Contents: Biogas upgrading. Biogas upgrading technology overview. biogas upgrading Background status in Europe. specific parameters economic aspects

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1 Biogas upgrading technology overview Michael Beil, Henning Hahn, Fraunhofer-Institute IWES Urban Biogas Training, Zagreb, 21 st September 2012 [Haase Energietechnik AG, 2011] Contents: Biogas upgrading biogas upgrading Background status in Europe common technologies and new developments specific parameters economic aspects

2 What s biomethane? Biomethane is a cleaned (free of H 2 S, water, etc.) mostly used activated carbon and upgraded (nearly free of CO 2 ) biogas. The removing of CO 2 is the main task! Biogas upgrading why? Biogas as an expensive renewable energy carrier has to be utilized on the most efficient way! combined heat and power production (< 80% efficiency) if this is not possible upgrade the biogas: Higher flexibility (utilization, temporally and locally)

3 Which kinds of biogases are used for biogas upgrading? Biogas from energy crops Biogas from biowaste Sewage gas Landfill gas Primarily in Germany and Austria Europe: Many examples mostly as co-digestion Europe: Many examples especially in Sweden Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland: No reference plant Europe: Only a few examples (E.g. in the Netherlands) Development of biogas upgrading capacity in Europe

4 Biogas upgrading technology overview Adsorption Permeation Cryogenic upgrading Pressure swing adsorption Water scrubber High pressure Physical Low pressure absorption Chemical [ISET, 2008] Overview biogas upgrading plants and technologies in Europe

5 Pressure Swing Adsorption Adsorption Permeation Cryogenic upgrading Pressure swing adsorption Water scrubber High pressure Physical Low pressure absorption Chemical [ISET, 2008] Pressure Swing Adsorption Process figures: Electricity: kwh/m³bg Operation pressure: 4-7 bar Methane loss: 1-5 % Exhaust air treatment: Yes Precision desulphurization: Yes Water demand: No H 2 S H 2 O CO 2 [ISET, 2008]

6 Pressure Swing Adsorption Gasmoleküle CH 4 N 2 /O 2 H 2 O/H 2 S Bio-Erdgas CO 2 Adsorption: Regeneration: Gasdruck Gasdruck hoch niedrig Kohlenstoffmolekularsieb D R U C K W E C H S E L A D S O R P T I O N (deutsch kurz "DWA" /englisch kurz "PSA") Verdichter Vakuumpumpe Biogas CH 4 / CO 2 / N 2 / O 2 / H 2 O / H 2 S Abgas CO 2 / N 2 / O 2 / H 2 O / H 2 S [CarboTech, 2008] Pressure Swing Adsorption [IWES, 2010]

7 Water scrubber Adsorption Permeation Cryogenic upgrading Pressure swing adsorption Water scrubber High pressure Physical Low pressure absorption Chemical [ISET, 2008] Water scrubber (with regeneration) H 2 O CO 2 H 2 S Process figures: Electricity: kwh/m³ BG Operation pressure: 5-10 bar Methane loss: % Exhaust air treatment: Yes Precision desulphurization: No Heat demand: No Water demand: Yes [ISET, 2009]

8 Water scrubber (with regeneration) [IWES, 2011] Chemical (using organic solvents) Adsorption Permeation Cryogenic upgrading Pressure swing adsorption Water scrubber High pressure Physical Low pressure absorption Chemical [ISET, 2008]

9 Chemical (using organic solvents) - Amine scrubbing Process figures: H 2 S H 2 O Electricity: ~ 0.15 kwh/m³ BG Operation pressure: 0.1 bar Methane loss: 1-4 % Exhaust air treatment: Yes Precision desulphurization: Yes Heat demand: 160 C Water demand: Yes CO 2 [ISET, 2009] Chemical (using organic solvents) [IWES, 2010]

10 Physical (using organic solvents) Adsorption Permeation Cryogenic upgrading Pressure swing adsorption Water scrubber High pressure Physical Low pressure absorption Chemical [ISET, 2008] Physical (using organic solvents) - Genosorb scrubber CO 2 H 2 S H 2 O Process figures: Electricity: kwh/m³ BG Operation pressure: 4-7 bar Methane loss: 1-4 % Exhaust air treatment: Yes Precision desulphurization: No Heat demand: C Water demand: No [ISET, 2009]

11 Membrane / Permeation Adsorption Permeation Cryogenic upgrading Pressure swing adsorption Water scrubber High pressure Physical Low pressure absorption Chemical [ISET, 2008] Membrane / Permeation Feed Retentate Permeate Process figures: Electricity: 0.25 kwh/m³ BG Operation pressure: 5-10 bar Methane loss: 1-4 % Exhaust air treatment: Yes Precision desulphurization: Suggested Heat demand: No Water demand: No

12 Membrane / Permeation [IWES, 2011] Energy demand upgrading technologies: Total input power (1000 m n ³/h Biogas) [ISET nach Schwalbenbach, Lange/Dalkia; Beil/ISET, 2008/10]

13 Key parameters biogas upgrading technologies PSA Water scrubber Physical absorption (organic solvents) Chemical absorption (organic solvents) Membrane (high pressure, dry) Cryogenic Electricity demand [kwh/m³ BG] ~ 0,2-0,25 ~ 0,2-0,3 0,23-0,33 ~0,15 ~ 0,25 0,18-0,33 Heat demand (temperature [ C] No No ~ 160 No No level) Operation pressure [bar] , Methane loss [%] 1-5 0, ,1 0,5 (?) Exhaust gas treatment suggested Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes (methane loss >1%) Precision desulphurization Yes No No Yes Suggested Yes required Water demand No Yes No Yes No No Demand on chemical substances No No Yes Yes No No Biogas upgrading as the king s way (ideal way) of a future bioenergy utilisation? Biogas upgrading to biomethane is not THE king s way of a future bioenergy utilisation but it is one way to use bioenergy in an efficient and flexible way!

14 Unless you are currently in Sweden! Because, if the Swedish king uses in Stockholm such a bus.. Biogas bus in Stockholm [IWES]

15 or such a Taxi Biogas taxi in Stockholm [IWES]

16 or such a train Biogas train in Linköping [IWES]

17 then the king s way is also gone by biomethane....questions? Thank you... [Copyright: Schmack Biogas AG] [IWES]

18 Contacts Michael Beil Fraunhofer-Institute IWES Division Bioenergy System Technology Königstor Kassel/Germany +49/561/ Investment costs of biogas upgrading

19 Specific investment costs of biogas upgrading plants (related to product gas energy content) Specific investment costs of biogas upgrading plants (related to product gas energy content)

20 Specific overall costs of biogas upgrading