The system has a defined life span Continuity of réservoir (short-circuit?) The distance & flow systems need to be planed Pumping for reinjection

19 Historical development of low enthalpy geothermal energy projects: proposed for development to municipalities Experiencing locally mastered development: heating systems, National geothermal resources assessment and information system 2. Regional prefeasibility studies coupling quantitative approach of the demand and the resources Maison de la radio Meaux Developing political interest at municipality level and offering feasibility studies with juridical and financing schemes 4. The lessons from the 1986 counter-shock: a new start 20 years later

20 A new operation : the Orly airport doublet (geothermal loop)

21 Main figures related to the Orly airport project Economical figures Total costs: 12,7 M Incl. Doublet: 9 M Subsidies: 27,4% Technical figures Temperature: 74 C Flow rate: m3/h Power: 10 MW Produced energy: MWh/yr Spared CO2: t/yr

22 Drilling in urbanized environment : days for the two wells Naples, May 17-19, 2012 Jacques VARET

23 Key equipments for geothermal district heating Drilling tool Titanium plate heat exchanger Submersible pump Well casing (6 km) Naples, May 17-19, 2012 Jacques VARET

24 Sustainable development of geothermal use Make suitable information (continuously updated) available to the public 34 existing doublets since the years 70 (in operation for 40 years) Still place for new operations, under progress Modelling of temperatures of the whole Dogger reservoir (2010) Naples, May 17-19, 2012 Jacques VARET

25 Justifying the right to explore and offer the best option to exploit the geothermal resource in an already heavily sollicited environment

26 Dogger reservoir : a still active target > ~ 3 new projects per year > + regular rehabilitations Triplet of La Courneuve Triplet of Champigny : end 2012 Doublet of La Mée sur Seine : end 2012 Triplet of Bonneuil sur Marne : 2012

27 Ex. of other geothermal reservoirs C. Deshayes et al. 2010

28 Example of the Rhine graben

29 Reichstag, Berlin : combined solar and geothermal heating and cooling

30 Heat production : superficial Geothermal energy Extraction of heat through heat pumps : énergie des terrains : sondes géothermiques - possible also for individual houses (superficial resource), - Possible heating for collective buildings and tertiary applications -Today, 95 % of houses built un Sweden and 36 % of those built in Suizerland are equied with geothermal sondes. The strongest potential for development in France. Comparaison de la part des P.A.C. Géothermiques en chauffage dans le neuf (2002) Aquifères superficiels

31 The case of Sweeden L.Bjelm et al.

32 Very low enthalpy : geothermal energy production assisted by heat pumps A large variety of technologies adapted to various uses, including individual housing PAC sur capteur horizontal PAC sur sonde verticale PAC sur nappe

33 Geothermal heat pumps became the dominant geothermal production in the last 10 years J.W.Lund et al. WGC, Bali, 2010

34 Low enthalpy geothermal energy: the breakthrough of heat pumps

35 Heat pumps : ex. of France and Germany

36 La France, already the third European market in Europe for geothermal heat pumps, should become the first Nombre de PAC vendues (livrées et facturées) sur le marché français depuis 2002 (PAC de 5 à 50 kw) Aérothermie Géothermie

37 Geothermal 2020 targets for France

38 Diversity of geothermal heat pumps solutions Developping public information on resources, technologies, economy

39 A large innovation spage > New geometry for ground heat exchangers > Geothermal fondations > Whole system optimization > Storage of heat or cold

40 Public policy support : insurance against geological risk Test date AQUAPAC GARANTIE SUR LA RESSOURCE EN EAU SOUTERRAINE A FAIBLE PROFONDEUR UTILISEE A DES FINS ENERGETIQUES Les nappes d eau souterraines de faible profondeur recèlent un potentiel énergétique utilisable grâce aux pompes à chaleur. Il existe toutefois un certain degré d incertitude sur le potentiel et la pérennité de la ressource La procédure AQUAPAC, créée par l ADEME, le BRGM, et EDF prend en charge la couverture financière de ce risque géologique, Gestion administrative et financière : SAF-ENVIRONNEMENT 137, rue de l Université PARIS Tél : Fax :

41 Geothermal energy perspectives for heating in France > The development plan for renewable energies propose the multiplication by 6 of geothermal production in 2020, with the equipment of 2 millions houses with geothermal heat pumps, an investment of 15 to 20 MM. > The objective is to reach 23 % renewable energy in 2020, and to develop an industrial capacity generating jobs. > A National Committee for Geothermy (CNG) work at solving problems with 5 stakeholders : state, local governments, enterprises, unions, NGOs and consumers. > Objectives : administrative simplification, quality, training of staff, and information of all interested parties.

42 France 2020 Objectives (Grenelle de l environnement) > Additional 20 millions toe of renewable energy: 23% of the mix > Additional 10 millions toe of renewable heat (x2) > Additional 1 million toe of geothermal heat (x6) ktep PAC Individual géothermiques ground individuelles source heat pumps PAC Collective géothermiques ground tertiaire source et heat collectif pumps Réseaux Geothermal de district chaleur heating géothermiques % of renewable energy in the mix overseas From 15 to 80 MW (200 MW in the mid term)

43 Measures emplaced for geothermal heat development > Fonds chaleur renouvelable (renewable heat fund) For industry, collective housing, commercial buildings Funding the gap renewable heat /reference solution (gas) Also funding the development of heating networks Subsidies for feasibility studies 1.2 billion between 2009 and 2013 > Tax reduction for heating networks using more than 50% of renewable energy > Risk mitigation schemes Short term (meet the objectives: flow rate and temperature) Long term (lasting at least 20 years) 2 schemes: SAF Environnement (deep and expensive : 4.2M ) Aquapac (shallow and small individual amounts : 115k > Tax reduction for individual housing (36%)

44 The green economy : a real challenge for geothermal energy! (rethinking 2050 after EREC)

45 Management of geothermal development in urbanized environment: Recommendations Make data on geothermal resources known form the general public and develop geothermal education Deliver proper information to the concerned parties, users, professions, politicians, NGOs Have a clear legal frame, transparent procedures adapted incentives and a competent administration Create conditions of dialogue among stakeholders at local, regional, national and European levels Offer the adapted technological solution ensuring the best fit between resource and demand Ensuring the geological or technological risks Develop specialized formation and job training

46 Even before the concept emerged (1992) BT geothermal energy fullfill the equation of sustainable development. This should apply to all geothermal schemes! Économie Viable DURABLE Équitable Vivable Social Environnement

47 Conclusion: geothermal energy development, a new challenge for jobs in Europe A challenge for the whole geosciences and engineering community Answering the needs of the diversity of emerging players Training for media & information of all stakeholders Need for specific education of professionals Linking science & technology cursus with on-going research Frontiers and far-horizon research

48 Grazie! Jacques Varet BRGM PB Orléans Géo2D