Management of specific waste streams in Greece

Transcription

1 National Technical University of Athens School of Chemical Engineering Unit of Environmental Science & Technology Management of specific waste streams in Greece Dr. Konstantinos Moustakas Chemist - Researcher konmoust@central.ntua.gr Thursday 23 rd April 2015

2 Recycling in Greece General principle in the European policy and legislation on waste Different Directives, e.g. packaging waste, WEEE, batteries, ELVs Law 2939/2001 Presidential Decrees & JMD for specific waste streams Waste Framework Directive, 2008/98/EC (Law 4042/2012) Inclusion of the environmental cost in the selling price

3 Greek Recycling Organisation Under the control of the Ministry of Environment Full administrative & economic independence Non-profit Main aim: the design and implementation of policy on alternative management on packaging waste and other products Monitors and controls the operation of alternative management systems (individual or collective systems)

4 Indicative Waste Streams Construction & Demolition Waste, (JMD 36259/1757/Ε103/ ) Packaging Waste (Law 2939/2001) End-of-Life Vehicles (PD 116/2004) WEEE (PD 117/2004) Used Oils (PD 82/2004) Batteries & Accumulators (PD 115/2004) Used Tyres (PD 109/2004)

5 Packaging Waste

6 Temporary Storage Equipment

7 Transportation at the Sorting Centers

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9 Material Separation

10 Final Products

11 Recovered plastic bottles

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13 *1000 tn *1000 tn PACKAGING WASTE QUANTITIES HELLENIC RECOVERY RECYCLING CORPORATION ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΗΣ «blue bins» 28 Sorting Centers απ όβλητα συσκευασιών χαρτί εντύπ ων ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΗΣ χαρτί/χαρτόνι πλαστικό μέταλλα γυαλί ξύλο σύνολο

14 ΑΒ VASILOPOULOS Individual System 45 Recycling Centers Packaging Waste for the Year 2010 Recycling Centers From Central Storing Areas Total 486 t t t

15 The case of ELVs: ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT VEHICLES HELLAS Vehicles consist of approximately 15,000 parts. Steel, iron and plastic and non-ferrous metals dominate automobile construction. They account for more than 80% of material used. 15

16 Metal Some 75% of the weight of a car consists of metal. In terms of a car safety and sturdiness, the characteristics of metals have been so tested that despite the development of even more plastics for use in cars, the load-bearing parts (chassis, engine and rims) are still made of metal. 16

17 Engine Block The greater part of an engine consists of steel, but the dynamo also contains copper and the radiator is often made of aluminium. Steel is used in the engine because it is resistant to wear and extremely strong. Copper in the dynamo or starter motor is used because it is an excellent conductor of the current it produces. The radiator is made of aluminium because this metal is a good conductor of temperature. 17

18 Plastics A car consists of an increasing number of different plastics. Sturdiness, ability to resist heat and relatively cheap manufacturing costs are some of the characteristics considered important for plastics. When compared to metal, plastics offer the additional important advantage of weighing less. Parts can also be made from different types of plastic or a combination of plastic and metal. A number of types of plastic waste are dismantled and recycled into new plastic products. 18

19 Bumpers The aim of bumpers is to protect the car in minor collision. They are generally made of polypropylene (PP) or polycarbonate (PC) plastic. The beneficial characteristic of polypropylene is that it easily absorbs impact energy: instead of breaking quickly, it pops back into shape after it has been depressed. Whereas polycarbonate also absorbs impact energy well, it breaks easier than polypropylene. 19

20 Grille - Hubcaps Almost every grille consists of ABS, Acrylonitrile- Butadiene-Styrene. Although this high-grade plastic is somewhat more expensive and brittle, its optical characteristics play an important role: varnished ABS looks beautiful. Hubcaps are made of plastic (ABS or polyamide) and used to improve the way wheels look. In addition, they protect the wheels from rubbing up against the kerb when the car is parked, since they are both scratchresistant and impact-resistant. 20

21 Polyurethane (PUR) Polyurethane can be found in the form of PUR foam used in car seats. Its flexibility allows it to be sprayed in various forms. When dry, it is sturdy, elastic and comfortable-ideal for filling seats. In some old cars coconut fibre is used instead of PU-foam. 21

22 Safety belts - Plastic fuel tank Safety belts are made of plastic fibres, polyamide, PET or a combination thereof. The fibrous structure allows the plastic to withstand large forces before it will break or tear - a characteristic that is ideal for protecting occupants. Fuel tanks used to be made from steel. Due to weight-saving considerations, they are now made from HDPE, a plastic. Additional advantages to using plastics are that it is stronger than steel and does not corrode. 22

23 Rubber A car s rubber parts provide shock absorption and serve as sealant. The best examples are the bands and rubber strips used to prevent wind noise and rain leakage in the interior. In addition to rubber being obtained naturally from the latex tree, it can be made synthetically from petroleum. Whereas belts and rubber strips are artificially made rubber products, inner tubes are made of natural rubber. 23

24 Glass Glass is made from sand, soda, lime and dolomite. When mixed with crushed, recycled glass, these components form the basis of new glass. The glass used in cars must have a certain rigidity, hardness and transparency. Car windscreens are often made of laminated glass, which contains a plastic film so that they will not shatter into a thousand pieces in a collision. This prevents the glass shards from getting into the people s eyes. Average content: 3,0% (TRL, UK) 3,2% (Austrian Ministry of Environment) 24

25 Hazardous Hazardous waste from cars includes all the fluids, heavy metals and explosive parts (pyrotechnic materials), such as airbags and safety belt tensioners. As there is still no recycling process for several kinds of hazardous waste, relatively new materials, such as airbags, air conditioning fluids and seat belt tensioners, cannot be recycled. 25

26 Coolants Coolants consist of 60% water and 40% various glycols. An engine block contains some 5 litres of coolant. Coolants circulate through the engine, absorbing its heat to properly regulate the engine temperature. Then the radiator cools the fluid before it is circulated again. 26

27 Windscreen washer fluid Windscreen washer fluid contains 90% water and 10% various alcohols. The alcohols degrease the windscreen to keep it nice and clean. A glycol can be added to the windscreen washer fluid to prevent it from freezing in the winter. Average content of all liquids: 1,14% (TRL, UK) 1,3% (ACEA) 27

28 Recycling Rate (kg) (%) Average ELV weight ARN materials Hazardous Materials Tires and glass Non-hazardous materials Recycling Rate Metal Recycling Material Recycling Energy Recovery Rest Fraction (ASR)

29 Hazardous materials (obligatory dismantling) ARN material Max per ELV (kg) 1 Batteries 13 2 Coolant LPG tanks Oil Filters Oil Fuel Brake Fluids Windscreen washer fluid Air conditioner refrigerants

30 Non hazardous Materials ARN material Max per ELV (kg) 1 Tires Inner Tubes Glass including headlights Radiator grilles Bumpers Blinkers / rear lights Hubcaps PUR foam Coconut Fibres Rubber Strips Safety Belts 0.4

31 Tyres Tyres ensure that you can drive comfortably and safely. Rubber provides its own comfortable shock absorption, makes little in the way of noise and offers a lot of traction on asphalt so that you can safely navigate corners and stop in time. It also has a long life span thanks to its resistance to wear. Average content: 3,6% (TRL, UK) 4,0% (ACEA) 31

32 tn ECO ELASTICA SA Used tyres 2800 collection points Collaboration with 21 collection & transportation companies 7 waste management facilities in Greece 2 waste management facilities in Bulgaria ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΑ ΑΝΑ ΕΤΟΣ συλλογή put on the market 94 tire importers & 71 car importers (2015)

33 The development of tyre recycling systems depends on finding viable markets for the recovered products. Rubber powders and granules are used in surfacing children's playgrounds and artificial sports pitches

34 tn APPLIANCES RECYCLING SA For WEEE 9023 collection points Collaboration with 7 treatment facilities 3 temporary storage sites ΑΡ. ΣΥΜΒΕΒΛΗΜΕΝΩΝ ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΑ ΑΝΑ ΕΤΟΣ συλλογή put on the market

35 AFIS SA tn For small batteries collection points ΑΡ. ΣΥΜΒΕΒΛΗΜΕΝΩΝ ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΑ ΑΝΑ ΕΤΟΣ συλλογή put on the market

36 Battery As the source of electricity in the car, the battery runs all the electronics as well as the starter. The battery gets its energy from the dynamo, which is activated when the car is driven. A battery consists of a plastic case filled with battery acid in which lead battery poles are placed. Both the lead and plastic can be recycled, and the battery acid can be rendered harmless. Average content: 1,2% (TRL, UK), of which 60% is lead and the remaining 40% is non-metal 36

37 tn ELTEPE SA Used Oils collection points Collaboration with: 7 collection centers 27 collection & transportation companies 6 managementregeneration facilities ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΑ ΑΝΑ ΕΤΟΣ ΑΡ. ΣΥΜΒΕΒΛΗΜΕΝΩΝ συλλογή put on the market

38 EU-27 physical trade balance with the rest of the world 2011

39 Circular Economy

40 Industrial Symbiosis What is Industrial Symbiosis? The sharing of services, utility, and by-product resources among industries in order to add value, reduce costs and improve the environment Industrial ecology (IE) Eco-industrial development (EID) There are three primary sectors for resource exchange: By-product and waste exchange Utility/infrastructure sharing such as energy, water, and wastewater Joint provision of services - meeting common needs across firms for ancillary activities such as fire suppression.

41 Some examples of valorisation Scrap recycling Packaging waste recycling Batteries recycling Use of sludge as alternative fuel e.g. in cement industries

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43 TINOS rd International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management Tinos Island, Greece, 2-4 July 2015 In collaboration with the European Compost Network No registration Fee

44 Thank you for your attention Dr. Konstantinos Moustakas Unit of Environmental Science and Technology (UEST), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)